|
|
Volume 4: No. 3, July 2007
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Modifications to the Active Living Every Day (ALED) Course for Adults
With Arthritis
Leigh F. Callahan, PhD, Britta Schoster, MPH, Jennifer Hootman, PhD, Teresa Brady, PhD, Laura Sally, MPH, Katrina Donahue, MD, MPH, Thelma Mielenz, PhD,
PT, Katherine Buysse
Suggested citation for this article: Callahan LF, Schoster B, Hootman J, Brady T, Sally L, Donahue K,
et al. Modifications to the Active Living Every Day (ALED) course for adults with arthritis. Prev Chronic Dis [serial online]. 2007 Jul [date cited]. Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/
jul/06_0106.htm.
PEER REVIEWED
Abstract
Introduction
Active Living Every Day (ALED) is a 20-week behavioral theory-based physical activity program originally developed for the general population; the purpose of our qualitative evaluation was to investigate whether the existing program is also appropriate (regarding safety, content, and instructor training) for sedentary adults with arthritis.
Methods
We conducted telephone interviews with 30 of 355 participants in a randomized control trial of the ALED program for sedentary adults with arthritis within 6 months after they completed the program. Interviewees, who attended at least 50% of program classes, were asked about the safety of program activities, the knowledge they gained from the program, how they felt about
their program instructors, and any recommendations they had for how the program could be modified to better serve people with arthritis. We used NUD*IST (N6)
(QSR International, Melbourne, Australia) software for the qualitative data analysis. We also conducted a conference call with program instructors to elicit their opinion of the course and how it might be improved to better meet the needs of people with arthritis.
Results
Twenty seven (90%) of the program participants we interviewed were female, and their average age was 69 years. Components of the course that they reported finding particularly helpful were being encouraged to exercise “bit by bit” and receiving social support from other adults with arthritis. Program instructors and program participants both generally felt that the program was
appropriate for people with arthritis but could be enhanced with the following modifications: 1) incorporating arthritis-specific information in the textbook, 2) providing information on pain management, 3) and providing dietary and nutritional information for arthritis management. Instructors also reported a need for more information on pain management and arthritis during their training.
Conclusion
Although instructors and participants felt the ALED program as designed for the general population was useful for people with arthritis, they suggested minor modifications that would make the program even more beneficial. Some of these modifications may be applicable to other community-based activity programs not designed specifically for people with arthritis.
Back to top
Introduction
Arthritis is an important public health problem that causes a significant burden
on our society (1). It is the most prevalent chronic condition and the leading cause of disability in the United States (2). Numerous studies have shown that engaging in physical activity is beneficial for people with arthritis (3-12). However, although physical activity programs have been developed
specifically for people with arthritis (13), less than 1% of Americans with arthritis have enrolled in or participated in these programs (14,15). Increasing the number of physical activity programs offered has the potential to increase the rate of participation among people with arthritis. A number of programs developed for more general audiences could possibly be adapted for use in a target
population of people with arthritis.
One such program, Active Living Every Day (ALED), is a behavioral theory-based physical activity program designed to teach people the cognitive and behavioral skills necessary to become and stay physically active (16-19). Developed jointly by the Cooper Institute, Brown University, and Human Kinetics, ALED is a 20-lesson course in which participants meet once a week for
an hour-long group session structured around the ALED textbook (20) during which they discuss ways to identify and overcome barriers to physical activity. There is no exercise in the ALED class itself. All participants receive the ALED textbook and a pedometer to be used outside of class to monitor the number of steps they take and thus motivate themselves to be more active. The textbook reviews
the main points covered in the classes (i.e., setting goals, enlisting support,
and managing time) and also contains worksheets and assignments. If participants have access to the Internet and choose to be independent learners, they can take the course online rather than attend the classes. One study of ALED showed that it can be as effective as a structured exercise program in increasing
participants’ level of physical activity, improving their cardiorespiratory fitness, and reducing their blood pressure (19). Another showed that the program can be successfully translated into community settings with diverse populations (21).
ALED was developed for the general population, and previous studies of the program excluded people with arthritis (16-19). The two main purposes of our qualitative evaluation were 1) to investigate whether the existing ALED program is also appropriate for sedentary adults with arthritis in terms of safety, course content, and instructor training and support and 2) to develop, if
necessary, a set of recommendations for modifying the existing ALED curriculum to better meet the needs of people with arthritis.
Back to top
Methods
General ALED study design
In February 2004, we began a 20-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) of ALED among 355 adults with arthritis residing in 17 urban
or rural community settings across North Carolina. Potential participants were screened by the ALED project managers by phone. Eligibility requirements for participating in the RCT were being aged 18 years or older, exercising fewer than three times per week, and
having reported doctor-diagnosed arthritis in responses on the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) 2002 arthritis and physical activity survey modules (22). The three most common conditions reported by participants in the RCT were osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis, which are also the most prevalent types of arthritis in the United States according to the
Arthritis Foundation (1). RCT participants completed baseline and follow-up self-report questionnaires assessing their functional and psychological health status;
they also underwent physical tests to measure their physical functioning and fitness. We used two measures assessed in the RCT to stratify the responses of participants in this qualitative study: 1) participants’ difficulty in
performing activities of daily living (ADLs) as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), with possible scores ranging from 0 (can perform an activity with no difficulty) to 3 (unable to perform the activity) (23), and 2) participants’ self-reported level of pain as measured by the visual analog scale (VAS), with possible scores ranging from 0 (no pain) to
100 (pain as bad as it could be) based on the multidimensional HAQ (24).
Participants in the RCT were randomly assigned to either an intervention group or a control (delayed-intervention) group. The intervention group received the course upon enrollment in the study, and the control group was offered the ALED course after the trial was over. We did not follow the control group after the intervention group completed the ALED course. Members of the control group
completed baseline and final assessment questionnaires with members of the intervention group.
All instructors (n = 20) were trained by a master trainer according to a standardized ALED protocol, and 17 ALED classes were initiated statewide. Most classes were conducted in senior centers, community health centers, and hospital wellness centers. Each class followed the standardized ALED format, had an average of 10 participants per class, and met once per week for 20 weeks. Instructors
were recruited through the North Carolina Area Agencies on Aging; all had a history of some type of community-based health work, but they did not necessarily have experience working with people with arthritis. The instructor recruitment was designed to select people representative of those working with state health agencies in community health settings. Instructors received teaching materials and
a CD-ROM, completed an online test, and received certification from Human Kinetics, distributors of the course, prior to beginning their classes. In response to an instructor’s inquiry about general arthritis information, the ALED project managers provided all instructors with free pamphlets from the Arthritis Foundation and the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Skin
Diseases covering a variety of arthritis-related topics (e.g., arthritis and fatigue, back pain, hip replacement).
In addition to the ALED training, instructors received information about the study, and all completed National Institutes of Health human subjects training. They were asked to query participants at the beginning of each class about any adverse health events and
were told to report any such events immediately to the research team. The research team established a toll-free
telephone number through which the
instructors could contact the project directors and the study’s principal investigator, as well as a listserv to facilitate communication among the instructors. The primary quantitative results from the study will be reported elsewhere. All protocols for the study were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine.
Qualitative ALED study design
Participant sample
For the purpose of the qualitative evaluation reported here, we first classified the 355 RCT participants (in either the intervention or control group), as “completers” or “noncompleters,” defining “completers” as those who attended at least 50% of the classes and “noncompleters” as those who attended less than 50%. We
sampled only the completers, because they had more exposure to the course and thus were likely to be better able to comment on their experience. We randomly chose two completers from each ALED community site (one from the intervention group and one from the control [delayed-intervention] group) to participate in a phone interview, with a goal of conducting 34 interviews. However, we only
interviewed 30 participants because three program sites did not hold delayed-intervention classes because of low attendance, and we could not reach a delayed-intervention participant from one of the sites.
Qualitative telephone interviews
All interviews were conducted by one of the two study interviewers (LS and BS) between November 2004 and April 2005. We developed a semistructured interview guide to examine whether participants thought ALED was an appropriate program for people with arthritis and to generate recommendations about how the program might be modified to
better meet the needs of people with arthritis. We based our questions on key areas of interest: program safety, knowledge gained from the program, qualities of the instructor, and recommendations for modifying the program content for people with arthritis. Interviews were audio-recorded and lasted an average of 15 minutes (range: 7–29 minutes). The two study interviewers met frequently and
reviewed all interview audiotapes to ensure that they administered the telephone interviews in a similar manner. The interview guide was revised as needed.
Instructor conference calls
We conducted two conference calls with a total of 14 ALED instructors to query them about their experience teaching the class. (Six instructors were unable to participate in either conference call because of scheduling conflicts.) The conference calls, which lasted about an hour, followed a structured format, were moderated by the study’s principal
investigator (LFC), and were audio-recorded.
Data analysis
Each interview with course participants was audio-recorded and transcribed
verbatim. An independent researcher then listened to a random sample of the
audiotapes to ensure that the transcripts were complete. We analyzed
participants’ responses using NUD*IST (N6) (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia), a software program for qualitative data analysis.
We developed an initial list of deductive codes based on the semi-structured interview questions. The study interviewers led the analysis and code development. Using the constant comparison method (25), they reread all transcripts each time a new theme emerged to ensure consistent coding. An independent coder (LFC) read through all of the transcripts, reviewed the initial coding
scheme, and revised the scheme if necessary to increase the completeness of the findings. Members of the research team discussed discrepancies in coding until they reached a consensus. Common themes were identified on the basis of the frequency of responses across all interviews.
Immediately following each of the two conference calls with instructors, we summarized the main themes of the call. The calls were then transcribed verbatim and reviewed for the presence of other themes in the same manner as the transcripts of participant interviews.
Back to top
Results
Of the 30 participants interviewed, 27 (90%) were female, and their average age was 69 years (range: 50–83 years). Eighty percent were white, and 70% had at least some college education. Their average HAQ-DI score was 1.0, their average pain VAS score was 41, and their average body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by height in meters
squared) was 31. Table 1 shows
demographic characteristics for the full study sample, as well as for the subsample discussed here.
Our qualitative evaluation revealed that all participants felt safe in the program and thought it was appropriate for people with arthritis. All instructors also felt the program was appropriate for people with arthritis. No adverse events were reported during the course implementation. When queried about changes in their arthritis symptoms between the beginning and the end of the course, most
participants reported that their symptoms improved, and the rest reported that their symptoms remained the same.
Existing components of ALED that are particularly helpful to people with arthritis
Most participants reported finding two components of the ALED course particularly helpful to people with arthritis (Table 2). The first was being able to exercise at their own pace and “bit by bit” (e.g., 2-minute walks). The second was having social support from other adults with arthritis as they attempted to increase their level of physical activity. This social support included
the opportunity to exchange information and ideas about pain management and living with chronic disease.
Proposed modifications to make the ALED course more beneficial to people with arthritis
Although the participants and the instructors both generally felt that the program was appropriate for people with arthritis, they did suggest some minor modifications. Instructors suggested modifications to the instructor training that would help them better prepare to teach the course to people with arthritis, whereas the participants generally suggested minor modifications not essential to
the safety or appropriateness of ALED. Table 3 summarizes the proposed modifications and provides selected quotes from participants and instructors on three themes: instructors’ training, handbook, and support; program content; and the ALED textbook.
Instructors’ training, handbook, and support
Most ALED instructors did not have prior experience working with people with arthritis. Pain was the primary barrier to physical activity reported by ALED participants, and the instructors generally felt that the ALED goals and activities needed to be modified to address the need for pain management for people with arthritis. All instructors recommended that more information about arthritis
and pain management strategies be provided to instructors, both during the ALED training session and throughout the course. They also recommended providing instructors with additional arthritis resources (e.g., handouts) and access to someone working at an arthritis program, such as a coordinator or director of a state arthritis program (Table 3).
The standard ALED course does not provide ongoing instructor support after instructors complete their training. As noted in the methods section, however, instructors in the RCT were provided with a toll-free number and a listserv to give them an opportunity to correspond with project directors and with each other. During the conference call, instructors emphasized the helpfulness of the
toll-free number; however, few reported using the listserv.
Program content
A common theme in the comments of both instructors and participants was that the course could be made more relevant for people with arthritis by addressing how pain acts as a barrier to their engaging in physical activity. A significant component of the ALED program is to encourage participants to create goals that are attainable, given their lifestyle and current physical condition.
Instructors were able to reinforce this need for attainable physical activity goals and elicited discussion among class participants about how their arthritis affected their participation in physical activity. Participants reported that because of the approach of the program and their interaction with their classmates, they were not afraid of hurting themselves or pushing themselves beyond a safe
limit (Table 3).
Some participants said they appreciated a naturalistic approach to managing arthritis pain because they wanted to avoid taking more medication. Participants also generally reported that they liked discussing lifestyle factors beyond physical activity in the class, particularly factors such as diet and nutrition. Many indicated that they would have liked to
learn more about weight management,
the role of diet in managing arthritis symptoms, and how to identify healthy foods for people with arthritis.
ALED textbook
As noted above, each participant received an ALED textbook. When asked, most participants suggested modifications to the textbook to make it more appropriate for people with arthritis. The most frequently suggested modifications involved addressing pain management, exercise intensity, and the appropriateness of different types of exercise that target various forms of arthritis or pinpoint the
most affected body parts. Some participants did not feel that the textbook needed to be modified and explained that the instructor did a good job of tailoring the class to meet the unique needs of people with arthritis. Others stated that while arthritis-specific modifications to the textbook may not
be helpful to them, such changes may benefit those who have more severe
arthritis-related problems or different forms of arthritis than they have.
Influence of pain level and difficulty in ADL performance on participants’ responses
We were also interested in how participants' level of pain and level of ADL difficulty may have affected their recommendations for arthritis-specific modifications to the course. From the 30 participants in our qualitative analysis, we selected those with a baseline HAQ-DI score
greater than or equal to 1.0 and a VAS pain score greater than 40 to represent people with moderate or higher amounts of arthritis-related
disability and pain (26). Nine participants met these criteria. We found no obvious commonality among the responses of these participants. Some of them had had arthritis for many years and felt that they knew a lot about the disease and were already familiar with
the arthritis-specific information discussed in class. Others who also had had the disease for many years were unfamiliar with the
arthritis-specific information discussed in the course, such as what rheumatologists are and how exercise can be beneficial for people with arthritis. A few of these nine participants reported that their arthritis had become so severe that they had previously felt they could not exercise at all but that the ALED course showed them that they could be physically active again. All nine reported that
they felt safe in the class because they trusted the instructor, knew their own limits, and learned that they could incorporate physical activity into their lives “bit by bit.”
Back to top
Discussion
The results of our qualitative evaluation of ALED show that it is possible to take a program that was developed for a general population and implement it safely and appropriately in a population of people with arthritis. However, they also indicated that instructors without a background in working with people with arthritis would benefit from more specific information about arthritis and pain
management strategies during training and from having access to arthritis brochures and an arthritis expert while teaching the course (as the RCT instructors did). Participants and instructors both generally felt that the course content could be improved by adding some arthritis-specific information (particularly regarding pain management) and by providing more relevant examples of physical
activities appropriate for people with arthritis. Overall, though, the course as offered appeared to be robust and well received by participants with different types of arthritis and various levels of disease activity and to be a useful option for promoting physical activity among people with arthritis. Aspects of the course that were particularly appealing to people with arthritis, such
as encouraging them to tailor their goals and activities to their own situation and to exercise “bit by bit,” may also appeal to people with other chronic conditions.
This investigation may have been limited by participant recall because many of the interviews were conducted nearly 6 months after the participants completed the course. The time lapse sometimes made it hard for participants to remember details about their experiences in the class, particularly in regard to the course book, with as much candor as those interviewed soon after the class ended.
Another limitation is that we interviewed only the participants who attended at least half of the classes offered, the completers. Therefore, we may be missing a valuable perspective from the noncompleters. However, from the attendance records kept by the course instructors, we do know that 43% of the noncompleters dropped out early in the course and never returned. These participants cited
personal or family illness, scheduling conflicts, or the course not being a good match as primary reasons for dropping out of the program. The remaining noncompleters missed classes at various points throughout the entire course because of personal or family illness, scheduling conflicts (doctor appointments most frequently cited) and other outside factors. A final limitation to our
findings is that they may not be generalizable to men, given that 90% of our participants were women. Women account for 60% of arthritis cases (1), so our participants are more heavily weighted for women, and it is possible that the program may need different or additional modifications for men with arthritis.
The lessons learned from our evaluation of ALED may be useful in modifying other physical activity programs designed for general populations
and for use by people with arthritis, particularly in ensuring that they address the health issues that are most important to people with arthritis (Table 4). We recommend that anyone contemplating using an existing physical activity or behavior modification
program that has not been developed specifically for people with arthritis consider the following modifications: 1) provide arthritis-specific education for instructors, with an emphasis on pain management; 2) provide instructors with arthritis-related resources and contacts with arthritis experts; 3) modify program material to include examples of physical activity appropriate for people with
arthritis; 4) enhance program material with information on how to exercise while protecting arthritic joints and managing arthritis symptoms; and 5) incorporate information on dietary and other complementary strategies for alleviating arthritis symptoms. Our findings also indicate that physical activity classes for people with arthritis should encourage participants to exercise at their own pace,
“bit by bit” if they prefer, and for instructors to create a class environment that fosters communication and friendship among class members. In conclusion, expanding the menu of community-based physical activity programs geared toward people with arthritis is a promising approach to increasing their health and well-being.
Back to top
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Association of Medical Colleges (grant number MM-0644-04). We thank the ALED instructors, Linda Autry, Cindy Berrier, Rebecca Blanks, Aaron Brown, Nancy Clay, Earl Davis, Wes Davis, Christine Edwards, Kristen Elk Locklear, Rhonda Hardee, Jennifer Johnson, Kathryn Kubiak, Joanna Riker,
Suzanne Sherrill, Lori Simpson, Vicki Tilley, and Calvin Vaughn. We also thank the ALED project managers Amy Matthews and Katie Rizzone; Michele Guerra and Michelle Maloney with Active Living Partners at Human Kinetics; the ALED instructor trainer, Ruth Ann Carpenter; and the North Carolina Area Agencies on Aging. Finally, we thank the ALED participants, without whom this study would have been
impossible.
Back to top
Author Information
Corresponding Author: Leigh F. Callahan, PhD, 3300 Thurston Building CB7280, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Telephone: 919-966-0564. Fax: 919-966-1739. E-mail:
Leigh_Callahan@med.unc.edu.
Author Affiliations: Britta Schoster, Katherine Buysse, Thurston Arthritis Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC; Jennifer Hootman and Teresa Brady, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga; Laura Sally, School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University
of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Katrina Donahue, Department of Family Medicine, University
of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; Thelma Mielenz, Thurston Arthritis Research Center and
Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, NC.
Back to top
References
- National Arthritis Action Plan: a public health strategy. Atlanta (GA): Arthritis Foundation; 1999.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Prevalence of arthritis — United States, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2001;50(17):334-6.
- Minor MA, Lane NE.
Recreational exercise in arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1996;22(3):563-77.
- Zimmer Z, Hickey T, Searle MS.
Activity participation and well-being among older people with arthritis. Gerontologist 1995;35(4):463-71.
- Westby MD.
A health professional's guide to exercise prescription for people with arthritis: a review of aerobic fitness activities. Arthritis Rheum 2001;45(6):501-11.
- Allegrante JP, Kovar PA, MacKenzie CR, Peterson MG, Gutin B.
A walking education program for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: theory and intervention strategies. Health Educ Q 1993;20(1):63-81.
- Ettinger WH Jr, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, et al.
A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis.
The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA 1997;277(1):25-31.
- Kovar PA, Allegrante JP, MacKenzie CR, Peterson MG, Gutin B, Charlson ME.
Supervised fitness walking in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1992;116(7):529-34.
- Messier SP, Royer TD, Craven TE, O'Toole ML, Burns R, Ettinger WH Jr.
Long-term exercise and its effect on balance in older, osteoarthritic adults: results from the Fitness, Arthritis, and Seniors Trial (FAST). J Am Geriatr Soc 2000;48(2):131-8.
- Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH Jr, Martin K, Morgan T.
Treating disability in knee osteoarthritis with exercise therapy: a central role for self-efficacy and pain. Arthritis Care Res 1998;11(2):94-101.
- Yocum DE, Castro WL, Cornett M.
Exercise, education, and behavioral modification as alternative therapy for pain and stress in rheumatic disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2000;26(1):145-59.
- Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta
(GA): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; 1996.
- Brady TJ, Kruger J, Helmick CG, Callahan LF, Boutaugh ML.
Intervention programs for arthritis and other rheumatic diseases. Health
Educ Behav 2003;30(1):44-63.
- Boutaugh ML.
Arthritis Foundation community-based physical activity programs: effectiveness and implementation issues. Arthritis Rheum 2003;49(3):463-70.
- Suomi R, Collier D.
Effects of arthritis exercise programs on functional fitness and perceived activities of daily living measures in older adults with arthritis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84(11):1589-94.
- Kohl HW 3rd, Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Blair SN.
A randomized trial of physical activity interventions: design and baseline data from Project Active. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998;30(2):275-83.
- Dunn AL, Garcia ME, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Kohl HW, Blair SN.
Six-month physical activity and fitness changes in Project Active, a randomized trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc
1998;30(7):1076-83.
- Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Garcia ME, Kohl HW 3rd, Blair SN.
Reduction in cardiovascular disease risk factors: 6-month results from Project Active. Prev Med 1997;26(6):883-92.
- Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Kampert JB, Garcia ME, Kohl HW 3rd, Blair SN.
Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. JAMA 1999;281(4):327-34.
- Blair SN, Dunn AL, Marcus BH, Carpenter RA, Jaret P. Active living every day. Champaign
(IL): Human Kinetics; 2001.
- Wilcox S, Dowda M, Griffin SF, Rheaume C, Ory MG, Leviton L, et al.
Results of the first year of
Active for Life: translation of 2 evidence-based physical activity programs for older adults into community settings.
[Published erratum in: Am J Public Health 2006;96(11):1901]. Am J Public Health 2006;96(7):1201-9.
- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS): calendar year 2002 results.
Raleigh: North Carolina Center for Health Statistics;2003. Available from: http://www.schs.state.nc.us/SCHS/healthstats/brfss/2002/ *
- Fries JF, Spitz P, Kraines RG, Holman HR.
Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1980;23(2):137-45.
- Pincus T, Swearingen C, Wolfe F.
Toward a multidimensional health assessment questionnaire (MDHAQ): assessment of advanced activities of daily living and psychological status in the patient-friendly health assessment questionnaire format. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42(10):2220-30.
- Glaser B, Strauss A. The discovery grounded theory: strategies for qualitative inquiry. Chicago
(IL): Aldine; 1967.
- Patricia PK. Measures of adult general functional status: The Barthel Index, Katz Index of Activities of Daily Living, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), MACTAR Patient Preference Disability Questionnaire, and Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ). Arthritis Care Res 2003;49(S5):S15-S27.
Back to top
|
|
