An official website of the United States government
Notes from the Field: Dengue Outbreak — Peru, 2023
Weekly / February 1, 2024 / 73(4);86–88
César V. Munayco, MD, DrPH1; Betsabet Yadira Valderrama Rosales, MS1; Susan Yanett Mateo Lizarbe, MS1; Carmen Rosa Yon Fabian, PhD1; Ricardo Peña Sánchez, MD2; César Henry Vásquez Sánchez, MD2; Maria Paquita García, PhD3; Carlos Padilla-Rojas, PhD3; Victor Suárez, MD3; Liliana Sánchez-González, MD4; Forrest K. Jones, PhD4,5; Luciana Kohatsu, PhD6; Laura E. Adams, DVM4; Juliette Morgan, MD6; Gabriela Paz-Bailey, MD, PhD4 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What is already known about this topic?
Dengue, a mosquitoborne viral disease, is endemic to Peru, with the annual number of cases ranging between 4,698 and 68,290 from 2017 to 2022.
What is added by this report?
In March 2023, a sharp increase in dengue cases in Peru occurred. In the first 30 weeks of the year, 222,620 cases (exceeding the previous 5-year average by a factor of approximately 10) and 381 dengue-associated deaths were reported. The Lima metropolitan area experienced a substantially higher incidence compared with historical levels, when few locally acquired cases were observed.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Dengue outbreaks can be abrupt and can strain health care systems, necessitating rapid outbreak detection in addition to intensive preparedness and efforts to strengthen response capacity at the primary care level.
Altmetric:
Dengue, a mosquitoborne viral disease, is endemic to Peru, with highest seasonal transmission usually occurring between November and May (1). All four dengue viruses (DENV 1–4) have circulated in Peru, most commonly DENV-1 and DENV-2 (2). Historically, departments (the first level administrative subdivision) in the north have reported the highest dengue incidence, whereas incidence in the Lima metropolitan area on the central Pacific coast (population approximately 11 million) has been low.
Epidemiologic Findings
In March 2023, the mean weekly number of dengue cases in Peru increased sharply (Figure), from 2,182 during epidemiologic weeks 1–10 (corresponding to January 1–March 11) to 8,787 during weeks 11–20 (March 12–May 20). As of the end of week 30 (July 29), the 222,620 cases in 2023 were approximately 10 times the average number during the same period during the previous 5 years (21,841 cases) and 3.5 times the number during the same period in 2017 (64,431 cases), the year of the largest previous national dengue outbreak. A nationwide epidemiologic alert to notify health care providers of the risk of dengue outbreaks was issued on April 21. CDC employees were deployed to Peru at the end of May to collaborate on the outbreak investigation. This activity was reviewed by CDC, deemed not research, and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.*
During January 1–July 29, a total of 83,254 probable† and 139,366 confirmed§ dengue cases were reported, making this the largest dengue outbreak on record in Peru. Several departments¶ with the highest numbers of cases (located in coastal northwestern Peru), including Piura (67,697), Lambayeque (28,235), and La Libertad (20,289) (Supplementary Table, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/147148), also reported high dengue incidence during the 2017 outbreak and were affected by extreme rainfall in early March 2023 related to Cyclone Yaku.** Case counts in Lima (32,009) were much higher than those reported during previous years, including in neighborhoods that have not historically reported dengue cases. The highest age-specific incidence (807 cases per 100,000 population) was reported among persons aged 12–17 years; 55% of cases occurred in females.
Mortality
Overall, 381 dengue-related deaths were reported (case fatality ratio [CFR] = 0.17%). More than one half of all deaths (204, 54%) occurred among persons aged ≥60 years, who also experienced the highest CFR (0.90%), and nearly one third of dengue-related deaths (109, 29%) occurred in persons aged 30–59 years (CFR = 0.13%). Persons aged <30 years with dengue experienced the fewest number of deaths (68, 18%) and the lowest CFR (0.06%).
The largest number of deaths occurred in Piura (130 deaths, CFR = 0.19%), followed by Lambayeque (115, CFR = 0.41%), and Ica (52, CFR = 0.32%). Dengue-related deaths were reported in 16 (64%) of 25 jurisdictions.
Diagnostic Testing
Molecular and serologic diagnostic testing, including real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction nonstructural protein 1 antigen, and immunoglobulin M enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay testing were conducted through a network of 49 public health laboratories. These laboratories conducted more than 200,000 tests in 2023. Among 14,462 cases with DENV serotype available in 2023, DENV-2 was the most common serotype identified (7,105, 49%), followed by DENV-1 (7,038, 49%), and DENV-3 (319, 2%).††
Preliminary Conclusions and Actions
The Ministry of Health of Peru, in collaboration with regional health offices and international partners, implemented a broad, integrated surveillance and response strategy, including increased targeted larvicidal treatments of standing water and insecticide spraying in affected neighborhoods. Clinical surveillance units with dedicated personnel with training in dengue clinical management were established in outbreak areas, and hospitals implemented triage tents for febrile patients; in-person and online trainings were available to clinicians nationwide.
Dengue is a growing health threat globally, with multiple factors potentially contributing to the increasing incidence and expansion into new areas including rapid urbanization, increased travel, and climate change (3). Dengue outbreaks can be abrupt and strain health care systems, requiring rapid recognition of transmission and intensive preparedness and efforts to strengthen response capacity at the primary care level. Additional interventions and resources, including vaccines and effective and scalable vector control methods, are increasingly critical to reducing dengue morbidity and mortality (4). Public health agencies can prepare for and respond to dengue outbreaks by evaluating and supporting implementation of effective vector control methods and vaccines, strengthening dengue surveillance, and reinforcing clinical management training to improve patient outcomes.
Acknowledgments
Members of Red Nacional de Epidemiología (RENACE) Peru; Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores Virales de Instituto Nacional de Salud, and the network of public health laboratories; Kevin S. Martel, M. Gabriela Soto-Cabezas, Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Peru; Michael A. Johansson, Velma K. Lopez, Jorge L. Muñoz-Jordan, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; Talia M. Quandelacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus.
Corresponding author: Forrest K. Jones, fjones3@cdc.gov.
1Centro Nacional de Epidemiología, Prevención y Control de Enfermedades, Peru Ministry of Health, Lima Peru; 2Ministry of Health, Lima Peru; 3Instituto Nacional de Salud, Ministry of Health, Lima, Peru; 4Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; 5Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; 6South America Regional Office, CDC, Brasilia, Brazil.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
* 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
† Probable cases are defined as a febrile illness lasting ≤7 days in a person who resides in or has visited areas with dengue virus transmission or Aedes aegypti infestation within 14 days before the onset of symptoms and who has at least two of the following signs and symptoms: ocular or retro-orbital pain, myalgia, headache, arthralgia, lower back pain, rash, and nausea or vomiting. In addition, probable cases have no laboratory test result or epidemiologic linkage to other dengue cases.
§ Confirmed cases have the same symptom and exposure criteria as do probable cases but have received at least one positive result from one or more of the following tests: 1) virus isolation by cell culture, 2) real-time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, 3) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) nonstructural protein 1 antigen, 4) detection of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies for dengue in a single sample by ELISA (for areas with endemic dengue), and 5) IgM evidence of seroconversion in paired samples (in areas where there is no dengue transmission and cases must have an epidemiologic investigation).
¶ https://www.dge.gob.pe/sala-situacional-dengue/#grafico01
†† https://app.powerbi.com/view?r=eyJrIjoiOTQ0MzllOTItNWNkNC00MzE3LWJiM2QtZGUyYjU0NWFjYjUyIiwidCI6ImI0NzYxY2VlLTlkYWQtNDc3MS05ZjQ3LTVmYjc4Y2MxYjRhYSIsImMiOjR9&pageName=ReportSection73939390533a7a82da04 (accessed Jan 26, 2024).
References
- Ministerio de Salud. Sala situacional de dengue. Lima, Peru: Ministerio de Salud; Accessed October 5, 2023. https://www.dge.gob.pe/sala-situacional-dengue/
- Cabezas C, Fiestas V, García-Mendoza M, Palomino M, Mamani E, Donaires F. Dengue in Peru: a quarter century after its reemergence. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica 2015;32:146–56. https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2015.321.1587 PMID:26102118
- Messina JP, Brady OJ, Golding N, et al. The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue. Nat Microbiol 2019;4:1508–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0476-8 PMID:31182801
- Wong JM, Adams LE, Durbin AP, et al. Dengue: a growing problem with new interventions. Pediatrics 2022;149:e2021055522. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2021-055522 PMID:35543085
FIGURE. Weekly number of dengue cases reported nationwide,* by epidemiologic week† — Peru, January 1, 2017–July 29, 2023
* Population = 34 million.
† Epidemiologic weeks begin on Sunday and end on Saturday. 2023 data are shown through epidemiologic week 30.
Suggested citation for this article: Munayco CV, Valderrama Rosales BY, Mateo Lizarbe SY, et al. Notes from the Field: Dengue Outbreak — Peru, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:86–88. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7304a4.
MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.
All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.
Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.