Prevalence and Trends in Prepregnancy Normal Weight — 48 States, New York City, and District of Columbia, 2011–2015

Weekly / January 5, 2018 / 66(5152);1402–1407

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Nicholas P. Deputy, PhD1,2; Bhanuja Dub, MPH1,3; Andrea J. Sharma, PhD1 (View author affiliations)

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Summary

What is already known about this topic?

Entering pregnancy outside a normal weight (body mass index [BMI] of 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) is associated with adverse maternal and infant health outcomes; given these outcomes, Healthy People 2020 includes an objective to increase the proportion of women entering pregnancy with normal weight. Recent trends in national or jurisdiction-specific prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight have not been reported.

What is added by this report?

Using data from the revised birth certificate for 48 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC), this analysis found that the overall prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight was 45.0% in 2015; prevalence ranged from 37.7% in Mississippi to 52.2% in DC. Among 36 states, DC, and NYC with available prepregnancy BMI data from 2011 to 2015, prevalence of normal weight declined from 47.3% to 45.1%; declines were observed in all jurisdictions but were statistically significant among 27 after standardizing to the 2011 national maternal age and race/ethnicity distribution.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Overall and among most jurisdictions examined, the prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight is decreasing; this suggests movement away from the Healthy People 2020 objective for prepregnancy normal weight. For women of reproductive age, BMI screening during routine clinical visits provides opportunities to address underweight or obesity, promote normal weight upon entering pregnancy, and ultimately help optimize maternal and child health outcomes.

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Women who enter pregnancy at a weight above or below normal weight, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 18.5–24.9 (calculated as weight in kg/height in m2), are more likely to experience adverse pregnancy outcomes and to have infants who experience adverse health outcomes. For example, prepregnancy underweight (BMI <18.5) increases the risk for small-for-gestational-age births, whereas prepregnancy overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) and obesity (BMI ≥30.0) increase risks for cesarean delivery, large-for-gestational-age births, and childhood obesity (1). Given these outcomes, Healthy People 2020 includes an objective to increase the proportion of women entering pregnancy with a normal weight from 52.5% in 2007 to 57.8% by 2020.* Because recent trends in prepregnancy normal weight have not been reported, CDC examined 2011–2015 National Vital Statistics System (NVSS) natality data, which included prepregnancy BMI. In 2015, for 48 states, the District of Columbia (DC), and New York City (NYC) combined, the prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight was 45.0%; prevalence ranged from 37.7% in Mississippi to 52.2% in DC. Among 38 jurisdictions with prepregnancy BMI data during 2011–2015, normal weight prevalence declined from 47.3% to 45.1%; declines were observed in all jurisdictions but were statistically significant for 27 jurisdictions after standardizing to the 2011 national maternal age and race/ethnicity distribution. Screening women’s BMI during routine clinical care provides opportunities to promote normal weight before entering pregnancy.

NVSS collects demographic and health information for live births in 50 states† and DC via the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth (birth certificate), which was revised in 2003 to include maternal height and prepregnancy weight. Height and prepregnancy weight are self-reported or abstracted from medical records§ and are used by NVSS to calculate prepregnancy BMI. The revised birth certificate was used in 36 states, DC, and NYC by 2011 and was used in 48 states, DC, and NYC by 2015 (representing 83% and 97% of all live births in 2011 and 2015, respectively). Births to U.S. resident mothers in states adopting the revised birth certificate by January 1 of each year were eligible for analyses (17,906,182 mothers, representing 90% of all U.S. births during 2011–2015).** From these records, those with missing BMI (732,052) were excluded, resulting in 17,174,130 records for analysis (96% of births eligible for this analysis).

Prepregnancy BMI was categorized as underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5–24.9), overweight (25.0–29.9), or obese (≥30.0); for some analyses, obesity was categorized as class I (BMI = 30.0–34.9), class II (35.0–39.9), or class III (≥40.0). Overall and jurisdiction-specific prevalences for each prepregnancy BMI category were estimated. Overall and jurisdiction-specific trends were estimated as the percentage-point difference in prepregnancy normal weight prevalence from 2011 to 2015 for 38 jurisdictions with available data; overall trends for each prepregnancy BMI category were also estimated as the percentage change from 2011 to 2015. Because prepregnancy BMI increases with maternal age and varies by maternal race/ethnicity (2), jurisdiction-specific differences were estimated after directly standardizing each year to the race/ethnicity and age distribution†† of 2011 U.S. resident mothers to facilitate comparisons. Standardized, jurisdiction-specific differences were evaluated using the z-statistic; p<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

For 48 states, DC, and NYC in 2015, the overall prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight was 45.0%; prevalences ranged from 37.7% in Mississippi to 52.2% in DC (Table 1). Among 38 jurisdictions with prepregnancy BMI data from 2011 to 2015, prevalence of normal weight declined from 47.3% to 45.1%; after standardization, this represented a 1.9 percentage-point decline (p<0.05). Declines in prepregnancy normal weight were observed in all 38 jurisdictions, but were statistically significant in 27 jurisdictions; declines ranged from 1.0 percentage point (p = 0.01) in Wisconsin to 3.5 percentage points (p<0.001) in Delaware over the 5-year period (Table 1).

Corresponding with the decline in prepregnancy normal weight prevalence during 2011–2015, the entire BMI distribution shifted toward a higher BMI (Figure). Specifically, there was an 8% decrease in the prepregnancy underweight prevalence, while there were 2% and 8% increases in overweight and obesity, respectively. Notably, class III obesity prevalence increased more rapidly than did class I or class II obesity (increase of 14% [class III], compared with 10% [class II] and 6% [class I]).

In 2015, jurisdictions with the highest prepregnancy normal weight prevalence (DC, Massachusetts, NYC, and Utah) had the lowest obesity prevalence, whereas jurisdictions with lowest prepregnancy normal weight prevalence (Mississippi and West Virginia) had the highest obesity prevalence (Table 2). Although NYC had a relatively high prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight, it also had the highest prevalence of underweight. Notably, some states exhibited a double burden of higher prevalences of prepregnancy underweight and obesity (Arkansas, Kentucky, and West Virginia).

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Discussion

Among the 48 states, DC, and NYC that implemented the revised birth certificate, the overall prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight in 2015 was 45.0%. Among 38 jurisdictions with prepregnancy BMI data from 2011 to 2015, the prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight declined by 5%, whereas the prevalence of overweight increased by 2%, and the prevalence of obesity (all classes) increased by 8%; taken together, these results suggest movement away from the Healthy People 2020 target for prepregnancy normal weight.

Trends from this analysis extend previous findings and demonstrate continued declines in prepregnancy normal weight prevalence. Data from 20 states participating in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, a multistate representative surveillance system, found prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight declined from 54.5% in 2003 to 51.5% in 2009 (3). Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey indicate prevalence of normal weight also declined among nonpregnant women aged 20–34 years, from 42.5% in 1999–2002 to 38.1% in 2011–2014; similar declines were observed for women aged 35–44 years (4). The declining prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight is concerning because of adverse outcomes associated with entering pregnancy outside of normal weight. For example, prepregnancy underweight increases risks for preterm delivery and small-for-gestational-age births, whereas prepregnancy overweight and obesity increase risks for gestational diabetes mellitus and childhood obesity (1). Moreover, obesity during pregnancy has been associated with increased health care service utilization, including longer hospital stays during delivery (5). Before pregnancy, obesity among women of reproductive age is associated with reduced fertility and potentially increased use of fertility treatments (6).

Preconception care is the provision of medical care and interventions that promote optimal health for reproductive-age women and also promote optimal pregnancy outcomes should a pregnancy occur (7). Weight-related screening, counseling, and referral for treatment services are some of the components of preconception care (7,8). The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends that clinicians assess BMI to screen all adults for obesity and offer patients with obesity intensive, multicomponent behavioral interventions or refer patients for these interventions.§§ The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends BMI screening during routine well-woman visits¶¶ and recently released an online toolkit††† to facilitate BMI screening and referral for treatment. The toolkit includes an obesity assessment algorithm, counseling methods, treatment options, referral resources, and a coding guide to facilitate reimbursement. For women with underweight BMI, ACOG recommends that clinicians counsel patients about adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with underweight and assess for disordered eating habits (8). Reports indicate prevalence of prepregnancy underweight is highest among women aged <20 years (2), possibly because adult BMI criteria are applied to pregnancies among adults and adolescents (9); this categorizes more adolescents as underweight than the pediatric growth charts and results in higher recommended pregnancy weight gain, which has been found to improve pregnancy outcomes among adolescents (9).

The findings in this report are subject to at least three limitations. First, height and prepregnancy weight on the birth certificate are self-reported or abstracted from medical records, which might result in misclassification of BMI category. Second, results of this analysis are not directly comparable to Healthy People 2020 targets for prepregnancy normal weight because these targets were developed using surveillance data from 29 states that exclusively rely on height and prepregnancy weight self-reported 2–7 months postpartum; thus, these targets might differ from those developed using birth certificate data. Notably, the revised birth certificate is a census of all births, which will allow for ongoing monitoring of prepregnancy weight in all states. Finally, data were not available from all states for trend analyses; thus, results do not represent the entire U.S. population of women giving birth.

In 2015, the nearly national prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight was 45.0% and prevalence declined from 2011 to 2015 in most jurisdictions, suggesting movement away from the Healthy People 2020 objective to increase the prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight. For all women of reproductive age, BMI screening during routine clinical visits provides opportunities to address underweight or obesity, promote normal weight upon entering pregnancy, and ultimately help optimize maternal and child health outcomes.

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Conflict of Interest

No conflicts of interest were reported.

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Corresponding author: Andrea J. Sharma, AJSharma@cdc.gov, 770-488-5957.

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1Division of Reproductive Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC; 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellowship, U.S. Department of Energy; 3Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.

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* Healthy People 2020 Maternal, Infant and Child Health (MICH) Objective 16.5 for healthy prepregnancy weight (defined as normal weight BMI) was developed using state-specific surveillance data that rely on self-reported height and prepregnancy weight reported approximately 2–7 months postpartum. Data from 28 states participating in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System and data from California’s Maternal and Infant Health Assessment survey contributed to the development of this objective. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/Maternal-Infant-and-Child-Health/objectives.

† Natality data from New York City are reported separately from those for the state of New York and are not included in New York estimates.

§ Per National Center for Health Statistics guidance for completing the 2003 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth, the preferred source for prepregnancy weight and height is self-report by the mother around the time of delivery, which is recorded on the Mother’s Worksheet (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/momswkstf_improv.pdf). Maternal height and prepregnancy weight recorded in the mother’s prenatal care record may be used as an alternative source. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/birth_edit_specifications.pdf.

Connecticut and New Jersey did not use the revised birth certificate by January 1, 2015.

** For each year from 2011 to 2015, the distributions of maternal race/ethnicity and age were not meaningfully different for women residing in states that used the revised birth certificate compared with the entire population of women giving birth in the United States. Additional information can be found in the Birth Data File User’s Guide for each year. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data_access/Vitalstatsonline.htm.

†† Race/ethnicity was classified as Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Asian/Pacific Islander. Age was categorized into the following age groups: <19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, and >35 years.

§§ https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/obesity-in-adults-screening-and-management.

¶¶ https://www.acog.org/wellwoman.

††† https://www.acog.org/About-ACOG/ACOG-Departments/Toolkits-for-Health-Care-Providers/Obesity-Toolkit.

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References

  1. Liu P, Xu L, Wang Y, et al. Association between perinatal outcomes and maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index. Obes Rev 2016;17:1091–102. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Branum AM, Kirmeyer SE, Gregory EC. Prepregnancy body mass index by maternal characteristics and state: data from the birth certificate, 2014. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2016;65:1–11. PubMed
  3. Fisher SC, Kim SY, Sharma AJ, Rochat R, Morrow B. Is obesity still increasing among pregnant women? Prepregnancy obesity trends in 20 states, 2003–2009. Prev Med 2013;56:372–8. CrossRef PubMed
  4. National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2015: with special feature on racial and ethnic health disparities. Hyattsville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2016.
  5. Chu SY, Bachman DJ, Callaghan WM, et al. Association between obesity during pregnancy and increased use of health care. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1444–53. CrossRef PubMed
  6. Koning AM, Kuchenbecker WK, Groen H, et al. Economic consequences of overweight and obesity in infertility: a framework for evaluating the costs and outcomes of fertility care. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:246–54. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Johnson K, Posner SF, Biermann J, et al. . Recommendations to improve preconception health and health care—United States. A report of the CDC/ATSDR Preconception Care Work Group and the Select Panel on Preconception Care. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006;55(No. RR-6). PubMed
  8. Moos MK, Dunlop AL, Jack BW, et al. Healthier women, healthier reproductive outcomes: recommendations for the routine care of all women of reproductive age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199(Suppl 2):S280–9. CrossRef PubMed
  9. Rasmussen KM, Yaktine AL, eds. Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. Weight gain during pregnancy: reexamining the guidelines. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.

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TABLE 1. Prevalence of prepregnancy normal weight* among women with a live birth, by jurisdiction and year — 48 states,† District of Columbia, and New York City, 2011–2015
Jurisdiction No. of live births % of women with prepregnancy normal weight§ Percentage-point difference in standardized prevalence from 2011 to 2015
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Alabama —** — — 57,563 58,312 — — — 42.3 40.9 —
Alaska — — 10,871 11,101 10,956 — — 46.4 45.9 46.2 —
Arizona — — — 86,351 84,960 — — — 44.9 43.9 —
Arkansas — — — 37,459 37,599 — — — 42.1 42.9 —
California 474,514 477,348 470,386 481,030 473,927 48.5 48.2 47.6 47.5 46.7 -1.7††
Colorado 63,266 63,372 63,340 63,909 64,528 52.3 51.1 50.5 50.6 49.5 -2.7††
Delaware 11,059 10,916 10,696 10,849 11,071 45.1 45.1 43.8 42.7 41.0 -3.5††
District of Columbia 8,050 8,597 8,608 9,022 9,240 52.7 52.4 52.6 53.0 52.2 -1.8
Florida 202,005 201,549 202,173 206,871 211,232 48.3 48.2 47.3 47.1 46.5 -1.7††
Georgia 102,287 110,951 109,530 116,260 121,378 42.6 42.3 41.5 42.3 42.1 -0.2
Hawaii — — — 17,661 17,653 — — — 48.5 47.8 —
Idaho 22,232 22,883 22,299 22,819 22,703 50.1 49.3 48.8 48.4 47.4 -2.8††
Illinois 156,300 153,521 150,347 152,685 150,222 46.0 45.5 44.5 44.4 42.8 -2.9††
Indiana 82,794 82,545 82,442 83,736 83,727 45.0 44.4 43.2 43.1 42.0 -2.6††
Iowa 38,061 38,555 38,964 39,512 39,281 46.5 46.0 45.1 44.8 44.6 -1.5††
Kansas 38,588 39,479 38,095 38,676 38,999 46.8 46.3 45.9 44.5 44.0 -2.7††
Kentucky 54,413 54,873 54,706 55,653 55,397 43.7 43.0 42.2 42.1 41.1 -2.2††
Louisiana 59,214 60,165 60,920 62,428 62,191 43.8 43.1 43.0 42.5 41.3 -1.9††
Maine — — — 12,585 12,562 — — — 43.1 41.7 —
Maryland 69,775 70,093 69,045 71,388 71,406 46.5 46.0 45.8 45.4 44.3 -2.1††
Massachusetts — 68,218 66,589 67,812 68,945 — 52.5 52.4 51.9 51.0 —
Michigan 109,157 108,065 108,462 110,080 109,542 45.1 44.6 44.0 43.3 42.4 -2.5††
Minnesota — 66,583 67,735 68,472 67,775 — 45.5 45.5 44.9 43.8 —
Mississippi — — 38,056 38,554 38,232 — — 39.7 39.4 37.7 —
Missouri 74,491 74,038 73,978 74,352 74,121 47.3 47.0 46.5 46.0 45.3 -1.8††
Montana 11,761 11,652 11,963 12,241 12,458 49.0 48.8 48.5 48.0 46.5 -3.5
Nebraska 25,465 25,710 25,859 26,531 26,434 48.4 48.4 47.1 46.9 46.3 -2.1††
Nevada 34,793 34,521 34,636 35,288 35,694 48.8 48.9 47.9 47.2 46.4 -1.8††
New Hampshire 11,820 11,391 11,590 11,649 11,844 50.1 49.5 48.9 47.7 47.4 -2.4
New Mexico 25,390 25,447 25,028 24,666 24,899 43.2 44.1 44.3 43.6 42.0 -0.1
New York§§ 114,593 114,215 113,392 111,635 112,131 46.7 46.3 46.0 45.1 44.3 -2.2††
New York City 117,787 118,093 115,251 116,281 115,814 53.2 53.5 53.0 52.2 52.1 -1.3††
North Carolina 116,970 116,249 116,489 118,550 117,841 46.4 45.8 45.1 45.1 44.5 -1.8††
North Dakota 9,382 9,948 10,364 11,115 11,155 41.0 41.0 42.4 41.8 40.2 -2.5
Ohio 130,723 131,056 131,785 135,214 135,442 46.9 46.7 46.2 45.7 44.8 -2.0††
Oklahoma 50,824 51,139 51,676 52,323 52,024 45.2 44.5 43.5 42.5 41.7 -3.2††
Oregon 44,311 43,917 43,909 44,675 45,098 48.5 47.9 48.2 47.7 47.0 -1.3††
Pennsylvania 130,461 128,323 126,663 133,108 130,973 49.2 48.8 48.4 48.4 47.1 -2.0††
Rhode Island — — — — 10,431 — — — — 48.2 —
South Carolina 56,023 55,267 55,576 56,919 57,333 42.5 42.9 41.9 41.8 41.3 -0.6
South Dakota 11,675 11,954 12,094 12,136 12,194 47.8 48.6 47.0 47.8 46.5 -1.0
Tennessee 76,586 77,402 77,400 79,112 78,735 46.5 46.5 45.9 45.2 44.7 -1.6††
Texas 374,890 380,229 385,536 396,957 401,330 47.4 46.8 46.0 45.3 44.5 -1.9††
Utah 49,951 50,670 50,181 50,473 50,239 54.9 54.0 53.7 53.1 51.9 -2.4††
Vermont 5,957 5,927 5,900 6,053 5,818 49.4 49.2 47.9 47.6 46.7 −6.0
Virginia — — 74,145 77,879 91,400 — — 48.4 48.1 45.4 —
Washington 81,676 83,051 81,723 83,821 84,917 46.4 45.9 45.5 45.3 45.9 -0.4
West Virginia — — — 19,709 19,489 — — — 42.4 40.1 —
Wisconsin 66,647 66,342 65,556 65,915 65,727 43.1 43.2 42.9 42.3 41.7 -1.0††
Wyoming 7,278 7,448 7,532 7,609 7,703 50.1 49.9 50.3 50.2 49.0 -3.1
38 jurisdictions with BMI data from 2011 to 2015 3,121,169 3,136,901 3,124,094 3,191,541 3,194,768 47.3 46.9 46.3 45.9 45.1 -1.9††
All jurisdictions with available data 3,121,169 3,271,702 3,381,490 3,686,687 3,713,082 47.3 47.0 46.4 45.9 45.0 -2.1††

Abbreviation: BMI = body mass index (kg/m2).
* BMI = 18.5–24.9.
† Connecticut and New Jersey did not use the revised birth certificate by January 1, 2015.
§ Crude prevalence.
Standardized to 2011 race/ethnicity and age distribution.
** Revised birth certificate data not available for that jurisdiction during that year.
†† Statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in mean prevalence standardized to the 2011 maternal age and race/ethnicity distribution.
§§ Natality data from New York City are reported separately and are not included in New York state estimates.

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Return to your place in the textFIGURE. Prevalences and relative changes in prepregnancy BMI categories* among women with a live birth — 36 states, District of Columbia, and New York City,† 2011–2015
The figure above is a bar chart showing the prevalences and relative changes in prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories among women with a live birth, based on available data from 36 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City, for the years 2011 to 2015.

Abbreviation: BMI = body mass index (kg/m2).

* Prepregnancy BMI was categorized as underweight (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9), obesity class I (BMI 30.0–34.9), obesity class II (BMI 35.0–39.9), and obesity class III (BMI ≥40.0).

† Data are from 38 jurisdictions that utilized the revised birth certificate by January 1, 2011 and, thus, had prepregnancy BMI data during 2011–2015. Jurisdictions included are California, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, New York City, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming (natality data from New York City are reported separately and are not included in New York estimates).

The figure above is a bar chart showing the prevalences and relative changes in prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories among women with a live birth, based on available data from 36 states, the District of Columbia, and New York City, for the years 2011 to 2015.

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TABLE 2. Prevalence of prepregnancy BMI categories* among women with a live birth, by jurisdiction — 48 states,† District of Columbia, and New York City, 2015
Jurisdiction % Underweight % Normal weight % Overweight % Obese
Alabama 3.9 40.9 24.8 30.4
Alaska 2.4 46.2 25.4 26.0
Arizona 3.8 43.9 26.1 26.1
Arkansas 4.0 42.9 23.7 29.5
California 3.7 46.7 26.4 23.2
Colorado 3.5 49.5 26.1 20.9
Delaware 3.3 41.0 27.7 28.0
District of Columbia 4.4 52.2 23.4 19.9
Florida 4.2 46.5 26.1 23.3
Georgia 3.8 42.1 25.9 28.3
Hawaii 4.2 47.8 25.2 22.8
Idaho 3.2 47.4 25.2 24.2
Illinois 3.1 42.8 26.8 27.3
Indiana 3.5 42.0 25.8 28.7
Iowa 2.9 44.6 25.7 26.8
Kansas 3.2 44.0 26.4 26.4
Kentucky 4.1 41.1 24.8 30.0
Louisiana 3.8 41.3 25.1 29.9
Maine 2.0 41.7 26.2 30.1
Maryland 3.1 44.3 26.8 25.7
Massachusetts 3.5 51.0 25.3 20.3
Michigan 3.2 42.4 25.9 28.6
Minnesota 2.2 43.8 27.7 26.3
Mississippi 3.8 37.7 25.0 33.5
Missouri 3.8 45.3 24.5 26.4
Montana 3.3 46.5 25.5 24.7
Nebraska 2.9 46.3 26.0 24.7
Nevada 4.4 46.4 25.4 23.8
New Hampshire 2.8 47.4 25.9 23.9
New Mexico 3.9 42.0 26.8 27.2
New York§ 2.9 44.3 27.0 25.8
New York City 5.4 52.1 24.8 17.8
North Carolina 3.8 44.5 25.2 26.6
North Dakota 2.3 40.2 27.8 29.7
Ohio 3.7 44.8 24.6 26.9
Oklahoma 3.8 41.7 25.7 28.8
Oregon 3.1 47.0 25.0 24.9
Pennsylvania 3.6 47.1 24.6 24.6
Rhode Island 2.8 48.2 26.6 22.4
South Carolina 3.7 41.3 25.3 29.7
South Dakota 3.0 46.5 25.7 24.9
Tennessee 4.4 44.7 24.4 26.4
Texas 3.6 44.5 26.4 25.6
Utah 4.1 51.9 23.5 20.5
Vermont 2.8 46.7 24.3 26.1
Virginia 3.4 45.4 26.4 24.7
Washington 3.1 45.9 26.0 25.0
West Virginia 4.7 40.1 23.9 31.3
Wisconsin 2.2 41.7 26.3 29.8
Wyoming 3.4 49.0 24.7 22.9
Total 3.6 45.0 25.8 25.6

Abbreviation: BMI = body mass index (kg/m2).
* Prepregnancy BMI was categorized as underweight (BMI <18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9), and obese (BMI ≥30.0).
† Connecticut and New Jersey did not use the revised birth certificate by January 1, 2015.
§ Natality data from New York City are reported separately and are not included in New York state estimate.

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Suggested citation for this article: Deputy NP, Dub B, Sharma AJ. Prevalence and Trends in Prepregnancy Normal Weight — 48 States, New York City, and District of Columbia, 2011–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;66:1402–1407. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm665152a3.

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