3. Assessment and Reduction of Risks for Infection among Healthcare Personnel Populations

Infection Control in Healthcare Personnel: Infrastructure and Routine Practices for Occupational Infection Prevention and Control Services (2019)

At a glance

Assessment and Reduction of Risks for Infection among Healthcare Personnel Populations from the Infection Control in Healthcare Personnel: Infrastructure and Routine Practices for Occupational Infection Prevention and Control Services (2019) guideline.

Recommendations

Additional Recommendations‎

See section 1. Leadership and Management for additional related recommendations.

For healthcare organization leaders and administrators

Number
Recommendation
3.a.
Regularly meet with occupational health services leaders to review results of risk assessments related to occupational infection prevention and control, set performance goals, and charge relevant healthcare organization departments and individuals to reduce risks.

For occupational health services leaders and staff

Number
Recommendation
3.b.
Conduct, or collaborate with other healthcare organization departments or individuals in, regular risk assessments and risk reduction activities related to occupational infection prevention and control.
3.c.
Notify healthcare organization leaders and departments about hazards identified and risk reduction plans, progress, and priorities for healthcare personnel.

Background

HCP are at risk of infectious exposures in the workplace that vary depending on their job duties and other factors12. Assessments can be conducted to identify actual or potential infection risks for populations of HCP and to inform measures that reduce those risks. Risk assessments can also yield data used for performance measurement, facility accreditation, service improvements, regulatory compliance, and other quality assurance activities (see section 1. Leadership and Management). Risk assessments may be prompted by the desire to create a safer workplace; federal, state, or local requirements; and by incidents, such as reports of exposures or illnesses among HCP, infectious disease outbreaks, and device and equipment failures resulting in HCP exposures or injuries.

Approaches to risk assessment and reduction

Depending on HCO management structure and type of risk, OHS may lead some risk assessment and reduction activities or collaborate with other HCO departments, such as IPC services, that lead these efforts (see section 2. Communication and Collaboration). Such activities could include improving access to services by providing resources at off-site job locations during work hours, or working with supply management counterparts to ensure HCP access to correct PPE. Box 3. Examples of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Reduction Activities lists examples of risk assessments and reduction strategies that might commonly involve OHS.

Controlling exposures to occupational infections is a fundamental method of protecting HCP. Traditionally, a hierarchy of controls (Figure 1. Hierarchy of Controls) has been used as a means of determining how to implement feasible and effective control solutions3. The hierarchy ranks controls according to their reliability and effectiveness, leading with "Elimination" of a potential hazard, whereby it is completely removed, and ending with "PPE" that relies on correct, consistent use.

Abbreviations

  • CoP = Conditions of Participation
  • HCO = Healthcare Organization
  • HCP = Healthcare Personnel
  • IPC = Infection Prevention and Control
  • NHSN = National Healthcare Safety Network
  • OHS = Occupational Health Services
  • OSHA = Occupational Safety and Health Administration
  • PPE = Personal Protective Equipment
  • TB = Tuberculosis

Figure 1. Hierarchy of Controls

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Hierarchy of Controls list risk management from the most effective to least effective. Elimination or physically remove the hazard is the most effective. Substitution or replace the hazard. Engineering Controls or isolate people from the hazard. Administrative controls or change the way people work. PPE or protect the worker with personal protective equipment is the least effective.
Figure 1. Hierarchy of Controls

Source

Selected requirements related to the assessment and reduction of occupational infection risks

Occupational IPC assessment activities are supported or required by federal, state, or local regulations, payers, and accreditation agencies. Requirements include, but are not limited to:

  • OSHA requires HCO to maintain logs of work-related injuries and illnesses meeting certain criteria, including infectious diseases exposures45. Review of these logs can identify trends in occupational exposures or acquired infectious diseases among HCP that warrant mitigation.
  • OSHA requires employers to conduct workplace evaluations to assess implementation of an Exposure Control plan for all affected employees56.
  • OSHA requires employers to evaluate respiratory hazards in the workplace, and to implement a respiratory protection program, if needed7.
  • CMS requires that some HCOs report HCP influenza immunization coverage to the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) as a CoP8.
  • The Joint Commission standards require establishing an influenza vaccination program for staff, setting incremental vaccination goals to increase coverage, and reporting HCP influenza immunization rates to key stakeholders9.

OSHA further supports risk assessment and reduction activities with online information and tools, including a job hazard analysis booklet and "eTools" about workplace health and safety topics1011. OSHA also offers some employers free consultation on evaluating workplace hazards and control methods without risk of citations or fines, provided that the employer corrects identified hazards12.

Box 3. Examples of Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment, and Risk Reduction Activities in which Occupational Health Services Might Participate

Examples of hazards, risk assessment methods, and activities or plans to reduce risk..
Possible Hazard(s) Identified Example Assessment Method Risk Reduction Plan Example
(Control Addressed) [a]
Sharps injuries among surgeons when suturing fascia with sharp suture needles Review of logs of sharps injuries (e.g., OSHA 300 forms) Revise HCO policies (e.g., HCO equipment purchasing, operating room procedures) to use blunt-tipped suture needles for suturing fascia (elimination/substitution)
Sharps injuries on a single unit/floor linked to inconvenient sharps container placement Review of logs of sharps injuries (e.g., OSHA 300 forms) Move sharps containers to accessible locations (engineering control)
Sharps injuries among HCP using a newly introduced syringe with a sharps safety feature; HCP reported no training on using the new device Review of logs of sharps injuries (e.g., OSHA 300 forms) Develop procedures for HCP training on new products prior to use (administrative control)
Lowest influenza immunization coverage among HCP in an outpatient, free-standing facility; immunizations were not offered on-site Review of HCP immunization records and interviews with HCP Offer on-site immunization of HCP at outpatient sites during work hours (administrative control)
HCP TB infections over the past 6 months on one hospital unit Review of HCP health records and interviews with HCP Repair of malfunctioning negative pressure in an airborne infection isolation room (engineering control)
HCP who presented to OHS over the past 6 months had come to work when already ill; reasons included fear of consequences for missing work and lack of paid sick leave Review of HCP health records and interviews with HCP Revise sick leave policies to ensure they are non-punitive and inform HCP of the changes (administrative control)
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Content Source:
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)
  1. The National Surveillance System for Healthcare Workers (NaSH) Summary report for blood and body fluid exposure data collected from participating healthcare facilities, (June 1995 through December 2007) pdf icon[PDF – 27 pages]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published June 2011. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  2. Wise ME, De Perio M, Halpin J, et al. Transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza to healthcare personnel in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 1;52 Suppl 1:S198-204.
  3. Hierarchy of Controls. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  4. OSHA Forms for Recording Work-Related Injuries and Illnesses[PDF – 12 pages]pdf iconexternal icon. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  5. Standard 1910.1030 – Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Bloodborne Pathogensexternal icon. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Revised April 3, 2012. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  6. Directives: Enforcement Procedures for the Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogensexternal icon. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  7. Standard 1910.134 – Respiratory Protectionexternal icon. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Revised June 8, 2011. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  8. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). CMS Requirements. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised August 9, 2019. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  9. Standard IC.02.04.01 Influenza Vaccination for Licensed Independent Practitioners and Staff (HAP, CAH, LTC)external icon. The Joint Commission. Published December 2, 2011. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  10. eTools, eMatrix, Expert Advisors and v-Toolsexternal icon. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  11. Hazard Identification Training Toolexternal icon. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  12. OSHA Fact Sheet: The OSHA Consultation Program[PDF – 2 pages]pdf iconexternal icon. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Accessed August 20, 2019.
  • See Figure 1. Hierarchy of Controls.