Swimming-related Publications and Reports

Publications and reports

Disease and outbreak tracking

• Lamere L, Smith E, Grieser H, Arduino M, Hlavsa MC, Combes S. Pseudomonas Infection Outbreak Associated with a Hotel Swimming Pool — Maine, March 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:32–36.
• Nace ME, Wallace JL, Kline KE, Plipat N. Notes from the Field: Escherichia coli O157:H7 Outbreak in Children with Clostridioides difficile Colonization Associated with an Improperly Treated Swimming Pool — Pennsylvania, June 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:690–691.
• Hlavsa MC, Aluko SK, Miller AD, Person J, Gerdes ME, Lee S, et al. Outbreaks associated with treated recreational water—United States, 2015–2019. MMWR. 2021;70(20):733-8. (Laco JP)
• Vanden Esschert KL, Mattioli MC, Hilborn ED, Roberts VA, Yu AT, Lamba K, et al. Outbreaks associated with untreated recreational water — California, Maine, and Minnesota, 2018–2019. MMWR. 2020;69(25);781-3. (Laco JP)

Diarrhea and vomiting

• Aluko SK, Ishrati SS, Walker DC, Mattioli MC, Kahler AM, Vanden Esschert KL, et al. Outbreaks of acute gastrointestinal illness associated with a splash pad in a wildlife park — Kansas, June 2021. MMWR. 2022;71(31);981-7. (Rokisky J Jr, Laco JP)

Swimming pool chemicals, operation, and disinfection

• Hlavsa M, Laco JP, Hill VR. Good pool chemistry keeps swimming healthy and safe. [commentary] J Environ Health. 2019;81(9):32-4.
• Wilken JA, DiMaggio M, Kaufmann M, O’Connor K, Smorodinsky, S, Armatas C, Barreau T, Kreutzer R, Ancheta L. Inhalational chlorine injuries at public aquatic venues — California, 2008–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:498–501.
• Hlavsa MC, Gerth TR, Collier SA, Dunbar ER, Rao G, Epperson G, Bramlett B, Ludwig DF, Gomez D, Stansbury MM, Miller F, Warren J, Nichol J, Bowman H, Huynh B, Loewe KM, Vincent B, Tarrier AL, Shay T, Wright R, Brown AC, Kunz JM, Fullerton KE, Cope JR, Beach MJ. Immediate closures and violations identified during routine inspections of public aquatic facilities — Network for Aquatic Facility Inspection Surveillance, five states, 2013. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2016;65(No. SS-5):1–26.
• Anderson AR, Welles WL, Drew J, Orr MF. The distribution and public health consequences of releases of chemicals intended for pool use in 17 states, 2001-2009. J Environ Health. 2014;76(9):10-5.

Recreational water venues guidance and the Model Aquatic Health Code

• Rainey RE, Galan DI, Laco J. Engaging with the Model Aquatic Health Code at the local level: tools and resources for users from the National Association of County and City Health Officials. [commentary] J Environ Health. 2024;86(9):38-40.
• Hlavsa M, Laco J. Here come the surf venues and artificial swimming lagoons. [commentary] J Environ Health. 2023;85(9):32–3.
• Curtiss E, Hils J, Rokisky J. Keep your water safe with CDC’s resources. [commentary] J Environ Health. 2022;84(10):42-3.
• Laco J, Aluko S, Hlavsa M. CDC tools to help prevent pathogen transmission in increased-risk aquatic venues. [commentary] J Environ Health. 2022;84(9):32-3.
• Hlavsa MC, Laco JP, Hill VR, Sheehan PA. 2021 Model Aquatic Health Code (4th edition). [commentary] J Environ Health. 2021;83(9):30-1.
• D’Angelo EK, Galan DI, Laco JP, Fink T, Skaggs JM, Kunsman C, et al. Strengthening aquatic health and safety: how a pilot program supported local health departments in updating pool codes. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2021;27(4):428-31.
• Laco J, Hubbard B, McClenahan S. Tools to help conquer the Model Aquatic Health Code. [commentary] J Environ Health. 2020;82(2):36-8.

Drowning and swimming-related injury

• Clemens T, Moreland B, Mack KA, Thomas K, Bergen G, Lee R. Vital Signs: Drowning Death Rates, Self-Reported Swimming Skill, Swimming Lesson Participation, and Recreational Water Exposure — United States, 2019–2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2024;73:467–473.
• Clemens T, Moreland B, Lee R. Persistent Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Fatal Unintentional Drowning Rates Among Persons Aged ≤29 Years — United States, 1999–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:869–874.