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Mobility Matters: Differential Mobility Loss by Race and Ethnicity in Hawaiʻi
ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 23 — May 7, 2026
PEER REVIEWED
Figure. Flow diagram of sample selection for pooled 2019–2021 Hawai‘i BRFSS data. The starting sample included 23,224 respondents (7,683 in 2019; 7,754 in 2020; 7,787 in 2021). Exclusions were respondents younger than 55 years (n = 10,951), respondents not identifying as White, Filipino, Japanese, or Native Hawaiian (n = 1,786), and respondents missing data on mobility limitations (n = 302), leaving 10,185 respondents. Additional exclusions were missing or refused data for sex at birth (n = 61), education (n = 6), insurance (n = 35), marital status (n = 32), and island of residence (n = 12). Missing or refused responses for household income (n = 1,187) and neighborhood walkability (n = 763) were recoded as unknown and retained. The final analytic sample was 10,039 respondents.
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