An official website of the United States government
Opportunities to Address Men’s Health During the Perinatal Period — Puerto Rico, 2017
Weekly / January 1, 2021 / 69(5152);1638–1641
Beatriz Salvesen von Essen, MPH1,2,3; Katherine Kortsmit, PhD1,4; Denise V. D’Angelo, MPH1; Lee Warner, PhD1; Ruben A. Smith, PhD1; Clarissa Simon, PhD5; Craig F. Garfield, MD5; Wanda Hernández Virella, MPH2; Manuel I. Vargas Bernal, MD2 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What is already known about this topic?
Men are less likely than are women to seek health care services and are more likely to engage in higher risk health behaviors.
What is added by this report?
Fewer than one half (48%) of surveyed recent fathers in Puerto Rico had a health care visit for themselves in the 12 months before their newborn’s birth; however, most attended prenatal care visits with their partner (87%), were present at the birth (83%), and purchased infant supplies (94%).
What are the implications for public health practice?
The perinatal period represents an opportunity for public health messaging that encourages men to increase attention to their own health and the role they can play in supporting their families’ overall health and well-being.
Decreased use of health care services (1), increased exposure to occupational hazards, and higher rates of substance use (2) might contribute to men’s poorer health outcomes when compared with such outcomes for women (3). During the transition to fatherhood, paternal health and involvement during pregnancy might have an impact on maternal and infant outcomes (4–6). To assess men’s health-related behaviors and participation in fatherhood-related activities surrounding pregnancy, the Puerto Rico Department of Health and CDC analyzed data from the paternal survey of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System–Zika Postpartum Emergency Response (PRAMS-ZPER)* study. Fewer than one half (48.3%) of men attended a health care visit for themselves in the 12 months before their newborn’s birth. However, most fathers attended one or more prenatal care visits (87.2%), were present at the birth (83.1%), and helped prepare for the newborn’s arrival (e.g., by preparing the home [92.4%] or purchasing supplies [93.9%]). These findings suggest that opportunities are available for public health messaging directed toward fathers during the perinatal period to increase attention to their own health and health behaviors, and to emphasize the role they can play in supporting their families’ overall health and well-being.
Men are less likely than are women to see or talk to a doctor or other health care professional about their own health (1), limiting opportunities for providers to engage with men regarding any health concerns, conditions, or risk behaviors. Men’s higher exposure to occupational hazards (e.g., chemical and physical exposures) and higher prevalence of substance use (e.g., alcohol and illicit drugs) (2), compared with women, might contribute to men’s poorer health status (3). Men also have a lower life expectancy and higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and suicide (2).
Addressing men’s health needs is especially important during the transition into fatherhood. Associations between the transition into fatherhood and increases in poor physical (7) and mental health (8) have been observed, both of which might negatively affect men’s involvement in family life (9). Paternal involvement during pregnancy has been associated with maternal adoption of healthy prenatal (e.g., early prenatal care and smoking cessation) (4) and postpartum behaviors (e.g., breastfeeding) (5). Fathers’ engagement with their children has also been associated with improved child outcomes (e.g., cognition, language, social, and emotional development) (6).
The PRAMS-ZPER study, a multiphase, collaborative project between the Puerto Rico Department of Health and CDC, was implemented from August 2016 to April 2018 to gather information about experiences related to the prevention and detection of Zika virus infection during pregnancy among women with a recent live birth. To gather information from newborns’ fathers† about their own experiences before and during pregnancy, a survey was implemented during November–December 2017 in hospitals with ≥100 births during 2016. Data from the 30 participating hospitals represented 94% of births in Puerto Rico during the study period. The study sample was identified by randomly selecting newborn delivery dates (clusters) for each hospital. Fathers were initially approached in the hospital shortly after their newborn’s birth. They were eligible to participate if their newborn’s mother had a live birth and was a resident of Puerto Rico. Fathers who consented to participate completed a self-administered survey using paper or electronic forms before the newborn and mother were discharged from the hospital.
PRAMS-ZPER study data were weighted to account for the complex sampling design. Weighted prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for sociodemographic characteristics of participants, their attendance at health care visits during the 12 months before their newborn’s birth, and involvement in selected pregnancy-related activities. Chi-squared tests and 95% CIs were used to assess differences in attendance at health care visits by paternal age, education, employment, and insurance coverage. All analyses were conducted using SAS-callable SUDAAN (version 11.0; RTI International). This study was reviewed and approved by CDC and the University of Puerto Rico Institutional Review Boards.§
Among 1,535 eligible men, 1,178 (76.7%) elected to participate. Most were Hispanic (97.8%), aged ≥25 years (74.2%), had some college education or higher (63.8%), were employed (85.1%), and had health insurance (85.9%) (Table 1).
Approximately one half of participants (48.3%) reported attending a health care visit for themselves in the 12 months before the newborn’s birth (Table 1). Attendance at health care visits was higher among men who completed college, compared with men with a high school education or less, and among men who were insured compared with those who were uninsured. Among men attending a health care visit, a regular checkup (60.9%) was the most commonly reported type of visit, followed by dental cleaning (23.4%), and visits for an illness (13.6%) (Figure).
Approximately 45.5% of the men were first-time fathers, and 53.1% reported the pregnancy was intended. Most reported living with the newborn’s mother during the entire pregnancy (83.6%); talking with the newborn’s mother about pregnancy, birth, and infant care (91.1%); purchasing supplies such as a crib and stroller (93.9%); preparing the home by setting up a space for the newborn (92.4%); and being satisfied with their level of involvement in the pregnancy (93.3%). Nearly three quarters (71.0%) reported seeking information about pregnancy and birth on the Internet or from other sources (Table 2).
Overall, 87.2% of men attended prenatal care visits, with 50.3% reporting attending all visits (Table 2). The most common reasons for not attending visits included inability to take time off from work or school (80.6%) and inconvenient appointment times (15.1%) (unpublished data, CDC, 2017). Most men (83.1%) also reported attending their newborn’s birth (Table 2). The most common reasons for nonattendance were that the birth occurred unexpectedly (30.9%) or they were not allowed to attend by medical staff members (26.4%) (unpublished data, CDC, 2017).
Discussion
Among men in Puerto Rico whose partner had a recent live birth, fewer than one half reported having a health care visit during the 12 months before the newborn’s birth. Despite having limited interaction with the health care system for themselves, approximately 80% of recent fathers in Puerto Rico reported being present during prenatal care visits and at the time of their newborn’s delivery. Approximately 90% of recent fathers reported purchasing supplies for the newborn, and approximately 70% reported seeking information on pregnancy and birth from the Internet or other sources. These findings highlight opportunities for public health messaging directed toward fathers during health care visits throughout the perinatal period. Messaging might also reach new and expectant fathers through other sources or locations they visit frequently around the time of pregnancy, such as pregnancy and infant-related websites and businesses. Public health messaging could focus on increasing men’s attention to their own health and opportunities to help positively influence their family’s overall well-being.
This analysis was strengthened by the large, representative sample of fathers in Puerto Rico reporting on their experiences and behaviors around the time of their partner’s pregnancy and newborn’s birth. The high response rate was comparable to that of the Fragile Families study, a representative father-specific, hospital-based survey in the United States (10), and illustrates that fathers are receptive to being approached for such surveys shortly after newborn delivery. This study provides evidence of men’s willingness to participate in pregnancy-related research activities in hospital settings.
The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, data were collected from men who were present in the hospital with their partner who had a live birth and was a resident of Puerto Rico and might not be representative of other men. Second, survey data were self-reported and thus subject to recall and social desirability bias. Third, data were collected in 2017 shortly after Puerto Rico experienced a Zika virus outbreak and Hurricanes Irma and María when increased stressors might have influenced men’s health care–seeking behaviors and pregnancy involvement. Finally, this analysis did not address health care barriers among recent fathers. The higher proportion of college-educated and insured men who attended health care visits highlights the value of addressing barriers to health care access for less educated and uninsured persons.
The finding of moderate levels of men’s attendance at health care visits for themselves in the 12 months before their newborn’s birth, but high levels of attendance at both prenatal visits and newborn delivery, suggests opportunities for health care providers to engage with expectant and new fathers during perinatal visits. Providers could talk to men about their health and discuss opportunities to positively influence their family’s overall health. In addition, the inclusion of public health messaging targeted toward men through sources for obtaining pregnancy-related information or supplies might help reinforce men’s attention to their health and involvement in pregnancy-related activities. Understanding optimal approaches for integrating health messages for men into activities and encounters during the perinatal period requires additional research.
Corresponding author: Beatriz Salvesen von Essen, omo2@cdc.gov, 404-718-3248.
1Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC; 2Division of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, Puerto Rico Department of Health; 3CDC Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia; 4Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; 5Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern Medical School, Chicago, Illinois.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
* https://www.cdc.gov/prams/special-projects/zika/index.htm.
† Men were eligible to participate if they were identified by the newborn’s mother as the father or if they were the mother’s current partner. No additional verifications were completed to determine whether the respondent completing the survey was the biological father, the person acknowledging paternity on the birth certificate, or someone else.
§ 45 C.F.R. part 46; 21 C.F.R. part 56.
References
- CDC. QuickStats: percentage of adults aged ≥18 years who have seen or talked to a doctor or other health care professional about their own health in the past 12 months, by sex and age group—National Health Interview Survey, United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:65. CrossRef PubMed
- CDC. Health, United States, 2018–data finder. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus/contents2018.htm
- Baker P, Dworkin SL, Tong S, Banks I, Shand T, Yamey G. The men’s health gap: men must be included in the global health equity agenda. Bull World Health Organ 2014;92:618–20. CrossRef PubMed
- Martin LT, McNamara MJ, Milot AS, Halle T, Hair EC. The effects of father involvement during pregnancy on receipt of prenatal care and maternal smoking. Matern Child Health J 2007;11:595–602. CrossRef PubMed
- Abbass-Dick J, Stern SB, Nelson LE, Watson W, Dennis CL. Coparenting breastfeeding support and exclusive breastfeeding: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics 2015;135:102–10. CrossRef PubMed
- Cabrera NJ, Shannon JD, Tamis-LeMonda C. Fathers’ influence on their children’s cognitive and emotional development: from toddlers to pre-k. Appl Dev Sci 2007;11:208–13. CrossRef
- Garfield CF, Duncan G, Gutina A, et al. Longitudinal study of body mass index in young males and the transition to fatherhood. Am J Men Health 2016;10:NP158–67. CrossRef PubMed
- Garfield CF, Duncan G, Rutsohn J, et al. A longitudinal study of paternal mental health during transition to fatherhood as young adults. Pediatrics 2014;133:836–43. CrossRef PubMed
- Kotelchuck M, Lu M. Father’s role in preconception health. Matern Child Health J 2017;21:2025–39. CrossRef PubMed
- Reichman NE, Teitler JO, Garfinkel I, McLanahan SS. Fragile families: sample and design. Child Youth Serv Rev 2001;23:303–26. CrossRef
Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.
* Sample size varies because of missing responses in survey.
† <30 respondents, estimate unreliable.
FIGURE. Percentage of health care visits* attended in the 12 months before the newborn’s birth among recent fathers reporting any health care visit, by type of visit† — Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System–Zika Postpartum Emergency Response Study, Puerto Rico, 2017
* Among all respondents.
† Among respondents who reported having a health care visit.
Abbreviation: CI = confidence interval.
* Sample size varies because of missing responses or skip patterns in survey.
† Percentages might not sum to 100% because of rounding.
Suggested citation for this article: Salvesen von Essen B, Kortsmit K, D’Angelo DV, et al. Opportunities to Address Men’s Health During the Perinatal Period — Puerto Rico, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;69:1638–1641. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm695152a2.
MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.
All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.
Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.