Notes from the Field: First Reported U.S. Cases of Tinea Caused by Trichophyton indotineae — New York City, December 2021–March 2023

Tinea is a common, highly contagious, superficial infection of the skin, hair, or nails caused by dermatophyte molds.* During the past decade, an epidemic of severe, antifungal-resistant tinea has emerged in South Asia because of the rapid spread of Trichophyton indotineae,^† a novel dermatophyte species; the epidemic has likely been driven by misuse and overuse of topical antifungals and corticosteroids^§ (1,2). T. indotineae infections are highly transmissible and characterized by widespread, inflamed, pruritic plaques on the body (tinea corporis), the crural fold, pubic region, and adjacent thigh (tinea cruris), or the face (tinea faciei) (1). T. indotineae isolates are frequently resistant to terbinafine, a mainstay of tinea treatment (1,3). T. indotineae infections have been reported throughout Asia and in Europe and Canada but have not previously been described in the United States (3).

On February 28, 2023, a New York City dermatologist notified public health officials of two patients who had severe tinea that did not improve with oral terbinafine treatment, raising concern for potential T. indotineae infection; these patients shared no epidemiologic links. Skin culture isolates from each patient were previously identified by a clinical laboratory as Trichophyton mentagrophytes and were subsequently forwarded to the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, for further review and analysis. Sanger sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal gene, followed by phylogenetic analysis performed during March 2023, identified the isolates as T. indotineae (Supplementary Figure; https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/127678). Activity related to this investigation was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.^¶

Patient A, a woman aged 28 years, developed a widespread pruritic eruption during summer 2021. She had a first dermatologic evaluation in December 2021, at which time she was in her third trimester of pregnancy. She had no other underlying medical conditions, no known exposures to a person with similar rash, and no recent international travel history. Dermatologists noted large, annular, scaly, pruritic plaques over the neck, abdomen, pubic region, and buttocks (Figure). She received a diagnosis of tinea and began oral terbinafine therapy in January 2022 after the birth of her baby. Because her eruptions did not improve after 2 weeks of therapy, terbinafine was discontinued, and she began itraconazole treatment. The rash resolved completely after completing a 4-week course of itraconazole; however, she is being monitored for potential recurrence of infection and the need for resumption of itraconazole.

Patient B, a woman aged 47 years with no major medical conditions, developed a widespread, pruritic eruption in summer 2022 while in Bangladesh. There, she received treatment with topical antifungal and steroid combination creams and noted that several family members were experiencing similar eruptions. After returning to the United States, she visited an emergency department three times during autumn 2022. She was prescribed hydrocortisone 2.5% ointment and diphenhydramine (visit 1), clotrimazole cream (visit 2), and terbinafine cream (visit 3) with no improvement. In December 2022, she was evaluated by dermatologists who noted widespread, discrete, scaly, annular, pruritic plaques affecting the thighs and buttocks (Figure). She received a 4-week course of oral terbinafine, but her symptoms did not improve. She then received a 4-week course of griseofulvin therapy, resulting in approximately 80% improvement. Itraconazole therapy is being considered pending further evaluation given the recent confirmation of suspected T. indotineae infection. Her son and husband, who live in the same house and report similar eruptions, are currently undergoing evaluation.

The cases in these two patients highlight several important points. Patient A had no recent international travel history, suggesting potential local U.S. transmission of T. indotineae. Health care providers should consider T. indotineae infection in patients with widespread tinea, particularly when eruptions do not improve with first-line topical antifungal agents or oral terbinafine. Culture-based identification techniques used by most clinical laboratories typically misidentify T. indotineae as T. mentographytes or T. interdigitale; correct identification requires genomic sequencing. Health care providers who suspect T. indotineae infection should contact their state or local public health department for assistance with testing,** which is available at certain public health laboratories and specialized academic and commercial laboratories. Successful treatment using oral itraconazole, a triazole antifungal, has been documented. However, providers should be aware of challenges with itraconazole absorption,^†† which can lead to variable serum drug concentrations; itraconazole’s interactions with other drugs; the need for up to 12 weeks of therapy (3); and the documented emergence of triazole resistance (4,5). Antimicrobial stewardship efforts are essential to minimize the misuse and overuse of prescribed and over-the-counter antifungal drugs and corticosteroids. In addition, health care providers can educate patients about strategies to prevent the spread of the dermatophytes that cause tinea.^§§ Finally, public health surveillance efforts and increased testing could help detect and monitor the spread of T. indotineae.

Acknowledgments

Miriam Keltz Pomeranz, Bellevue Hospital; Bellevue Hospital medical staff members, residents, and laboratory staff members; Wadsworth Center Applied Genomic Technologies Core for DNA sequencing; Wadsworth Center Media and Tissue Culture Core for culture media; patients described in this report.

Corresponding author: Avrom S. Caplan, Avrom.Caplan@nyulangone.org.

¹The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York; ²Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health; ³Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC; ⁴Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; ⁵New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York.

References

1. Gupta AK, Venkataraman M, Hall DC, Cooper EA, Summerbell RC. The emergence of Trichophyton indotineae: implications for clinical practice. Int J Dermatol 2022. Epub July 22, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.16362 PMID:35867962
2. Verma SB, Panda S, Nenoff P, et al. The unprecedented epidemic-like scenario of dermatophytosis in India: II. diagnostic methods and taxonomical aspects. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021;87:326–32. https://doi.org/10.25259/IJDVL_302_20 PMID:33871195
3. Uhrlaß S, Verma SB, Gräser Y, et al. Trichophyton indotineae–an emerging pathogen causing recalcitrant dermatophytoses in India and worldwide–a multidimensional perspective. J Fungi (Basel) 2022;8:757. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8070757 PMID:35887512
4. Burmester A, Hipler UC, Uhrlaß S, et al. Indian Trichophyton mentagrophytes squalene epoxidase erg1 double mutants show high proportion of combined fluconazole and terbinafine resistance. Mycoses 2020;63:1175–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13150 PMID:32725892
5. Khurana A, Agarwal A, Agrawal D, et al. Effect of different itraconazole dosing regimens on cure rates, treatment duration, safety, and relapse rates in adult patients with tinea corporis/cruris: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol 2022;158:1269–78. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2022.3745 PMID:36103158

FIGURE. Lesions occurring on two patients with first reported U.S. cases of tinea caused by Trichophyton indotineae, on patient A’s neck, abdomen, and buttocks (A–C)* and on patient B’s thighs^† (D) — New York City, December 2021–March 2023

Photos/Lu Yin (A–C) and Vignesh Ramachandran (D). Used with patients’ permission.

* At initial dermatology evaluation, patient A had large, annular, scaly, and pruritic erythematous plaques of the neck, abdomen, groin, and buttocks.

^† At initial dermatology evaluation, patient B had widespread, discrete, scaly, annular, pruritic plaques affecting the thighs and buttocks.