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STATE System Vehicles Fact Sheet
“Evidence suggests that vehicles can also be a significant source of secondhand smoke exposure for children. Children can be regularly exposed to secondhand smoke when parents or other adults smoke in these vehicles while they are present. The concentrations of secondhand smoke in vehicles where smoking is occurring can reach very high levels. Making vehicles smokefree would be expected to reduce children’s secondhand smoke exposure.”
The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General, 2006
The US Surgeon General has declared that tobacco use is the most preventable cause of disease and death in the United States.1,2 Each year, more than 480,000 people die prematurely in the United States and another 16 million suffer from a serious illness caused by smoking.2 Tobacco use also creates a significant economic burden for the country, with tobacco-related illnesses costing more than $225 billion in direct medical costs and more than $156 billion in lost productivity each year.2,3 Individuals who smoke are at a higher risk of death and illness due to lung cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic lung disease, stroke, and other cancers.2
Yet individuals who smoke are not the only ones at an increased risk of death and disease from tobacco use. Millions of individuals who do not smoke remain exposed to secondhand smoke in homes, workplaces, public places, and vehicles.4 Secondhand smoke causes premature death and disease in children and nonsmoking adults.2 In 2013–2014, approximately 58 million nonsmoking Americans were exposed to secondhand smoke; including 2 out of 5 children aged 3 to 11 years.5 Exposure to secondhand smoke causes heart disease and lung cancer in nonsmoking adults and sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiratory infections, middle ear disease, more severe asthma, respiratory symptoms, and slowed lung growth in children.1,2 Each year secondhand smoke exposure causes more than 7,300 lung cancer deaths and nearly 34,000 heart disease deaths among nonsmoking adults and 150,000 to 300,000 cases of bronchitis and pneumonia in children younger than 18 months of age.2 Exposure to secondhand smoke for as little as 10 seconds can stimulate asthmatic symptoms in children.6 Because their bodies are still developing, children are especially susceptible to the effects of secondhand smoke. Most exposure to secondhand smoke for children occur in vehicles and the home.
In 2006, the US Surgeon General concluded that eliminating smoking in indoor spaces is the only way to fully protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke exposure.1 Separating individuals who smoke from those who do not, cleaning the air, and ventilating buildings are not effective protections against secondhand smoke.1 Vehicles may be a substantial source of secondhand smoke exposure for children and nonsmoking adults.1,7 For example, a study assessing US middle and high school students exposure to secondhand smoke in vehicles found that in 2009, more than one-fifth of non-smoking students were exposed to secondhand smoke in vehicles.8
Smoking restrictions in worksites and public places established through state laws, local laws, and voluntary policies implemented by employers have been a major factor behind the substantial reductions in secondhand smoke exposure among US nonsmokers that have occurred during the past 20 years.1, 2, 9,10 It is estimated that this exposure among individuals who do not smoke reduced by more than half (from 88% to 25%) from 1988 to 2014.5 Some local and state governments have moved beyond public places and worksites to explore approaches to protecting individuals who do not smoke, especially children, in settings such as living spaces and vehicles.1,11 The STATE System has begun capturing state efforts in these emerging areas by tracking state laws restricting smoking in multiunit housing facilities and vehicles.
Smoking in vehicles causes both short- and long-term health risks to passengers.1 Because of the small air volume, smoking in vehicles rapidly generates high concentrations of secondhand smoke.6,12 In fact, several studies found smoking just one cigarette in a vehicle with the windows closed can generate more than 100 times the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) 24-hour recommended exposure limit to fine respirable particles (particles that irritate the respiratory system, contain the carcinogenic chemicals found in tobacco smoke, and that can seep from the lungs into the bloodstream).7,12 This exposure exceeds the levels of these particles found in smoky bars and restaurants.6,7,13 Smoking with the vehicle windows closed can also produce a significant increase in carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas that can harm children in even small quantities.6
Smoking in a vehicle with the windows or a vent open reduces the amount of secondhand smoke in the car, but even under these conditions the resulting particle levels are at least twice the EPA 24-hour recommended exposure limit.7,12,13 These levels are high enough to be considered unhealthy for children and other sensitive groups, while the levels observed with vehicle windows closed pose serious health risks to all people.7,12,13
While smoking restrictions in private homes and vehicles have traditionally been established primarily through voluntary household rules,6 some states have recently enacted legislation restricting smoking in personal vehicles. State laws restricting smoking in vehicles include laws that restrict smoking in workplace vehicles, vehicles used for childcare transportation, and personal vehicles when children or adolescents are present.
Eight states (Arizona, Iowa, Louisiana, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Oregon, and Rhode Island), American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau and the U.S. Virgin Islands prohibit smoking in private employer-owned vehicles. Nineteen states, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands prohibit smoking in government-owned vehicles.
Thirteen states (Arkansas, California Colorado, Delaware, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia), American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands prohibit smoking in vehicles used to transport children while in the care of home-based or commercial childcare facilities. One of these states—Maine—prohibits home-based childcare facilities from permitting smoking in vehicles used to transport children under care for at least 12 hours before children are scheduled to be in the vehicle.
Twelve states (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Oregon, Utah, Vermont, Virginia and West Virginia), Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico have recently passed laws prohibiting smoking in personal vehicles when children or adolescents are present. These laws are specifically aimed at reducing children’s exposure to secondhand smoke in vehicles. The specific age provisions vary. The Vermont law applies to children aged 8 years and younger, the Louisiana law applies to children aged 13 years and younger, the Alabama and Arkansas laws apply to children aged 14 years and younger, the Utah and Virginia laws apply to children aged 15 years and younger, the Delaware and West Virginia laws apply to children aged 16 years and younger, the Guam law applies to children aged 17 years and younger, and the California, Illinois, Maine, Oregon, the Northern Mariana Islands and Puerto Rico laws apply to people aged 18 years and younger.
Five states (Colorado, Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, and Pennsylvania), the District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands have laws that explicitly exempt personal vehicles from inclusion in state smoking restrictions.
As of June 30, 2024, 28 states, American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands have restrictions on smoking in worksite, childcare, or personal vehicles. While the US EPA, some state tobacco control programs, and a number of community organizations have conducted education campaigns encouraging parents to adopt voluntary household rules making their homes smokefree, until recently few such campaigns have promoted adopting similar rules in personal vehicles.1 Just as state laws requiring seatbelt use have helped change public attitudes and practices on this issue,14 laws prohibiting smoking in vehicles when children are present may have the potential to change social norms. This is especially true if these measures—like seat belt laws—are implemented in conjunction with public education campaigns. Studies have shown that public support for laws making workplaces and public places smokefree increases after people have the experience of living under these laws, particularly among individuals who smoke.10,15,16 Local and state governments are responsible for deciding whether it is appropriate to address this problem through governmental action. Local and state policy makers, community leaders, concerned organizations, and citizens can make decisions about the most appropriate approaches to take to protect children and possibly nonsmoking adults in their communities and states from secondhand smoke exposure in vehicles.
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2006.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2014
3. Xu X, Shrestha SS, Trivers KF, Neff L, Armour BS, King BA. U.S. Healthcare Spending Attributable to Cigarette Smoking in 2014. Preventive Medicine. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743521001134. Accessed June 14, 2021.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: nonsmokers’ exposure to secondhand smoke- United States, 1999–2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Rep. 2010;59(35);1141–1146.
5. Tsai J, Homa DM, Gentzke AS, et al. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Nonsmokers — United States, 1988–2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:1342–1346. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6748a3. Accessed June 14, 2021.
6. Rees V, Connolly G. Measuring air quality to protect children from secondhand smoke in cars. Am J Prev Med.2006;31(5):363–368.
7. Sendzik T, Fong GT, Travers MJ, Hyland A. An Experimental Investigation of Tobacco Smoke Pollution in Cars. Toronto, ON: Ontario Tobacco Research Unit; 2008.
8. King BA, Dube SR, Tynan MA. Secondhand smoke exposure in cars among middle and high school students—United States, 2000–2009. Pediatrics. 129(3):446–452.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among U.S. Nonsmokers: Progress and Gaps. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2006.
10. New York State Department of Health. The Health and Economic Impact of New York’s Clean Indoor Air Act. Albany, NY: New York State Department of Health; 2006.
11. Bonnie R, Stratton K, Wallace RB, eds. Ending the Tobacco Problem: A Blueprint for the Nation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2007.
12. Ott W. Klepeis N, Switzer P. Air change rates of motor vehicles and in-vehicle pollutant concentrations from secondhand smoke. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008;18(3):312–325.
13. Edwards R, Wilson N, Pierse N. Highly hazardous air quality associated with smoking cares: New Zealand pilot study. N Z Med J. 2006;119(1244):U2294.
14. Curtis KM, Rodi SW, Sepulveda MG. The lack of an adult seat belt law in New Hampshire: live free and die? Accid Anal Prev. 2007;39(2):380–383.
15. Borland R, Yong HH, Siahpush M, et al. Support for and reported compliance with smokefree restaurants and bars by smokers in four countries: finding from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Four Country Survey. Tob Control. 2006;15:iii34–iii41.
16. Fong GT, Hyland A, Borland R, et al. Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smokefree public places following the implementation of comprehensive smokefree workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland: findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey. Tob Control. 2006;15:iii51–iii58.
DISCLAIMER: The STATE System contains data synthesized from state-level statutory laws. It does not contain state-level regulations; measures implemented by counties, cities, or other localities; opinions of Attorneys General; or relevant case law decisions for tobacco control topics other than preemption; all of which may vary significantly from the laws reported in the database, fact sheets, and publications.