An official website of the United States government
Lessons Learned from Programmatic Gains in HIV Service Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic — 41 PEPFAR-Supported Countries, 2020
Weekly / March 25, 2022 / 71(12);447–452
Kiva A. Fisher, PhD1; Sadhna V. Patel, MPH1; Neha Mehta, MPH1; Andrea Stewart, PhD1; Amy Medley, PhD1; Emily Kainne Dokubo, MD2; Judith D. Shang, PhD2; Janell Wright, DrPH3; Jose Rodas, MD3; Shirish Balachandra, MD4; Francois Kitenge, MD5; Minlangu Mpingulu, MD5; Macarena C. García, DrPH6; Luis Bonilla, MD, PhD6; Silas Quaye, MPH7; Michael Melchior, PhD7; Ketmala Banchongphanith, MD8; Kunjanakorn Phokhasawad, ME9; Kondwani Nkanaunena, MSc10; Alice Maida, MPH10; Aleny Couto, MD11; Jose Mizela12; Jahun Ibrahim, MD, PhD13; Ogbanufe Obinna Charles, MD14; Samuel S. Malamba, PhD15; Canisious Musoni, MD15; Alex Bolo, MD16; Sudhir Bunga, MD, DrPH16; Rangsima Lolekha, MD17; Wiphawee Kiatchanon, MEd17; Ramona Bhatia, MD18; Chi Nguyen, MD18; John Aberle-Grasse, MPH1; PEPFAR Strategic Information Study Group (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What is already known about the topic?
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected health care infrastructure worldwide.
What is added by this report?
In 41 U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR)–supported countries, overall gains were observed in HIV treatment (5%) and viral load suppression (2%) during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Among countries with the largest overall programmatic gains, strategies that facilitated HIV program improvements included enhanced index testing and community- and home-based testing; multimonth dispensing of medications; streamlining clinic visits; aligning medication pick-up with viral load testing; and improvements in data use.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Lessons learned from PEPFAR-supported countries reporting the most programmatic progress in HIV programs provide important insights into strategies that can be used to realize programmatic gains during a global health crisis.
The U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) supports country programs in identifying persons living with HIV infection (PLHIV), providing life-saving treatment, and reducing the spread of HIV in countries around the world (1,2). CDC used Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (MER) data* to assess the extent to which COVID-19 mitigation strategies affected HIV service delivery across the HIV care continuum† globally during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Indicators included the number of reported HIV-positive test results, the number of PLHIV who were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the rates of HIV viral load suppression. Percent change in performance was assessed between countries during the first 3 months of 2020, before COVID-19 mitigation efforts began (January–March 2020), and the last 3 months of the calendar year (October–December 2020). Data were reviewed for all 41 countries to assess total and country-level percent change for each indicator. Then, qualitative data were reviewed among countries in the upper quartile to assess specific strategies that contributed to programmatic gains. Overall, positive percent change was observed in PEPFAR-supported countries in HIV treatment (5%) and viral load suppression (2%) during 2020. Countries reporting the highest gains across the HIV care continuum during 2020 attributed successes to reducing or streamlining facility attendance through strategies such as enhancing index testing (offering of testing to the biologic children and partners of PLHIV)§ and community- and home-based testing; treatment delivery approaches; and improvements in data use through monitoring activities, systems, and data quality checks. Countries that reported program improvements during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic offer important information about how lifesaving HIV treatment might be provided during a global public health crisis.
During 2020, 41 countries received PEPFAR support for direct HIV service delivery.¶ To determine gains in HIV service delivery, MER indicators were analyzed to identify programmatic changes in 1) the number of reported positive HIV test results, 2) the number of PLHIV receiving ART, and 3) the percentage of PLHIV receiving ART with suppressed HIV viral load** during 2020 to assess change before and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. The number of sites ranged from three to 1,520 per country. The analysis was limited to sites within each country that reported indicator data during both periods. The number of treatment sites in each country that reported during both periods was proportional to the size of the PEPFAR ART program. Overall percent change for all 41 countries from January–March to October–December 2020†† was calculated for each of the three indicators. The percent change for each indicator was further analyzed for countries in the highest quartile for each indicator. A thematic analysis was conducted using qualitative MER narratives for each indicator among countries in the upper quartile to identify specific adaptive strategies that were reported to contribute to gains for each indicator. This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.§§
Among all 41 countries, programmatic gains (i.e., positive percent changes) were observed in the number of PLHIV reported to be currently receiving treatment and the percentage who had achieved viral load suppression before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Positive percent change among all sites reported across the 41 countries was reported for the number of PLHIV currently receiving treatment (5%) and for HIV viral load suppression (2%). However, an overall negative percent change (−19%) was reported in HIV-positive test results (Figure). Percent change at the country level varied by indicator. Positive percent change was observed in the number of HIV-positive test results reported in 16 (39%) countries, the number of persons receiving ART in 36 (88%) countries, and HIV viral load suppression rates in and 29 of 34 countries with reported data¶¶ (85%).
Twenty-three (56%) countries were in the upper quartile for at least one indicator, and six (15%) reported the highest overall percent change for two of the three indicators. One country (Nicaragua) showed gains across all three indicators. Countries reporting increases for any of the three indicators spanned all regions where PEPFAR supports HIV programs, including eight countries in West Africa, three in East Africa, two in Southern Africa, five in Central America, four in Asia, and one in the Caribbean. Among countries in the highest quartile, a median increase of 43% was reported in the number of HIV-positive test results identified (range = 25%–430%), 23% in the number of PLHIV receiving ART (range = 11%–965%), and 6% in HIV viral load suppression rates (range = 5%–62%) from January–March to October–December 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) (Table).
Review of quarterly aggregate MER narrative reports among countries in the upper quartile of positive HIV tests reported and case finding approaches attributed success to enhancing index testing and community- and home-based testing approaches tailored to geographic locations and populations at increased risk for HIV. Country programs in the upper quartile for increases in HIV treatment during the analytic time frame were associated with policy shifts toward multimonth dispensing of HIV treatment; streamlining facility visits (e.g., appointment spacing); facilitating community, peer, and home ART delivery options; improvements in data systems and management processes (e.g., patient tracking and tracing and site-level monitoring); and the use of telecommunication methods for improving client services. Gains in HIV viral load suppression among upper quartile programs were attributed to addressing a backlog of sample testing associated with the shifting priorities early in COVID-19 responses and reagent stockouts as well as improved patient monitoring and data quality. Tracking and tracing efforts among PLHIV with elevated viremia and aligning viral load testing with medication pick-up were reported as strategies to improve rates of viral load suppression.
Discussion
During 2020, many countries experienced disruptions to routine health care service delivery and challenges with infrastructure, human resources, and medical supplies as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Early estimates projected negative pandemic-related impacts on HIV service delivery (3). This report highlights the capacity of PEPFAR-supported countries to adapt HIV programs to the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly related to gains in HIV treatment and viral load suppression. Strategies reported among countries with gains in HIV programming included finding effective ways to reduce the frequency and duration of facility visits; streamlining service provision through community approaches, telecommunications, or messaging services; and enhancing quality and use of MER data and improving data systems for program improvement. PLHIV who are receiving ART experience less severe outcomes related to COVID-19 infection than do those who are not receiving ART (4,5), making access to HIV testing and treatment services critically important as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.
Countries reporting increases in identifying new HIV infections attributed accomplishments to increasing community- and home-based testing and index testing approaches. Case finding efforts based on community-based and index testing have historically provided opportunities for early identification of PLHIV and reaching persons outside of facility settings (6,7). Scaling up community-based testing during the COVID-19 pandemic might have helped relieve some of the strain on health care infrastructure by reducing the overall number of persons visiting facilities for HIV testing services. Gains in identification of new HIV-positive persons was reported by the lowest percentage (39%) of countries, compared with gains in HIV treatment (88%) and viral load suppression (85%), in line with PEPFAR recommendations*** to focus efforts on retaining known PLHIV on treatment.
HIV treatment gains were reported from a variety of programmatic strategies, including facility-, community-, peer-, and telecommunications-based approaches; improved data use related to patient tracking and tracing activities; and site-level monitoring. Facilities reported activities that reduced onsite attendance such as community home delivery models. Multimonth dispensing of ART, a strategy known to be successful in providing ART to PLHIV among countries affected by COVID-19 (8), was also used by PEPFAR programs. Reports of viral load testing coverage being negatively affected across PEPFAR-supported countries early in the COVID-19 pandemic have been described (9). Countries were able to align laboratory services with current SARS-CoV-2 testing needs to provide increases in HIV viral load testing activities over time (9); several countries were able to regain losses in viral load testing coverage, as well as show gains in viral load suppression, by focusing on tracking and tracing efforts among PLHIV with high levels of viremia, addressing stockout and testing backlog challenges, and aligning viral load testing with medication pickup.
The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, data are cross-sectional and reported quarterly in aggregate, precluding the ability to monitor and track persons across time. Second, data quality varies across country programs, and narrative reports were not systematically collected. Third, timing of the effect of COVID-19 on SARS-CoV-2 testing capacity and implemented mitigation measures has varied at the country level. The time frame selected for this analysis covers all reporting quarters within the calendar year to account for COVID-19 pandemic fluctuations and precedes any possible effects related to national COVID-19 vaccination rollout. Fourth, country context can affect overall results based on the capacity to adapt local infrastructures and to make programmatic shifts, including program approaches and strategies, or changes in implementing partners. To reduce the potential effects of programmatic shifts, only PEPFAR-supported facilities that reported data during both periods were included in the analysis. Finally, some countries are reaching HIV epidemic control and therefore might not have had extensive programmatic improvements, and the maintenance of those gains would not have been reflected in positive percent change in indicators. Given that lower percent change did not inherently represent reductions in program performance, the narrative analysis was restricted to countries in the upper quartile of percent change during the specified time frame. The number of sites ranged widely among countries; however, the numbers are proportional to the country size and PEPFAR ART program. Although this variation might have affected the magnitude of overall percent change across indicators, particularly in the smallest programs, the direction of change provided valuable information in assessing programmatic gains across the HIV care continuum.
Qualitative data were reviewed from countries that reported the highest percentage of programmatic gains to help identify specific strategies that might have improved HIV service delivery, considering the stress placed on HIV programs as countries worked toward mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Programs can learn from these strategies and assess their implementation feasibility to help develop sustainable activities as well as adapt programs during a global health crisis. These findings demonstrate how community- and home-based approaches, in conjunction with improving data use for program improvement, can effectively reduce facility visits in PEPFAR-supported countries and therefore help mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission while preserving life-saving services for PLHIV.
Acknowledgments
Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC; PEPFAR Team, Lesotho; PEPFAR Team, Jean Baptiste Koama-Haiti; Mitesh Desai, CDC-Myanmar; PEPFAR Team, Myanmar; PEPFAR Team, Vietnam; Vietnam Administration for HIV/AIDS Control; Eric Dziuban, Steve Hong, Gram Mutandi, Ismelda Pietersen, Edwin Sithole, Hilaria Ashivudi, Katie Battey, R. Suzanne Beard, Anita Beukes, CDC-Namibia; Evelyn Beatriz Cardoza, SE-COMISCA; José Arturo García del Valle, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala; CDC-Rwanda; Nasim Farach, CDC Central America; Mozambique PEPFAR Team; Mozambique National HIV Control Program; Zambia PEPFAR Team; Republic of Zambia Ministry of Health; Ministry of Health-Rwanda; Thailand Strategic Information and Monitoring and Evaluation Team; Thai Ministry of Public Health; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; U.S. Agency for International Development/Regional Development Mission for Asia; Ministry of Health-Lao PDR; U.S. Agency for International Development Lao PDR; Ministry of Health, Kenya; Malawi PEPFAR Team; Alinune Kabaghe, Tigest Mekonnen, Christina Braccio, Wezi Msungama, Fatima Zulu, Victor Singano, George Mtonga, Reuben Ndindi, CDC-Malawi; Eswatini PEPFAR team; Sikhathele Mazibuko, Phumzile Mndzebele, CDC-Eswatini; CDC Caribbean Regional Office; PEPFAR Coordinating Office, Caribbean Regional Program; Ministry of Health-Democratic Republic of the Congo; Clement B. Ndongmo, Magdalene Mayer, Yasmine Moussa Fadil, Tabiayuk Ayukotabe, Tse Kingsly Nkwoh, Carrine Angumua, Laura T. Eno, CDC-Cameroon; Leonard Bonono, Ministry of Health-Cameroon; CDC Cameroon Technical Team; Bonolo Mncwango, CDC-South Africa; CDC South Africa PEPFAR Team; PEPFAR Team, Uganda; Aka Kouame Herve Prao, CDC-Côte d’Ivoire; Tanzania Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children, CDC-Tanzania; PEPFAR-Tanzania.
PEPFAR Strategic Information Study Group
Quoc Nguyen, CDC-Vietnam; Phuong N. Nguyen, CDC-Vietnam; Dan Williams, CDC-Namibia; Michael DeKlerk, CDC-Namibia; Tuli Nakanyala, CDC-Namibia; Nicasky Celestin, CDC-Haiti; Ngwarai Sithole, Ministry of Health and Child Care, Zimbabwe; Trust Chiguvare, CDC-Zimbabwe; Chiedza Marisa, CDC-Zimbabwe; Kelsey Mirkovic, CDC-Zimbabwe; Evelyn Muthama, DGHT, CDC-Kenya; Davies Kimanga, DGHT, CDC-Kenya; Abraham Katana, CDC-Kenya; Apolonia Aoko, DGHT, CDC-Kenya; Andrew Auld, CDC-Malawi; Masford Banda, CDC-Malawi; Laurence Gunde, CDC-Malawi; Muluken Kaba, CDC-Malawi; Dumbani Kayira, CDC-Malawi; Elizabeth Kampira, CDC-Malawi; Evelyn Kim, CDC-Malawi; Mischeck Luhanga, CDC-Malawi; Gillian Nkhalamba, CDC-Malawi; Mtemwa Nyangulu, CDC-Malawi; Nellie Wadonda-Kabondo, CDC-Malawi; Rose Nyirenda, Department of HIV & AIDS, Malawi Ministry of Health; Andreas Jahn, ITECH-Malawi; Suchunya Aungkulanon, CDC Thailand/Lao PDR; Benjamas Baipluthong, CDC Thailand/Lao PDR Programs; Lindsay Templin, CDC-Mozambique; Joseph Lara, USAID-Mozambique; Michelle Li, CDC-Eswatini; Samuel Kudhlande, CDC-Eswatini; Kelly-Ann Gordon-Johnson, CDC-Caribbean Regional Office; Sasha Martin, PEPFAR Coordinating Office, Caribbean Regional Program; Mduduzi Ndlovu, CDC-South Africa; Colince Leonard Keleko, CDC Cameroon; Elizabeth Manuela Kamga, CDC-Cameroon; Esther Lyonga, CDC-Cameroon; Ebako Ndip Takem, CDC-Cameroon; Eva Matiko, CDC-Tanzania; Kokuhumbya J. Kazaura, CDC-Tanzania; Coline Mahende, CDC-Tanzania
Corresponding Author: Kiva A. Fisher, okm1@cdc.gov.
1Division of Global HIV & TB, Center for Global Health, CDC; 2CDC, Cameroon; 3CDC, Central America; 4CDC, Côte d’Ivoire; 5CDC, Democratic Republic of the Congo; 6CDC, Dominican Republic; 7CDC, Ghana; 8Ministry of Public Health, Laos; 9CDC, Laos; 10CDC, Malawi; 11Mozambique Ministry of Health; 12CDC, Mozambique; 13Global Fund/NACA Resilient and Sustainable Systems for Health; 14CDC, Nigeria; 15CDC, Rwanda; 16CDC, South Sudan; 17CDC, Thailand; 18CDC, Vietnam.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
† https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/factsheets/cdc-hiv-care-continuum.pdf
§ https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/251655/9789241549868-eng.pdf
¶ Direct service delivery for HIV treatment support from PEPFAR is defined as both provision of critical personnel or commodities and support to improve the quality of services through site visits as often as deemed necessary by the partner and country team. Eight countries were excluded from the analysis because PEPFAR exclusively provides nondirect service delivery support (i.e., technical assistance only) for treatment services.
** MER indicators: number of persons receiving a positive HIV test result, number of persons currently receiving antiretroviral therapy, and rate of viral load suppression. The viral load indicator collects information among persons who have been receiving ART for ≥3 months and assesses suppression among those who have had a test in the past 12 months. HIV viral load suppression is defined as having a documented viral load result of <1,000 HIV RNA copies/ml within the past 12 months. Because of reporting requirements, data on viral load might include data from previous reporting quarters and fiscal years. MER narrative reports are collected during each reporting period and include qualitative information to supplement the values reported for the indicator.
†† Data analysis was conducted using data reported from facilities during January–March and October–December 2020 to provide appropriate comparison of results before and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Community sites were included for the HIV testing indicator. This period was chosen to avoid any possible impact of COVID-19 vaccination rollout and avoid substantive programmatic changes that could take place outside a single calendar year.
§§ 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d); 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a; 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
¶¶ Thirty-four of 41 countries were included; seven countries did not report data for the viral load indicator.
*** During the COVID-19 pandemic, PEPFAR technical guidance focused efforts on continuity of treatment for PLHIV. Specific testing guidance was provided to maintain protection against COVID-19 for all persons supporting programmatic efforts related to HIV testing based on local and government policies, with the acknowledgment that testing services might be affected because of COVID-19 mitigation measures.
References
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV. AIDS info database. Geneva, Switzerland: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV; 2020. https://aidsinfo.unaids.org/
- The United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Annual Report to Congress, 2021. Washington, DC: The United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief; 2021. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/PEPFAR2021AnnualReporttoCongress.pdf
- Hogan AB, Jewell B, Sherrard-Smith E, et al. Potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV, tuberculosis and malaria in low-income and middle-income countries: a modelling study. Lancet Glob Health 2020;8:e1132–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30288-6 PMID:32673577
- Kanwugu ON, Adadi P. HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection: a global perspective. J Med Virol 2021;93:726–32. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26321 PMID:32692406
- Chanda D, Minchella PA, Kampamba D, et al. COVID-19 severity and COVID-19–associated deaths among hospitalized patients with HIV infection—Zambia, March–December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:807–10. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7022a2 PMID:34081684
- Sharma M, Ying R, Tarr G, Barnabas R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of community and facility-based HIV testing to address linkage to care gaps in sub-Saharan Africa. Nature 2015;528:S77–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature16044 PMID:26633769
- World Health Organization. Consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services, 2019. Web Annex C. GRADE table: should social network-based approaches be offered as an additional HIV testing approach for key populations and their contacts? Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331546/WHO-UCN-HHS-19.42-eng.pdf
- Collins LF, Colasanti JA, Nguyen ML, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic as a catalyst for differentiated care models to end the HIV epidemic in the United States: applying lessons from high-burden settings. AIDS 2021;35:337–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002746 PMID:33165032
- Lecher SL, Naluguza M, Mwangi C, et al. Notes from the field: impact of the COVID-19 response on scale-up of HIV viral load testing—PEPFAR-supported countries, January–June 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:794–5. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7021a3 PMID:34043613
FIGURE. Percent change in HIV-positive test results* (A), number of persons with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy† (B), and rates of viral load suppression§ (C) — U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 41 countries, January–March to October–December 2020
Abbreviations: ART = antiretroviral therapy; UNAIDS = Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; WHO = World Health Organization.
* Number of persons who received a positive HIV test result. https://datim.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360000084446-MER-Indicator-Reference-Guides
† Number of adults and children who are currently receiving ART in accordance with the nationally approved treatment protocol (or WHO/UNAIDS standards) at the end of the reporting period. https://datim.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360000084446-MER-Indicator-Reference-Guides
§ Percentage of viral load suppression. Only sites that are in the highest quartile in both prepandemic (January–March 2020) and pandemic (October–December 2020) periods are included. Thirty-four of the 41 countries were included; seven countries did not report data for the viral load indicator.
Abbreviations: ART = antiretroviral therapy; PLHIV = persons living with HIV; UNAIDS = Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; WHO = World Health Organization.
* Percent change in number of HIV-positive test results, persons with HIV on antiretroviral treatment, and percentage with viral load suppression.
† Number of persons who received a positive HIV test result. https://datim.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360000084446-MER-Indicator-Reference-Guides
§ Number of adults and children who are currently receiving ART in accordance with the nationally approved treatment protocol (or WHO/UNAIDS standards) at the end of the reporting period. https://datim.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/360000084446-MER-Indicator-Reference-Guides
¶ Percentage of viral load suppression. Only sites in the highest quartile in both prepandemic (January–March 2020) and pandemic (October–December 2020) periods are included. Thirty-four of the 41 countries were included; seven countries did not report data for the viral load indicator.
Suggested citation for this article: Fisher KA, Patel SV, Mehta N, et al. Lessons Learned from Programmatic Gains in HIV Service Delivery During the COVID-19 Pandemic — 41 PEPFAR-Supported Countries, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:447–452. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7112a2.
MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.
All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.
Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.