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Active Monitoring of Persons Exposed to Patients with Confirmed COVID-19 — United States, January–February 2020
Weekly / March 6, 2020 / 69(9);245–246
On March 3, 2020, this report was posted online as an MMWR Early Release.
Rachel M. Burke, PhD1; Claire M. Midgley, PhD1; Alissa Dratch, MPH2; Marty Fenstersheib, MD; Thomas Haupt, MS4; Michelle Holshue, MPH5,6; Isaac Ghinai, MBBS6,7; M. Claire Jarashow, PhD8; Jennifer Lo, MD9; Tristan D. McPherson, MD6,10; Sara Rudman, MD; Sarah Scott, MD6,12; Aron J. Hall, DVM1; Alicia M. Fry, MD1; Melissa A. Rolfes, PhD1 (View author affiliations)
View suggested citationIn December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, began in Wuhan, China (1). The disease spread widely in China, and, as of February 26, 2020, COVID-19 cases had been identified in 36 other countries and territories, including the United States. Person-to-person transmission has been widely documented, and a limited number of countries have reported sustained person-to-person spread.* On January 20, state and local health departments in the United States, in collaboration with teams deployed from CDC, began identifying and monitoring all persons considered to have had close contact† with patients with confirmed COVID-19 (2). The aims of these efforts were to ensure rapid evaluation and care of patients, limit further transmission, and better understand risk factors for transmission.
As of February 26, 12 travel-related COVID-19 cases had been diagnosed in the United States, in addition to three COVID-19 cases in patients with no travel history (including two cases in close household contacts) and 46 cases reported among repatriated U.S. citizens.§ Following confirmed diagnosis, the 12 patients with travel-related COVID-19 were isolated in the hospital if medically necessary, or at home once home care was deemed clinically sufficient.¶ Among the first 10 patients with travel-related confirmed COVID-19 reported in the United States, a total of 445 persons (range = 1–201 persons per case) who had close contact with one of the 10 patients on or after the date of the patient’s symptom onset were identified. Nineteen (4%) of the 445 contacts were members of a patient’s household, and five of these 19 contacts continued to have household exposure to the patient with confirmed COVID-19 during the patient’s isolation period; 104 (23%) were community members who spent at least 10 minutes within 6 feet of a patient with confirmed disease; 100 (22%) were community members who were exposed** to a patient in a health care setting; and 222 (50%) were health care personnel.††
Active symptom monitoring of the 445 close contacts, consisting of daily telephone, text, or in-person inquiries about fever or other symptoms for 14 days following the last known exposure to a person with confirmed COVID-19, was conducted by local health jurisdictions. During the 14 days of active symptom monitoring, 54 (12%) close contacts developed new or worsening symptoms deemed by local public health authorities to be concerning for COVID-19 and were thus considered persons under investigation (PUIs)§§ and subsequently were tested for SARS-CoV-2. Two persons who were household members of patients with confirmed COVID-19 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. This yielded a symptomatic secondary attack rate of 0.45% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.12%–1.6%) among all close contacts,¶¶ and a symptomatic secondary attack rate of 10.5% (95% CI = 2.9%–31.4%) among household members. Both persons with confirmed secondary transmission had close contact with the respective source patient before COVID-19 was confirmed and were isolated from the source patient after the patient’s COVID-19 diagnosis.
No other close contacts who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 had a positive test, including the five household members who were continuously exposed during the period of isolation of their household member with confirmed COVID-19. An additional 146 persons exposed to the two patients with secondary COVID-19 transmission underwent 14 days of active monitoring. Among these, 18 (12%) developed symptoms compatible with COVID-19 and were considered PUIs. All tested negative, and no further symptomatic COVID-19 cases (representing tertiary transmission) have been identified.
In the United States, two instances of person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 have been documented from persons with travel-related COVID-19 to their household contacts. Since February 28, an increasing number of newly diagnosed confirmed and presumptive COVID-19 cases have been in patients with neither a relevant travel history nor clear epidemiologic links to other confirmed COVID-19 patients. However, despite intensive follow-up, no sustained person-to-person transmission of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 was observed in the United States among the close contacts of the first 10 persons with diagnosed travel-related COVID-19. Analyses of timing of exposure during each patient’s illness as well as the type and duration of exposures will provide information on potential risk factors for transmission. Infection control and prevention efforts by patients with COVID-19, their household members, and their health care providers,*** in combination with contact tracing activities, are important to mitigate community spread of the disease.
Acknowledgments
Maricopa County Department of Public Health; Arizona Department of Health Services; Lynn Mello, Mary White, Cynthia Marttila, Patricia Mottu-Monteon, Anthony Aguiar, Anita Alvarez, Veronica Guerra, San Benito County Public Health Services; Sara Cody, George Han, Shanon Smith, Elsa Villarino, Santa Clara County Public Health Department; Scott Lindquist, Washington State Department of Health; Hollianne Bruce, Snohomish Health District, Everett, Washington; Jeff Duchin, Vance Kawakami, Shauna Clark, Public Health Seattle-King County; Boston Public Health Commission; Sharon Balter, Dawn Terashita, Prabhu Gounder, Zach Rubin, Rebecca Fisher, Chelsea Foo, Meredith Haddix, Elizabeth Traub, Rebecca Lee, Kelsey Oyong, Christina Eclarino, Keith Gurtzweiler, Jennifer Kilburn, Jan King, Lucille Rayford, Ashley Griffin, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health; Howard Chiou, Los Angeles County of Public Health and COVID-19 Response Team, CDC; Rebecca Sunenshine, Maricopa County Department of Public Health and COVID-19 Response Team, CDC. Olivia Almendares, Miwako Kobayashi, Olivia McGovern, Heather Reese, Anna Yousaf, Vaughn Barry, Karlyn Beer, Erin Conners, Connor Hoff, Allison Miller, Isaac Benowitz, Nora Chea, Cheri Grigg, Jennifer Hunter, Shannon Novosad, Amy Valderrama, Matthew Westercamp, Katie Wilson, Matthew Biggerstaff, Leora Feldstein, Pamela Kennedy, Archana Kumar, Holly Biggs, Jordan Cates, Victoria Chu, Nakia Clemmons, Brandi Freeman, Amber Haynes, Anita Kambhampati, Hannah Kirking, Stephen Lindstrom, Ruth Link-Gelles, Joana Lively, Mariel Marlow, Claire Mattison, Nancy McClung, Manisha Patel, Brian Rha, Janell Routh, Megan Wallace, John Watson, Kevin Chatham-Stephens, Max Cohen, Vishal Dasari, Matthew Donahue, Max Jacobs, Heather Rhodes, Varun Shetty, Amy Xie, Patrick Dawson, Jonathan Dyal, Mary Evans, Marc Fischer, Grace Vahey, Marie Killerby, Jennifer Verani, Kristen Pettrone, Satish Pillai, Sarah Elizabeth Smith-Jeffcoat, Bryan Stierman, Florence Whitehill, Jonathan Wortham, COVID-19 Response Team, CDC.
Corresponding author: Rachel M. Burke, lxx8@cdc.gov, 404-718-1016.
1COVID-19 Response Team, CDC; 2Orange County Health Care Agency, California; 3San Benito County Public Health Services, California; 4Wisconsin Department of Health Services; 5Washington Department of Health; 6Epidemic Intelligence Service, CDC; 7Illinois Department of Public Health; 8Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, California; 9Boston Public Health Commission, Massachusetts; 10Chicago Department of Public Health, Illinois; 11County of Santa Clara Public Health Department, California; 12Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Arizona.
All authors have completed and submitted the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
* https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/travelers/index.html.
† Close contact was defined by the state and local health jurisdictions with reference to the following online guidance: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-risk-assesment-hcp.html.
§ https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2020/han00428.asp.
¶ https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-prevent-spread.html.
** For these investigations, exposure of community members within a health care setting was defined as either at least 10 minutes spent within 6 feet of the patient with confirmed COVID-19 (e.g., in a waiting room) or having spent time in the same airspace (e.g., the same examination room) for 0–2 hours after the confirmed COVID-19 patient. The duration of time in the same airspace after the patient with confirmed COVID-19 was applied differently by health jurisdictions. However, no contacts were enumerated among those who were in the same airspace >2 hours after the patient with confirmed COVID-19.
†† Health care personnel were defined as volunteers or paid persons who serve in a health care setting who might come into direct or indirect contact with patients or infectious materials. Examples of close contact with a patient or with infectious material could include spending prolonged time within 6 feet of the patient, conducting or being present during an aerosol-generating procedure, or direct contact with the patient’s secretions or excretions. Interim guidance for assessing the exposure risk and for symptoms that should prompt further evaluation among health care personnel is available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-risk-assesment-hcp.html.
§§ At the time of the investigations, persons with close contact to a confirmed COVID-19 patient could be considered PUIs if they developed fever or signs or symptoms of lower respiratory tract illness. This threshold might be lower for contacts who are health care workers. At this time, symptomatic close contacts of a patient with confirmed COVID-19 should be further evaluated in consultation with public health authorities to review signs or symptoms and possible exposure on a case-by-case basis. Further information is available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/clinical-criteria.html.
¶¶ The 95% confidence interval around the binomial proportion was calculated using the Wilson score interval.
*** https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-prevent-spread.html; https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/infection-control/control-recommendations.html.
References
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- Patel A, Jernigan DB; 2019-nCoV CDC Response Team. Initial public health response and interim clinical guidance for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak—United States, December 31, 2019–February 4, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:140–6. CrossRef PubMed
Suggested citation for this article: Burke RM, Midgley CM, Dratch A, et al. Active Monitoring of Persons Exposed to Patients with Confirmed COVID-19 — United States, January–February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:245–246. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6909e1.
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