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The Effect of Disability and Social Determinants of Health on Breast and Cervical Cancer Screenings During the COVID-19 Pandemic

ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 21 — January 25, 2024

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Figure 1. Adjusted odds of being up to date on mammogram screening in A) 2018 and B) 2020 by social determinants of health among all women eligible for screening, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018 and 2020.

Adjusted odds of being up to date on mammogram screening in A) 2018 and B) 2020 by social determinants of health among all women eligible for screening, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018 and 2020.
Variable Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
2018 2020
Disability
Yes 0.76 (0.63–0.93) 0.69 (0.54–0.89)
No 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Insurance coverage
No 0.27 (0.20–0.37) 0.26 (0.18–0.35)
Yes 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Annual household income, $
<25,000 0.54 (0.40–0.73) 0.59 (0.43–0.82)
25,000–49,999 0.56 (0.43–0.72) 0.86 (0.64–1.16)
50,000–74,999 0.82 (0.64–1.04) 0.76 (0.56–1.01)
>75,000 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Marital status
Married 1.12 (0.93–1.36) 1.25 (1.01–1.56)
Not married 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Employment
Unemployed 1.12 (0.94–1.33) 1.02 (0.83–1.26)
Employed 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Education
Some high school 1.47 (1.00–2.17) 1.61 (1.03–2.53)
Graduated from high school 0.88 (0.71–1.10) 0.82 (0.65–1.04)
Some college 0.88 (0.72–1.07) 1.04 (0.82–1.33)
College graduate 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Rural residence
Yes 0.83 (0.70–0.98) 0.76 (0.62–0.93)
No 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]

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Figure 2. Adjusted odds of being up to date on Pap test screening in A) 2018 and B) 2020 by social determinants of health among all women eligible for screening, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018 and 2020.

Adjusted odds of being up to date on Pap test screening in A) 2018 and B) 2020 by social determinants of health among all women eligible for screening, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2018 and 2020.
Variable Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)
2018 2020
Disability
Yes 0.73 (0.59–0.89) 0.59 (0.47–0.75)
No 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Insurance coverage
No 0.37 (0.27–0.52) 0.42 (0.30–0.58)
Yes 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Annual household income, $
<25,000 0.66 (0.47–0.93) 0.50 (0.36–0.69)
25,000–49,999 0.67 (0.50–0.90) 0.76 (0.58–0.99)
50,000–74,999 0.91 (0.69–1.19) 0.73 (0.56–0.96)
>75,000 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Marital status
Married 1.21 (0.99–1.49) 1.18 (0.96–1.45)
Not married 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Employment
Unemployed 0.78 (0.65–0.95) 1.08 (0.87–1.34)
Employed 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Education
Some high school 0.86 (0.59–1.27) 1.11 (0.68–1.82)
Graduated from high school 0.66 (0.52–0.84) 0.81 (0.65–1.00)
Some college 0.80 (0.66–0.98) 0.95 (0.77–1.18)
College graduate 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]
Residence
Rural 0.68 (0.57–0.83) 0.78 (0.64–0.95)
Urban 1 [Reference] 1 [Reference]

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