Rapid Adaptation of HIV Treatment Programs in Response to COVID-19 — Namibia, 2020

Weekly / October 23, 2020 / 69(42);1549–1551

Print
Related Pages

Steven Y. Hong, MD1; Laimi S.N. Ashipala, MBChB2; Leonard Bikinesi, MBChB2; Ndapewa Hamunime, MBChB2; Jacques W.N. Kamangu, MBChB2; Ashley Boylan, MPH1; Edwin Sithole, MBChB1; Ismelda C. Pietersen, MPH1; Gram Mutandi, MBChB1; Catherine McLean, MD1; Eric J. Dziuban, MD1 (View author affiliations)

View suggested citation
Article Metrics
Altmetric:
Citations:
Views:

Views equals page views plus PDF downloads

Metric Details
Table
Related Materials

Namibia is an upper-middle income country in southern Africa, with a population of approximately 2.5 million (1). On March 13, 2020, the first two cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Namibia were identified among recently arrived international travelers. On March 17, Namibia’s president declared a state of emergency, which introduced measures such as closing of all international borders, enactment of regional travel restrictions, closing of schools, suspension of gatherings, and implementation of physical distancing measures across the country. As of October 19, 2020, Namibia had reported 12,326 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and 131 COVID-19–associated deaths. CDC, through its Namibia country office, as part of ongoing assistance from the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) provided technical assistance to the Ministry of Health and Social Services (MoHSS) for rapid coordination of the national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment program with the national COVID-19 response.

With support from PEPFAR since 2004, Namibia is on the verge of HIV epidemic control: 95% of persons with HIV infection know their status; 95% of these persons are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART); and among these, 92% have achieved viral load suppression (≤1,000 copies of viral RNA/mL) (2). Because the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to compromise Namibia’s ART program efforts, MoHSS prioritized providing life-saving ART while reducing patient volume in ART facilities to reduce the risk for COVID-19 exposure in advance of a possible broader COVID-19 outbreak in Namibia.

Regional MoHSS ART clinical mentors, who are experienced ART physicians supporting healthcare workers in each of the 14 regions, served as points of contact to implement rapid adjustments to the ART program. New national guidance, coordination, and feedback were communicated through the Project Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) virtual mentoring platform (3); Namibia was among the first African countries to adopt Project ECHO in 2015. During March 17–April 21, MoHSS conducted seven communication sessions using the Project ECHO platform with 760 sites and 2,068 health care providers. Because all major district hospitals and high-volume health care centers in the country use the ECHO platform, rapid communication and telementoring across all regions was possible, despite travel restrictions.

MoHSS, with CDC support and in alignment with forthcoming PEPFAR guidance (4), quickly developed a plan to minimize the frequency of patient contact with the health care system and reduce burden on facilities. The plan consisted of facility readiness, multimonth dispensing (MMD) of ART, and the expansion of community ART dispensing.

Facility readiness included plans for screening and triaging patients. ART patients were first screened for COVID-19–compatible signs and symptoms* upon arrival at the health facility. Those with symptoms were isolated and tested for SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of specimens obtained with a nasopharyngeal swab and, if hospitalization was not required, were asked to self-isolate while waiting for results. In an effort to avoid overcrowded waiting areas, and thereby possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission, asymptomatic patients were triaged to receive fast-track refills without entering the facility or quick, small group clinical consultations for dispensing MMD. Patients aged ≥50 years and those with underlying medical conditions (5) received expedited services. MoHSS provided recommended personal protective equipment (6) to clinic staff members and symptomatic patients.

Four-month MMD of ART was implemented by assessing the national stock and adjusting ART guidance to maximize available stock and ensure optimal regimens. To ensure treatment continuity, the National Central Medical Store distributed 4–6 months’ supply of stock for 166,237 (97%) of 171,830 total patients receiving ART to health care facilities in all regions. Emergency procurement was activated to ensure that a 12-month supply of ART stock would be available in the country.

Community ART dispensing was expanded through 1) newly established community-based ART points, 2) primary health care outreach points, 3) community adherence groups, 4) mobile vans, and 5) home delivery. Outreach points placed at the borders were especially important for Angolan patients seeking ART refills in Namibia despite border closures. A national ART hotline was established to assist patients who experienced difficulty accessing services.

Other HIV treatment services were also adjusted to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (Table). Programs minimized patient contact with health care facilities to limit possible exposure. Community programming supported physical distancing and used alternative methods of communication, including virtual platforms such as Zoom or Skype, phone calls, social media, and WhatsApp Messenger, a mobile application for smartphones. Group activities were limited in size according to Namibia national regulations.

Namibia has rapidly implemented public health measures to mitigate SARS-CoV-2 transmission, which allows additional time to adequately prepare the health care system for a potential surge in COVID-19 cases. The ART program has adapted to ensure the continuity of essential HIV services while maintaining a safe health care environment for clients and staff members during the COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts are underway to evaluate the implementation of these initiatives across sites and the impact on programs. These public health strategies could be implemented in other settings where COVID-19 might threaten the HIV treatment program when the public health providers and governments are willing to use new technologies and novel strategies to maintain patient care.

Top

Corresponding author: Steven Y. Hong, olq3@cdc.gov.

Top

1Division of Global HIV and TB, Center for Global Health, CDC; 2Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia.

Top

All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

Top


* Fever or temperature ≥100.4°F (38.0°C), cough, shortness of breath, weakness, muscle aches, chills, vomiting or diarrhea, headache, chest pain, new loss of taste or smell.

Top

References

  1. Namibia Statistics Agency. Namibia population and projections 2011–2041; Windhoek, Namibia: Namibia Statistics Agency; 2014. https://nsa.org.na/page/publications
  2. United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Namibia country operational plan (COP) 2020 strategic direction summary. Washington, DC: US Department of State; 2020. https://copsdata.amfar.org/SDS/2020/Namibia.pdf
  3. Struminger B, Arora S, Zalud-Cerrato S, Lowrance D, Ellerbrock T. Building virtual communities of practice for health. Lancet 2017;390:632–4. CrossRef PubMed
  4. United States President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. PEPFAR technical guidance in context of COVID-19 pandemic. Washington, DC: US Department of State; 2020. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/10.07.2020-PEPFAR-Technical-Guidance-During-COVID.pdf
  5. Chow N, Fleming-Dutra K, Gierke R, et al.; CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Preliminary estimates of the prevalence of selected underlying health conditions among patients with coronavirus disease 2019—United States, February 12–March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:382–6. CrossRef PubMed
  6. CDC. Coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID 19): using personal protective equipment (PPE). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/using-ppe.html

Top

TABLE. Adaptations of the national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and treatment program during the COVID-19 outbreak — Namibia, 2020Return to your place in the text
Program area Program adaptations
Clinic readiness Screening and triaging clients for COVID-19 symptoms
Adjusting clinic flow to limit overcrowding and exposure risk for patients and health care workers
Limiting clinic appointments to avoid crowding (prioritizing patients failing ART or clinical complaints)
Providing ART refills without entering the facility
Providing expedited services for patients at higher risk for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality
Using Project ECHO platform for regular communication, coordination and telementoring for all regions
Providing virtual COVID-19 trainings for staff members
Providing PPE
MMD of ART (adults, children, and pregnant and breastfeeding women) Assessing national stock situation and adjusting ART guidance to ensure adequate medication stock for MMD
Issuing and widely sharing interim ART guidance through ECHO and clinical mentorship network
Distributing stock to regions to ensure adequate supplies for MMD
Community dispensing Using community-based ART outreach points
Adapting and expanding community adherence groups with groups <10 at one time
Expanding primary health care outreach points
Using mobile vans (especially for persons at high risk and for those unable to get MMD)
Establishing home delivery (through community health care workers)
Patient tracing Shifting physical tracing of patients missing appointments to phone tracing exclusively
Strengthening border services Liaising with regional governments, immigration authorities, and police to allow patients to access medicines
Creating outreach points for patients to access ART at the Angola-Namibia border
Tracing patients who miss appointments via telephone to link them back into care
Establishing ART hotline to assist patients having difficulty accessing services and answer questions about COVID-19 and HIV
Facility HIV testing Prioritizing facility-based testing (antenatal care, admitted patients, early infant diagnosis, persons with tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, passive index testing)
Standardizing safe HIV testing services provision using physical distancing and PPE measures
Maximizing use of self-testing kits* outside of clinic settings for clients and their partners
Community index testing Discontinuing community index testing until safe processes were established
Providing guidance for proper PPE use to implement community index testing once deemed safe
HIV recency testing Pausing recency testing to decrease time spent in clinics and decrease burden on laboratory staff members
Community adolescent treatment supporters and teen clubs Providing community adolescent treatment supporters with mobile phones and airtime to continue to engage beneficiaries from home
Limiting teen clubs to continue meeting in only places where they could practice recommended physical distancing with no more than 10 teens at a time
Cervical cancer screening and treatment Continuing limited screening at health facilities that have program-specific staff members
Postponing all outreach and campaigns
Tuberculosis preventive therapy Dispensing tuberculosis preventive therapy for the full duration of treatment for those initiating or already receiving tuberculosis preventive therapy
Delivering tuberculosis preventive therapy medications to eligible clients through community health care workers with recommended PPE and physical distancing
Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV Continuing routine testing of pregnant and breastfeeding women and HIV-exposed infants
Providing MMD for pregnant and breastfeeding women
Prioritizing safe labor and delivery access in health care facilities with adjustments in clinic flow to minimize the risk for COVID-19 exposure
Providing pregnant and breastfeeding women adherence and retention support through telephone calls

Abbreviations: ART = antiretroviral therapy; COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; MMD = multimonth dispensing; PPE = personal protective equipment; Project ECHO = Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes.
* OraSure Technologies. http://www.oraquick.com.

Top


Suggested citation for this article: Hong SY, Ashipala LS, Bikinesi L, et al. Rapid Adaptation of HIV Treatment Programs in Response to COVID-19 — Namibia, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1549–1551. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6942a6.

MMWR and Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report are service marks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

All HTML versions of MMWR articles are generated from final proofs through an automated process. This conversion might result in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users are referred to the electronic PDF version (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr) and/or the original MMWR paper copy for printable versions of official text, figures, and tables.

Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.

View Page In: PDF [74K]