Factors Contributing to Congenital Syphilis Cases — New York City, 2010–2016

Close

Download Image[PNG]

Congenital syphilis occurs when syphilis is transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus; congenital syphilis can be prevented through screening and treatment during pregnancy. Transmission to the fetus can occur at any stage of maternal infection, but is more likely during primary and secondary syphilis, with rates of transmission up to 100% at these stages (1). Untreated syphilis during pregnancy can cause spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and early infant death. During 2013–2017, national rates of congenital syphilis increased from 9.2 to 23.3 cases per 100,000 live births (2), coinciding with increasing rates of primary and secondary syphilis among women of reproductive age (3). In New York City (NYC), cases of primary and secondary syphilis among women aged 15–44 years increased 147% during 2015–2016. To evaluate measures to prevent congenital syphilis, the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) reviewed data for congenital syphilis cases reported during 2010–2016 and identified patient-, provider-, and systems-level factors that contributed to these cases. During this period, 578 syphilis cases among pregnant women aged 15–44 years were reported to DOHMH; a congenital syphilis case was averted or otherwise failed to occur in 510 (88.2%) of these pregnancies, and in 68, a case of congenital syphilis occurred (eight cases per 100,000 live births).* Among the 68 pregnant women associated with these congenital syphilis cases, 21 (30.9%) did not receive timely (≥45 days before delivery) prenatal care. Among the 47 pregnant women who did access timely prenatal care, four (8.5%) did not receive an initial syphilis test until <45 days before delivery, and 22 (46.8%) acquired syphilis after an initial nonreactive syphilis test. These findings support recommendations that health care providers screen all pregnant women for syphilis at the first prenatal care visit and then rescreen women at risk in the early third trimester.

The 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Recommendation Statement^† and 2015 CDC Sexually Transmitted Disease Treatment Guidelines recommend serologic syphilis screening for all women at first prenatal care visit and additional testing at 28–32 weeks’ gestation and at delivery for women at high risk (4). Whereas the USPSTF outlines specific groups which might be considered at high risk and recommended for testing during third trimester and at delivery (i.e., uninsured women, women living in poverty, sex workers, illicit drug users, women diagnosed with another sexually transmitted disease, and other women residing in communities with high syphilis morbidity), CDC recommends additional screening for “communities and populations in which the prevalence of syphilis is high and for women at high risk for infection” (4). New York State mandates syphilis screening at the first prenatal care examination^§ and at delivery (5) and recommends repeat testing throughout pregnancy for women at high risk.^¶ In NYC, the Health Code requires electronic reporting of reactive syphilis tests, as well as an indicator of pregnancy (known or probable). Women with reactive syphilis serologic tests who are known or suspected to be pregnant are the highest priority for investigation and are monitored throughout pregnancy.

DOHMH reviewed records of all pregnant women with reported syphilis (any stage) during 2010–2016, and all congenital syphilis cases that met surveillance case definitions for confirmed congenital syphilis, probable congenital syphilis, or syphilitic stillbirth.** The probable congenital syphilis definition includes infants with clinical findings suggesting congenital syphilis (infant criteria), infants born to women who received a diagnosis of syphilis during pregnancy and did not initiate penicillin-based treatment ≥30 days before delivery (maternal criteria), or both. Data on patients with congenital syphilis and their mothers were abstracted from DOHMH’s surveillance and case management registry and reviewed to determine whether prenatal care, syphilis screening, and treatment occurred early enough to prevent congenital syphilis. Both prenatal care and testing were defined as timely if received ≥45 days before delivery, the assumption being that 15 days is sufficient time for providers and DOHMH to follow up on reactive serology results and ensure treatment initiation ≥30 days before delivery, thereby preventing a probable congenital syphilis case.

During 2010–2016, a total of 578 syphilis infections were reported among women aged 15–44 years who were noted to be pregnant: six (1.0%) primary, 15 (2.6%) secondary, 126 (21.8%) early nonprimary nonsecondary, and 431 (74.6%) unknown duration or late. A total of 510 syphilis infections (88.2%) were not known to result in a congenital syphilis case. During this period, 68 congenital syphilis cases were reported. A median of eight cases were reported per year, with an increase to 19 cases in 2014 that was not sustained. Half of the 68 women who delivered an infant with congenital syphilis were aged 20–29 years, 53 (77.9%) were non-Hispanic black or Hispanic, and 31 of 56 (55.4%) with known country of origin were born outside the United States (Table 1).

Among these 68 mothers, 21 (30.9%) did not receive prenatal care or a syphilis test ≥45 days before delivery (Figure). Although DOHMH does not routinely record the reason why pregnant women with syphilis do not access prenatal care, 16 (76.2%) of 21 women had documented obstacles to accessing health care, such as substance use, mental health disorders, recent arrival in the United States, or unstable housing. During case investigation, five (23.8%) women cited lack of health care coverage as a reason for not seeking prenatal care.

Four (5.9%) of the 68 women received timely prenatal care but were not tested for syphilis ≥45 days before delivery (Figure). Investigation revealed informatics errors as the reason two of these women were not screened (e.g., syphilis serologies were not included when programming a prenatal “lab order set” into a new laboratory ordering system). These errors occurred in different health systems. One of these women’s infant died shortly after birth.

Among the 68 women, 22 (32.4%) had a time-appropriate, nonreactive test and subsequently acquired syphilis during pregnancy (Figure). Among these women, 15 (68.2%) did not have a documented syphilis test during the early third trimester (Figure), including 12 (80.0%) who had at least one characteristic indicating risk for syphilis: 10 lived in a high-morbidity neighborhood,^†† 11 resided in a high-poverty neighborhood,^§§ one received a diagnosis of chlamydia during pregnancy, and two had syphilis before pregnancy. One woman who had a nonreactive test in the second trimester was not screened again until delivery, despite being seen in an emergency department with syphilis symptoms during the third trimester; her infant was stillborn.

The remaining 21 (30.9%) women had a reactive syphilis test ≥45 days before delivery. Six (28.6%) of these women had inadequate maternal treatment (Figure) because treatment was initiated too late or not at all. For one woman with inadequate treatment, investigation was delayed because pregnancy status was not known to DOHMH; for another woman, a provider advised delaying treatment, and the woman was not treated until <30 days before delivery. The remaining 15 (71.4%) initiated treatment ≥30 days before delivery but had stable or increasing nontreponemal titers consistent with reinfection or persistent infection close to delivery (Figure).

Among the 68 congenital syphilis cases were one syphilitic stillbirth (1.5%) and another confirmed case (1.5%) in an infant who later died. The remaining 66 congenital syphilis cases were probable; two (3.0%) met only infant criteria, 19 (28.8%) met both infant and maternal criteria, and 45 (68.2%) met only maternal criteria (Table 2). Many of the 45 infants who met only maternal criteria lacked documentation of a thorough congenital syphilis examination, 25 (55.6%) lacked long-bone radiograph results, and 26 (57.8%) lacked cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count and protein analysis findings.

Acknowledgments

Sarah Kidd, Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC; Pricila Mullachery, Bureau of Maternal, Infant and Reproductive Health, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Annot Pierrot-Cox, Bureau of Sexually Transmitted Infections, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; CDC CSTE MMWR Intensive Writing Training Program.

Corresponding author: Jennifer Sanderson Slutsker, jsanderson@health.nyc.gov, 347-396-7535.

¹Bureau of Sexually Transmitted Infections, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; ²Division of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC.

References

1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Red book: 2018–2021 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012.
2. CDC. Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2017. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2018. https://www.cdc.gov/std/stats
3. Kidd S, Bowen VB, Torrone EA, Bolan G. Use of national syphilis surveillance data to develop a congenital syphilis prevention cascade and estimate the number of potential congenital syphilis cases averted. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45(Suppl 1):S23–8. CrossRef PubMed
4. Workowski KA, Bolan GA. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep 2015;64(No. RR-3). PubMed
5. Cord blood test for syphilis. New York codes, rules and regulations. Title 10, section 69-2.2; 1989. https://regs.health.ny.gov/content/section-69-22-cord-blood-test-syphilis
6. Matthias JM, Rahman MM, Newman DR, Peterman TA. Effectiveness of prenatal screening and treatment to prevent congenital syphilis, Louisiana and Florida, 2013–2014. Sex Transm Dis 2017;44:498–502. CrossRef PubMed
7. Albright CM, Emerson JB, Werner EF, Hughes BL. Third-trimester prenatal syphilis screening: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2015;126:479–85. CrossRef PubMed
8. Zenker PN, Berman SM. Congenital syphilis: reporting and reality. Am J Public Health 1990;80:271–2. CrossRef PubMed
9. Schillinger JA, Slutsker JS, Pathela P, et al. The epidemiology of syphilis in New York City: historic trends and the current outbreak among men who have sex with men, 2016. Sex Transm Dis 2018;45(Suppl 1):S48–54. CrossRef PubMed

Abbreviation: STI = sexually transmitted infection.
* Area-based poverty level categories are based on the percentage of the population in each zip code tabulation area with a household income below the poverty threshold set by the federal government. In alignment with local area-based poverty guidelines, five-year American Community Survey poverty data from 2011 to 2015 were used to divide zip code tabulation areas into four categories indicating the percentage of residents living below the federal poverty limit: low (<10 %), medium (10 to <20%), high (20% to <30%), and very high (≥30%). Pregnant women were assigned to a zip code tabulation area based on zip code of residence at the time of reporting.
^† Calculation of the percent of pregnant women by country of birth excludes women for whom country of birth was unknown.
^§ Calculation of the percentage of pregnant women by syphilis stage excludes two pregnant women who did not meet the maternal criteria for reporting a congenital syphilis case. CDC case definitions were used to assign a syphilis stage to each pregnant woman (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/syphilis/case-definition/2018/).
^¶ STIs reported before pregnancy include confirmed cases of syphilis (all stages), chlamydia, and gonorrhea reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene before each pregnant woman’s estimated last menstrual period.
** STIs reported during pregnancy include confirmed cases of chlamydia reported to the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene between each pregnant woman’s estimated last menstrual period and delivery date. No pregnant woman in this investigation was reported with gonorrhea during this time.

FIGURE. Clinical care and public health management of pregnancies among women who delivered an infant with congenital syphilis — New York City, 2010–2016*^,†,§

* Box a includes pregnant women with no documentation of prenatal care or syphilis screening ≥45 days before delivery. Box b includes pregnant women with prenatal care documented ≥45 days before delivery but no documentation of syphilis screening ≥45 days before delivery. Box c includes pregnant women with documentation of a reactive test for syphilis ≥45 days before delivery and documentation of adequate treatment initiated <30 days before delivery or no documentation of adequate treatment initiated before delivery. Box e includes pregnant women with documentation of a nonreactive test for syphilis ≥45 days before delivery, no documentation of syphilis screening between 28 weeks’ gestation (estimated) and ≥45 days before delivery, and documentation of a reactive test <30 days before or at delivery such that infection was believed to have been acquired just before delivery.

^† Box d includes pregnant women who had a documented reactive test for syphilis, initiated adequate treatment ≥30 days before delivery, but nonetheless had changes in serologic tests indicating reinfection late in pregnancy (e.g., increased nontreponemal titers). Box f includes pregnant women with documentation of a nonreactive test for syphilis between 28 weeks’ gestation (estimated) and ≥45 days before delivery and documentation of a reactive test <30 days before or at delivery such that infection was believed to have been acquired just before delivery.

^§ Box d includes two pregnant women who had stable nontreponemal titers during pregnancy (and therefore did not meet maternal criteria for reporting a congenital syphilis case), but who delivered an infant with signs and symptoms that met the infant criteria for a probable congenital syphilis case.

Abbreviations: CS = congenital syphilis; CSF = cerebrospinal fluid; VDRL = venereal disease research laboratory nontreponemal serologic syphilis test; WBC = white blood cell.
* The probable CS case definition includes infants with clinical findings suggesting CS (infant criteria), infants born to women who received a diagnosis of syphilis during pregnancy and did not initiate penicillin-based treatment ≥30 days before delivery (maternal criteria), or both. Clinical signs of CS included are the indicators outlined in the infant/child criteria for reporting a CS case (https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nndss/conditions/congenital-syphilis/).
^† One confirmed case of CS in an infant who later died and one syphilitic still birth are excluded from this table.