Definitions of Risk Factor-Associated Cancers

What to know

The tables below list the ICD-O-3 site codes, histology codes, and additional restrictions used to define and code the predefined SEER*Stat variables in the public use database.

Overview

Although cancer represents many heterogeneous diseases, some cancer types share common risk factors.1 For example, conclusive evidence links several cancers with alcohol use, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, obesity, physical inactivity, and tobacco use.2 3 4 5 6

Cancer registries do not routinely collect risk factor information. So estimates for risk factor-associated cancers are based only on cancer type.

Using standard definitions for risk factor-associated cancers facilitates comparisons of cancer burden across states and communities. Although cancer may occur among people who were not exposed to a risk factor, population-based risk factor-associated cancer rates can help identify communities with high cancer rates. Clinical preventive services and community-based approaches can help reduce risk factors. Cancer surveillance data can track the effectiveness of these approaches.

The following tables list the International Classification of Disease for Oncology (ICD-O)-3 site codes, histology codes, and additional restrictions used to define and code the predefined SEER*Stat variables. Further restrictions may be made depending on the analysis. Refer to the SEER*Stat tutorial on merged variables for information on editing a merged variable.

Alcohol-associated cancers2 7
Cancer ICD-O-3 site codes ICD-O-3 histology codes Additional restrictions
Lip, oral cavity, pharynx C00.0–14.8 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Esophagus C15.0–15.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Colon and rectum C18.0–20.9, C26.0 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Liver C22.0 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Larynx C32.0–32.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Female breast C50.0–50.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 Restrict to females
Human papillomavirus-associated cancers3 8 9 10 11
Cancer ICD-O-3 site codes ICD-O-3 histology codes Additional restrictions
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma C01.9, 02.4, 02.8, 05.1–05.2, 09.0–09.1, 09.8–09.9, 10.0–10.4, 10.8–10.9, 14.0, 14.2, 14.8 8050–8086, 8120–8131 Restrict to microscopically confirmed
Anal and rectal squamous cell carcinoma C21.0–21.8, 20.9 8050–8084, 8120–8131 Restrict to microscopically confirmed
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma C51.0–51.9 8050–8084, 8120–8131 Restrict to females and restrict to microscopically confirmed
Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma C52.9 8050–8084, 8120–8131 Restrict to females and restrict to microscopically confirmed
Cervical carcinoma C53.0–53.9 8010–8671, 8940–8941 Restrict to females and restrict to microscopically confirmed
Penile squamous cell carcinoma C60.0–60.9 8050–8084, 8120–8131 Restrict to males and restrict to microscopically confirmed
Obesity-associated cancers4 5 12
Cancer ICD-O-3 site codes ICD-O-3 histology codes Additional restrictions
Esophageal adenocarcinoma C15.0–15.9 8140–8575 Restrict to microscopically confirmed
Gastric cardia C16.0 8000-9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Colon and rectum C18.0–20.9, C26.0 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Liver C22.0 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Gallbladder C23.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Pancreas C25.0–25.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Multiple myeloma C42.1 9732
Postmenopausal female breast C50.0–50.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 Restrict to females and restrict to age ≥50 years
Corpus and uterus, NOS (not otherwise specified) C54.0–54.9, C55.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 Restrict to females
Ovary C56.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 Restrict to females
Kidney C64.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Meningioma C70.0-70.1, 70.9 9530-9539
Thyroid C73.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Physical inactivity-associated cancers5 12
Cancer ICD-O-3 site codes ICD-O-3 histology codes Additional restrictions
Colon C18.0–18.9, C26.0 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Postmenopausal female breast C50.0–50.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 Restrict to females and restrict to age ≥50 years
Corpus and uterus, NOS (not otherwise specified) C54.0–54.9, C55.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 Restrict to females
Tobacco-associated cancers6
Cancer ICD-O-3 site codes ICD-O-3 histology codes Additional restrictions
Lip, oral cavity, pharynx C00.0–14.8 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Esophagus C15.0–15.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Stomach C16.0–16.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Colon and rectum C18.0–20.9, C26.0 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Liver C22.0 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Pancreas C25.0–25.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Larynx C32.0–32.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Trachea, lung, bronchus C33.9–34.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Cervix uteri C53.0–53.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 Restrict to females
Kidney and renal pelvis C64.9–65.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Urinary bladder C67.0–67.9 8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589
Acute myeloid leukemia 9840; 9861; 9865–9869; 9871–9874; 9895–9898; 9910–9911; 9920

References

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2International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Volume 100E: Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions: Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2012;100E:373–499.

3International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Volume 90: human papillomaviruses. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2007;90.

4Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, Grosse Y, Bianchini F, Straif K. Body fatness and cancer—viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:794–798.

5World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: A Global Perspective. Continuous Update Project Expert Report 2018.

6US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014.

7International Agency for Research on Cancer. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: Volume 96: alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2010;96.

8Watson M, Saraiya M, Ahmed F, et al. Using population-based cancer registry data to assess the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers in the United States: overview of methods. Cancer. 2008;113(10 Suppl):2841–2854.

9Saraiya M, Unger ER, Thompson TD, et al. US assessment of HPV types in cancers: implications for current and 9-valent HPV vaccines. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015;107(6):djv086.

10Viens LJ, Henley SJ, Watson M, et al. Human papillomavirus–associated cancers—United States, 2008–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65(26):661–666.

11Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cancers linked with HPV each year. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed May 16, 2024.

12Eheman C, Henley SJ, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2008, featuring cancers associated with excess weight and lack of sufficient physical activity. Cancer. 2012;118:2338–2366.