An official website of the United States government
Emergency Department Visits for COVID-19 by Race and Ethnicity — 13 States, October–December 2020
Weekly / April 16, 2021 / 70(15);566-569
On April 12, 2021, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release.
Amanda R. Smith, PhD1,2,3; Jourdan DeVies, MS2,3; Elise Caruso, MPH2,3; Lakshmi Radhakrishnan, MPH2,3; Michael Sheppard, MS2,3; Zachary Stein, MPH2,3; Renee M. Calanan, PhD2,4; Kathleen P. Hartnett, PhD2,3; Aaron Kite-Powell, MS2,3; Loren Rodgers, PhD2,3; Jennifer Adjemian, PhD2,3 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationSummary
What is already known about this topic?
Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native, and Black persons have higher rates of hospitalization and death attributable to COVID-19 than do White persons.
What is added by this report?
Data from 13 states indicate that compared with White persons, Hispanic and American Indian or Alaska Native persons experienced 1.7 times the rate, and Black persons experienced 1.4 times the rate of emergency department care visits for COVID-19 during October–December 2020.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Emergency department COVID-19 visit data can provide insight into ongoing areas of racial/ethnic inequity in health status and disease outcomes and can be used to prioritize prevention resources, including COVID-19 vaccination, to reach disproportionately affected groups.
Hispanic or Latino (Hispanic), non-Hispanic Black or African American (Black), and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) persons have experienced disproportionately higher rates of hospitalization and death attributable to COVID-19 than have non-Hispanic White (White) persons (1–4). Emergency care data offer insight into COVID-19 incidence; however, differences in use of emergency department (ED) services for COVID-19 by racial and ethnic groups are not well understood. These data, most of which are recorded within 24 hours of the visit, might be an early indicator of changing patterns in disparities. Using ED visit data from 13 states obtained from the National Syndromic Surveillance Program (NSSP), CDC assessed the number of ED visits with a COVID-19 discharge diagnosis code per 100,000 population during October–December 2020 by age and race/ethnicity. Among 5,794,050 total ED visits during this period, 282,220 (4.9%) were for COVID-19. Racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 ED visit rates were observed across age groups. Compared with White persons, Hispanic, AI/AN, and Black persons had significantly more COVID-19–related ED visits overall (rate ratio [RR] range = 1.39–1.77) and in all age groups through age 74 years; compared with White persons aged ≥75 years, Hispanic and AI/AN persons also had more COVID-19–related ED visits (RR = 1.91 and 1.22, respectively). These differences in ED visit rates suggest ongoing racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 incidence and can be used to prioritize prevention resources, including COVID-19 vaccination, to reach disproportionately affected communities and reduce the need for emergency care for COVID-19.
NSSP data were used to assess ED visits with a COVID-19 diagnosis code* during October 1–December 31, 2020. NSSP receives ED visit records from 71% of hospitals in the United States. Data from 13 states (Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin) meeting the following data quality thresholds were included in the study: >85% of facilities in the state report data to NSSP, >85% of the ED visits had complete and valid discharge diagnosis codes, >85% of ED visits included race data, and >85% of ED visits included ethnicity data. Data from before October 1, 2020 did not consistently meet these thresholds across all 13 states. COVID-19 ED visits were categorized by patient race/ethnicity (Hispanic, non-Hispanic AI/AN, non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander [A/PI], non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White) and age group (0–17, 18–29, 30–44, 45–64, 65–74, and ≥75 years).
Race/ethnicity–specific crude and age-stratified visit rates per 100,000 population were calculated using population denominators from the National Center for Health Statistics’ 2019 bridged-race postcensal population estimates (5). Visits with patient ethnicity identified as Hispanic or Latino were categorized as Hispanic or Latino, even if race data were missing. Visits with patient ethnicity identified as not Hispanic or Latino with complete race data were categorized into one of the non-Hispanic race categories. Visits with patient ethnicity data missing or visits with patient ethnicity identified as non-Hispanic/Latino but missing patient race data were not included in the analysis.† Race/ethnicity–specific crude and age-stratified RR§ with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated as the rate of COVID-19 ED visits among a racial/ethnic group divided by the rate of COVID-19 ED visits among White persons. RRs with CIs excluding 1.0 were considered statistically significant, and nonoverlapping CIs were used to identify differences in RRs by age groups. All analyses were conducted using R software (version 4.0.4; The R Foundation). This activity was reviewed by CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy.¶
Among ED visits from 13 states during October 1–December 31, 2020, Hispanic persons were more likely to seek ED care for COVID-19 than were White persons overall (crude RR = 1.77) (Table 1) and for each age group examined (RR range = 1.91–2.92) (Table 2). Likewise, AI/AN persons were more likely to seek ED care for COVID-19 than were White persons, both overall (crude RR = 1.71) and among each age group (RR range = 1.22–3.07) (Table 2). Overall, Black persons aged ≤74 were more likely to seek ED care for COVID-19 compared with White persons (crude RR = 1.39) (Table 1), (age-stratified RR range = 1.54–2.19) (Table 2), but no differences between Black persons and White persons aged ≥75 years were observed. Fewer A/PI persons sought ED care for COVID-19 than did White persons overall (crude RR = 0.70) (Table 1) and among age groups ≤44 years and ≥75 years (RR range = 0.68–0.82).
Among AI/AN persons, those aged 30–44 years had the highest RR of COVID-19 ED visits compared with other age groups (3.07). The RRs among Hispanic persons aged 45–64 (2.92) and 65–74 years (2.83) and Black persons aged 18–29 (2.11) and 30–44 years (2.19) were higher than the other age-stratified estimates for each respective racial/ethnic group. Among Hispanic, AI/AN, and Black persons, the RR of COVID-19-related ED visits was lowest among those aged ≥75 years compared with other age groups (1.91, 1.22, and 1.03, respectively).
Discussion
Some racial/ethnic groups, including Hispanic, AI/AN, and Black persons, received ED care for COVID-19 at disproportionately higher rates compared with White persons, with higher disparity observed among persons aged <75 years. These findings are consistent with those of previous studies showing disproportionate COVID-19 incidence, hospitalization, and mortality among these racial/ethnic groups (1–4). Disparities in ED visits for COVID-19 among Hispanic, AI/AN, and Black persons were observed across nearly all age groups, with higher rates in adults aged 18–74 years and the lowest rates among adults aged ≥75 years. Whereas the disparity was lower in this age group, Hispanic and AI/AN persons aged ≥75 years still visited the ED more often than, and Black persons ≥75 years visited the ED as often as, their White counterparts did.
The racial/ethnic groups that sought ED care for COVID-19 at disproportionately higher rates have also experienced long-standing, systemic inequities that affect their health (6). These inequities include limited access to quality health care, lower general health status and access to quality education, and disproportionate representation in essential jobs with less flexibility to work from home or take medical leave (7). Racism and discrimination shape these factors that influence health risks; racism, rather than a person’s race or ethnicity, is a key driver of these health inequities (8). These types of inequities can increase risks for infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and delay medical care, increasing the risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes and the need for emergency care.
Effectively protecting and promoting the health of all persons relies on having data to assess and address health disparities. Continued use of NSSP data for ongoing surveillance of COVID-19–related outcomes can serve as an early signal of health disparities experienced by certain racial/ethnic groups. ED data are available in near real-time, and the ability to stratify these data by race/ethnicity provides one of the fastest ways to identify severe outcomes in population subgroups. However, additional efforts to both improve accuracy and completeness of race/ethnicity data and to collect data on social factors that affect health risks should continue. Facility, provider, and public health efforts to improve collection and reporting of these data could aid in rapidly identifying areas of public health concern and understanding of the underlying causes of disparities.
The findings in this report are subject to at least six limitations. First, COVID-19 ED visit data from the 13 assessed states might differ from such data in other states, which could limit the generalizability of these results. Second, White persons represent a larger percentage of the population in the 13-state subset (66%) compared with the national population distribution (61%), so some racial/ethnic groups have less representation, which limits the numbers of observations available and the subsequent inferences that can be made. Third, COVID-19 ED visit classifications rely on diagnostic codes, which might be used inconsistently across facilities, resulting in misclassification of diagnosis. Fourth, persons seek care in EDs for a variety of reasons, including more severe disease or lack of other health care options, and the reasons that someone sought care in an ED rather than another source are not recorded in NSSP data. Fifth, in NSSP, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander (NH/PI) and Asian are separate categories. However, these groups were combined in the population estimates used, so these groups were combined into A/PI for this analysis, likely masking previously reported COVID-19 disparities among NH/PI persons (3). Race/ethnicity–specific estimates for non-Hispanic persons of multiple and other races were not calculated because population denominators were unavailable. Finally, the race and ethnicity fields were categorized based on terms and codes in each visit record. ED visits using nonstandard race or ethnicity descriptors, or missing race/ethnicity data were not included in this analysis.
The findings from this investigation highlight that Hispanic, AI/AN, and Black persons sought ED care for COVID-19 at higher rates than did White persons. It is important to prioritize prevention resources, management of underlying health conditions, safe school and work conditions, flexible leave policies, and enhanced access to and acceptability of SARS-CoV-2 testing and COVID-19 vaccination services to reach disproportionately affected racial/ethnic groups and reduce the need for emergency care for COVID-19. Efforts such as these are critical to address the drivers of racial/ethnic disparities. ED visits from NSSP are an important data source that can be used for near real-time detection of a variety of health conditions, including COVID-19. Race and ethnicity information in these data allows investigators to better identify areas of inequity in their communities and respond by ensuring equitably accessible preventive services, including COVID-19 vaccination, designed to reach the most affected communities.
Corresponding author: Amanda R. Smith, qdy9@cdc.gov.
1Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; 2CDC COVID-19 Response Team; 3Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services, CDC; 4Office of the Director, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
* ED visits for COVID-19 are defined as ED visits with any of the following: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes U07.1 or J12.82 or Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes 840539006, 840544004, or 840533007.
† A total of 38,199 (13.5%) ED visits with patient ethnicity data missing or visits with patient ethnicity identified as non-Hispanic/Latino but missing patient race data were not included in this analysis. Patient race or patient ethnicity categorized as “unknown,” “not categorized,” and “refused to answer” are considered missing.
§ RR of COVID-19 ED visits: (COVID-19 ED visits among persons in the racial or ethnic age group of interest/population of persons in the racial or ethnic age group)/(COVID-19 ED visits among White persons in that age group/population of White persons in that age group).
¶ 45 C.F.R. part 46; 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. Sect. 241(d), 5 U.S.C. Sect. 552a, 44 U.S.C. Sect. 3501 et seq.
References
- Price-Haywood EG, Burton J, Fort D, Seoane L. Hospitalization and mortality among black patients and white patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2534–43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa2011686 PMID:32459916
- Gold JAW, Rossen LM, Ahmad FB, et al. Race, ethnicity, and age trends in persons who died from COVID-19—United States, May–August 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1517–21. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6942e1 PMID:33090984
- Van Dyke ME, Mendoza MCB, Li W, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 incidence by age, sex, and period among persons aged <25 years—16 U.S. jurisdictions, January 1–December 31, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:382–8. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7011e1 PMID:33735165
- Hatcher SM, Agnew-Brune C, Anderson M, et al. COVID-19 among American Indian and Alaska Native persons—23 states, January 31–July 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1166–9. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6934e1 PMID:32853193
- National Center for Health Statistics. Vintage 2019 postcensal estimates of the resident population of the United States. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm
- CDC. Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. Accessed March 25, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/race-ethnicity.html
- CDC. COVID-19 racial and ethnic health disparities. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. Accessed March 18, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/health-equity/racial-ethnic-disparities/disparities-illness.html
- CDC. Racism and health. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2021. Accessed April 10, 2021. https://www.cdc.gov/healthequity/racism-disparities/index.html
Abbreviations: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native; A/PI = Asian or Pacific Islander; RR = rate ratio; CI = confidence interval.
* Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.
† ED visits for COVID-19 are defined as ED visits with any of the following: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes U07.1 or J12.82 or Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes 840539006, 840544004, or 840533007.
§ Race/ethnicity–specific crude visit rates per 100,000 population were calculated using population denominators from the National Center for Health Statistics 2019 bridged-race postcensal population estimates (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm); 38,199 (13.5%) ED visits with patient ethnicity data missing or visits with patient ethnicity identified as non-Hispanic/Latino but missing patient race data were not included in this analysis. Patient race or patient ethnicity categorized as “unknown,” “not categorized,” and “refused to answer” are considered missing.
Abbreviations: AI/AN = American Indian or Alaska Native; A/PI = Asian or Pacific Islander; RR = rate ratio; CI = confidence interval.
* Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, and Wisconsin.
† ED visits for COVID-19 are defined as ED visits with any of the following: International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes U07.1 or J12.82 or Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED) codes 840539006, 840544004, or 840533007.
§ Race/ethnicity–specific age-stratified visit rates per 100,000 population were calculated using population denominators from the National Center for Health Statistics 2019 bridged-race postcensal population estimates (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/bridged_race.htm); 38,199 (13.5%) ED visits with patient ethnicity data missing or visits with patient ethnicity identified as non-Hispanic/Latino but missing patient race data were not included in this analysis. Patient race or patient ethnicity categorized as “unknown,” “not categorized,” and “refused to answer” are considered missing.
Suggested citation for this article: Smith AR, DeVies J, Caruso E, et al. Emergency Department Visits for COVID-19 by Race and Ethnicity — 13 States, October–December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:566-569. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7015e3.
MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.
All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.
Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.