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Public Belief in the Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding — United States, 2018 and 2021
RESEARCH BRIEF — Volume 20 — August 24, 2023
Ellen O. Boundy, ScD, MS, CNM1,2; Jennifer M. Nelson, MD, MPH1,2; Ruowei Li, MD, PhD1 (View author affiliations)
Suggested citation for this article: Boundy EO, Nelson JM, Li R. Public Belief in the Maternal Health Benefits of Breastfeeding — United States, 2018 and 2021. Prev Chronic Dis 2023;20:230010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd20.230010.
PEER REVIEWED
What is already known on this topic?
Most members of the US public are aware of the health benefits of breastfeeding for infants.
What is added by this report?
Data from the 2018 and 2021 SummerStyles public opinion survey show that most US adults are unaware of the protective effects of breastfeeding against breast cancer, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes. Awareness was particularly low among respondents who were male, older, and not married.
What are the implications for public health practice?
Maternal health benefits of breastfeeding are well established and can be incorporated into public awareness campaigns. Increased awareness of maternal and infant benefits of breastfeeding could lead to more support for improving programs and policies for breastfeeding families.
Abstract
The objective of this study was to better understand US public awareness of maternal health benefits of breastfeeding. Data from the 2018 and 2021 SummerStyles surveys were analyzed to explore public belief in select maternal benefits of breastfeeding. As in 2018, in 2021 a low percentage of respondents believed that breastfeeding protects the mother against breast cancer (23.9%), high blood pressure (15.5%), or type 2 diabetes (15.4%), with male, older, and unmarried respondents less likely to believe in these protective effects. More public awareness of maternal benefits of breastfeeding might help increase demand for breastfeeding-supportive programs and policies.
Objective
Breast milk is the recommended nutrition for most infants. Its benefits for infant health, growth, and development are well established, including decreased risk of developing asthma, type 1 diabetes, and obesity (1). Health benefits for mothers who breastfeed are also significant. A 2018 systematic review identified breastfeeding as associated with decreased risk for maternal development of high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer (2).
Although public awareness of some of the benefits of breastfeeding for infants has been documented (3), evidence on public knowledge and perceptions around the effect of breastfeeding on maternal health later in life is limited (4). We aimed to better understand beliefs among the general public in the US around the maternal health benefits of breastfeeding by examining data available for 3 outcomes: breast cancer, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes.
Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study of data from Porter Novelli SummerStyles, an online marketing survey collecting health-related opinions (5). The survey panel is representative of the noninstitutionalized US adult population, with members randomly recruited by mail using probability-based sampling by address, and continuously replenished to maintain approximately 60,000 panelists. Data did not include identifiable information and were determined exempt by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Institutional Review Board.
We examined questions from 2018 and 2021 on participants’ perceptions of the protective effects of breastfeeding against breast cancer, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes (2021 only). Each stated, “If a mother breastfeeds her baby, she may be less likely to develop [condition] later in her life.” Responses were collapsed into 3 categories: agree (somewhat agree/strongly agree), neutral (neither agree nor disagree), and disagree (somewhat disagree/strongly disagree). Surveys missing responses (27 in 2018; 35 in 2021) were excluded.
We calculated weighted percentages for each outcome and performed χ2 tests to assess differences in responses from 2018 to 2021. Stratified analyses were conducted for 2021 by characteristics associated with breastfeeding, including gender, age in years (18–29, 30–44, 45–59, ≥60), race and ethnicity (Black or African American, non-Hispanic; Hispanic; other race, non-Hispanic; White, non-Hispanic; ≥2 races, non-Hispanic), education (high school graduate or less, some college, bachelor’s degree or higher), annual household income (<$25,000, $25,000–$49,999, $50,000–$99,999, ≥$100,000), employment (working, not working), marital status (married, not married), metro status (metro, nonmetro), and region (Northeast, Midwest, South, West).
Adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs were calculated by using multivariable logistic regression, with each respondent characteristic as exposures and each maternal benefit as outcomes (responses dichotomized as agree or neutral/disagree), adjusted for all other characteristics.
Analyses were conducted in SAS version 9.4 using SummerStyles adult survey weights (5), which were weighted to the 2017 and 2019 US Census distributions of gender, age, annual household income, race and ethnicity, household size, education, census region, and metro status.
Results
Response rates among panelists invited to participate in the SummerStyles survey were 73% in 2018 and 71% in 2021. Among 4,050 respondents in 2021, 23.9% believed that mothers who breastfeed are less likely to develop breast cancer, 66.7% were neutral, and 9.4% disagreed (Table 1). Sixteen percent of respondents believed that mothers who breastfeed are less likely to develop high blood pressure, 76.0% were neutral, and 8.4% disagreed. Responses for the type 2 diabetes outcome were similar at 15.4%, 74.3%, and 10.2%, respectively. Thirty percent of respondents in 2021 believed in at least 1 of the health benefits examined, and 9.3% believed all 3. From 2018 to 2021, the percentage of respondents believing in the protective effects against breast cancer and high blood pressure remained about the same (P = .12 and P = .37, respectively).
In 2021, public belief in the protective effects of breastfeeding differed by respondent gender, age, race and ethnicity, education, household income, and marital status in unadjusted analyses for at least 1 of the maternal health outcomes examined (Table 2).
After adjusting for other characteristics, respondents who were not married were less likely to believe in the benefits of breastfeeding across all 3 maternal health outcomes, compared with married respondents (Table 3). Men and those aged 60 years or older were less likely to believe in the benefits of breastfeeding against breast cancer and type 2 diabetes, compared with women and those aged 18 to 29 years. Being a high school graduate or less and living in the Northeast region were also independently associated with less belief in the benefit of breastfeeding against breast cancer, compared with respondents with a bachelor’s degree or higher and those living in the Midwest, respectively. Those who identified as multiracial non-Hispanic were more likely to believe in the protective effect for breast cancer than non-Hispanic White respondents.
Discussion
Cancer, heart disease, and diabetes are leading causes of illness and death among US women (6). Despite its numerous health benefits, breastfeeding rates in the US are low compared with Healthy People 2030 goals (7,8). Many factors impact mothers’ feeding decisions, including family support, public perceptions, and social norms (9). Better understanding public opinions around breastfeeding could help tailor public awareness messaging and contribute to increasing breastfeeding rates and reducing subsequent burden from related chronic diseases.
Sparse literature exists on public knowledge of breastfeeding’s benefits for maternal health. However, the breast cancer literature indicates significant knowledge gaps (4,10) that vary by race and ethnicity (10,11), and that reducing knowledge gaps might increase breastfeeding rates (10).
Our study found that a low proportion of respondents believed that breastfeeding protects against any of the 3 maternal outcomes explored; most were neutral toward statements about the health benefits. These findings indicate lack of awareness or potential misunderstanding of the links between breastfeeding and maternal health. Male gender, older age, and not being married were key factors associated with less belief in the maternal benefits.
The Surgeon General’s 2020 Call to Action to Improve Maternal Health emphasizes breastfeeding support at the individual and community levels as part of a comprehensive strategy to improve women’s health (12). Strategies to educate the public on breastfeeding benefits for infants can be expanded to also emphasize maternal benefits. Increased awareness could impact mothers’ decisions to breastfeed (10) and build support for breastfeeding-friendly policies and programs, such as workplace supports and public lactation spaces. The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program also offers opportunities for increased messaging to families and the community around maternal benefits of breastfeeding.
This study’s strengths include its use of a large diverse panel weighted to the distribution of noninstitutionalized US adults. It adds to the limited literature on public awareness of maternal benefits of breastfeeding. A main limitation is that opinions of participants may differ from nonparticipants. The survey also does not assess whether respondents were mothers, so awareness of health benefits among the population affected could not be examined.
Suboptimal breastfeeding in the US contributes to excess illness and death from maternal and pediatric disease and leads to substantial financial and nonfinancial costs (13). Those working in chronic disease, maternal and child health, and nutrition could consider strengthening partnerships and increasing messaging around the maternal benefits of breastfeeding.
Acknowledgments
The authors have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest to report. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the US Department of Health and Human Services, or the US government. No copyrighted materials were used in this article without permission.
Author Information
Corresponding author: Ellen Boundy, ScD, MS, CNM, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS H24-4, 1600 Clifton Rd, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30333 (lwz9@cdc.gov).
Author Affiliations: 1Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. 2US Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland.
References
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Tables
| Question/Year | N | % Agree (95% CI) | % Neutral (95% CI) | % Disagree (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| If a mother breastfeeds her baby, she may be less likely to develop breast cancer later in her life.b | ||||
| 2018 | 4,061 | 25.4 (23.8–26.9) | 62.0 (60.3–63.7) | 12.6 (11.4–13.8) |
| 2021 | 4,050 | 23.9 (22.4–25.4) | 66.7 (65.0–68.5) | 9.4 (8.3–10.5) |
| If a mother breastfeeds her baby, she may be less likely to develop high blood pressure later in her life.c | ||||
| 2018 | 4,061 | 14.8 (13.5–16.1) | 72.6 (71.0–74.2) | 12.6 (11.4–13.8) |
| 2021 | 4,050 | 15.5 (14.2–16.9) | 76.0 (74.5–77.6) | 8.4 (7.4–9.5) |
| If a mother breastfeeds her baby, she may be less likely to develop type 2 diabetes later in her life.d | ||||
| 2021 | 4,050 | 15.4 (14.1–16.8) | 74.3 (72.7–76.0) | 10.2 (9.0–11.4) |
a Percentages and 95% CIs are estimated using SummerStyles adult survey weights.
b Chi-square P = .12 comparing responses of agree to breastfeeding question in 2018 compared with 2021.
c Chi-square P = .37 comparing responses of agree to high blood pressure question in 2018 compared with 2021.
d Question not asked in SummerStyles 2018 survey.
| Characteristic | N | Breast cancer | High blood pressure | Type 2 diabetes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Agree | % Neutral | % Disagree | % Agree | % Neutral | % Disagree | % Agree | % Neutral | % Disagree | ||
| Total | 4,050 | 23.9 | 66.7 | 9.4 | 15.5 | 76.0 | 8.4 | 15.4 | 74.3 | 10.2 |
| Gender | P < .001 | P = .001 | P < .001 | |||||||
| Male | 2,077 | 19.5 | 72.3 | 8.2 | 14.7 | 78.8 | 6.5 | 13.4 | 77.8 | 8.8 |
| Female | 1,973 | 28.0 | 61.5 | 10.5 | 16.3 | 73.5 | 10.2 | 17.3 | 71.1 | 11.6 |
| Age, y | P = .47 | P < .001 | P < .001 | |||||||
| 18–29 | 377 | 22.8 | 67.1 | 10.0 | 18.2 | 74.1 | 7.7 | 17.9 | 70.9 | 11.3 |
| 30–44 | 987 | 25.9 | 66.4 | 7.7 | 21.1 | 72.1 | 6.8 | 18.8 | 72.4 | 8.8 |
| 45–59 | 1,164 | 24.9 | 65.4 | 9.7 | 13.8 | 76.8 | 9.4 | 16.4 | 73.3 | 10.2 |
| ≥60 | 1,522 | 22.1 | 67.9 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 80.1 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 79.2 | 10.7 |
| Race and ethnicity | P = .001 | P = .001 | P = .001 | |||||||
| Black or African American, non-Hispanic | 306 | 18.2 | 66.2 | 15.6 | 15.9 | 69.0 | 15.1 | 15.3 | 67.2 | 17.5 |
| Hispanic | 408 | 23.7 | 65.0 | 11.2 | 15.1 | 74.8 | 10.1 | 16.0 | 71.6 | 12.5 |
| White, non-Hispanic | 3,007 | 24.5 | 67.6 | 7.9 | 15.1 | 77.8 | 7.1 | 14.9 | 76.6 | 8.5 |
| ≥2 races, non-Hispanic | 128 | 36.7 | 52.6 | 10.7 | 21.2 | 70.0 | 8.8 | 22.5 | 67.9 | 9.6 |
| Other race, non-Hispanic | 201 | 24.8 | 67.5 | 7.7 | 18.1 | 76.9 | 5.0 | 17.5 | 73.9 | 8.6 |
| Education | P < .001 | P = .003 | P < .001 | |||||||
| High school graduate or less | 1,212 | 19.1 | 69.7 | 11.2 | 13.2 | 76.7 | 10.0 | 12.3 | 75.2 | 12.5 |
| Some college | 1,235 | 25.2 | 66.1 | 8.7 | 15.8 | 75.5 | 8.8 | 17.5 | 73.2 | 9.3 |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 1,603 | 28.5 | 63.8 | 7.8 | 18.0 | 75.8 | 6.2 | 17.3 | 74.4 | 8.3 |
| Annual household income, $ | P < .001 | P = .57 | P = .10 | |||||||
| <25,000 | 323 | 15.5 | 71.4 | 13.1 | 12.3 | 77.7 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 76.0 | 12.9 |
| 25,000–49,999 | 609 | 20.2 | 69.0 | 10.8 | 14.7 | 75.9 | 9.3 | 14.5 | 73.3 | 12.2 |
| 50,000–99,999 | 1,291 | 25.8 | 65.7 | 8.5 | 16.5 | 75.5 | 8.1 | 15.9 | 75.0 | 9.1 |
| ≥100,000 | 1,827 | 26.7 | 65.1 | 8.2 | 16.1 | 76.1 | 7.8 | 16.9 | 73.7 | 9.4 |
| Employment | P = .16 | P = .17 | P = .11 | |||||||
| Working | 2,463 | 24.6 | 66.9 | 8.6 | 16.6 | 75.2 | 8.2 | 16.6 | 73.7 | 9.7 |
| Not working | 1,587 | 22.9 | 66.5 | 10.6 | 13.9 | 77.3 | 8.8 | 13.7 | 75.3 | 10.9 |
| Marital status | P < .001 | P = .22 | P = .01 | |||||||
| Married | 2,714 | 27.8 | 63.1 | 9.1 | 16.6 | 75.0 | 8.4 | 17.3 | 73.4 | 9.3 |
| Not married | 1,336 | 18.7 | 71.5 | 9.8 | 14.1 | 77.4 | 8.5 | 13.0 | 75.6 | 11.4 |
| Metro status | P = .34 | P = .96 | P = .90 | |||||||
| Metro area | 550 | 25.9 | 66.5 | 7.6 | 15.1 | 76.7 | 8.2 | 14.7 | 75.3 | 10.0 |
| Nonmetro area | 3,500 | 23.6 | 66.8 | 9.6 | 15.6 | 76.0 | 8.5 | 15.5 | 74.2 | 10.3 |
| Region | P = .15 | P = .89 | P = .07 | |||||||
| Northeast | 753 | 20.3 | 69.8 | 9.9 | 14.6 | 76.6 | 8.8 | 15.4 | 76.2 | 8.4 |
| Midwest | 890 | 26.5 | 63.6 | 9.9 | 16.0 | 74.7 | 9.2 | 16.2 | 74.6 | 9.2 |
| South | 1,457 | 22.8 | 67.5 | 9.7 | 15.3 | 76.1 | 8.6 | 14.8 | 72.5 | 12.7 |
| West | 950 | 25.9 | 66.1 | 8.0 | 16.0 | 76.7 | 7.3 | 15.8 | 75.7 | 8.5 |
a Percentages are estimated using SummerStyles adult survey weights. P values based on χ2 test of weighted proportions.
| Characteristic | Breast cancer | High blood pressure | Type 2 diabetes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Agree | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | % Agree | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | % Agree | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Total | 23.9 | NA | 15.5 | NA | 15.4 | NA |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 19.5 | 0.59 (0.50–0.71) | 14.7 | 0.86 (0.70–1.07) | 13.4 | 0.71 (0.58–0.88) |
| Female | 28.0 | 1 [Reference] | 16.3 | 1 [Reference] | 17.3 | 1 [Reference] |
| Age, y | ||||||
| 18–29 | 22.8 | 1 [Reference] | 18.2 | 1 [Reference] | 17.9 | 1 [Reference] |
| 30–44 | 25.9 | 0.91 (0.66–1.26) | 21.1 | 0.99 (0.70–1.40) | 18.8 | 0.84 (0.58–1.21) |
| 45–59 | 24.9 | 0.84 (0.60–1.16) | 13.8 | 0.58 (0.40–0.84) | 16.4 | 0.68 (0.47–0.97) |
| ≥60 | 22.1 | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | 10.4 | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | 10.1 | 0.38 (0.26–0.56) |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| Black or African American, non-Hispanic | 18.2 | 0.80 (0.56–1.14) | 15.9 | 1.12 (0.77–1.62) | 15.3 | 1.13 (0.77–1.67) |
| Hispanic | 23.7 | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | 15.1 | 0.96 (0.67–1.37) | 16.0 | 1.09 (0.77–1.54) |
| White, non-Hispanic | 24.5 | 1 [Reference] | 15.1 | 1 [Reference] | 14.9 | 1 [Reference] |
| ≥2 races, non-Hispanic | 36.7 | 1.88 (1.19–2.96) | 21.2 | 1.42 (0.79–2.55) | 22.5 | 1.60 (0.94–2.73) |
| Other race, non-Hispanic | 24.8 | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | 18.1 | 1.10 (0.70–1.71) | 17.5 | 1.10 (0.70–1.72) |
| Education | ||||||
| High school graduate or less | 19.1 | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) | 13.2 | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 12.3 | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) |
| Some college | 25.2 | 0.86 (0.70–1.06) | 15.8 | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 17.5 | 1.10 (0.86–1.41) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 28.5 | 1 [Reference] | 18.0 | 1 [Reference] | 17.3 | 1 [Reference] |
| Annual household income, $ | ||||||
| <25,000 | 15.5 | 0.70 (0.46–1.07) | 12.3 | 0.89 (0.55–1.44) | 11.1 | 0.81 (0.49–1.34) |
| 25,000–49,999 | 20.2 | 0.84 (0.63–1.11) | 14.7 | 1.04 (0.74–1.46) | 14.5 | 0.98 (0.70–1.37) |
| 50,000–99,999 | 25.8 | 1.06 (0.86–1.29) | 16.5 | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 15.9 | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) |
| ≥100,000 | 26.7 | 1 [Reference] | 16.1 | 1 [Reference] | 16.9 | 1 [Reference] |
| Employment | ||||||
| Working | 24.6 | 1 [Reference] | 16.6 | 1 [Reference] | 16.6 | 1 [Reference] |
| Not working | 22.9 | 1.07 (0.86–1.33) | 13.9 | 1.07 (0.82–1.38) | 13.7 | 1.06 (0.81–1.38) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 27.8 | 1 [Reference] | 16.6 | 1 [Reference] | 17.3 | 1 [Reference] |
| Not married | 18.7 | 0.62 (0.50–0.76) | 14.1 | 0.69 (0.54–0.89) | 13.0 | 0.61 (0.47–0.79) |
| Metro status | ||||||
| Metro area | 25.9 | 1 [Reference] | 15.1 | 1 [Reference] | 14.7 | 1 [Reference] |
| Nonmetro area | 23.6 | 0.83 (0.64–1.09) | 15.6 | 0.98 (0.72–1.32) | 15.5 | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) |
| Region | ||||||
| Northeast | 20.3 | 0.72 (0.55–0.94) | 14.6 | 0.91 (0.65–1.26) | 15.4 | 0.95 (0.69–1.31) |
| Midwest | 26.5 | 1 [Reference] | 16.0 | 1 [Reference] | 16.2 | 1 [Reference] |
| South | 22.8 | 0.87 (0.70–1.10) | 15.3 | 0.96 (0.73–1.27) | 14.8 | 0.92 (0.69–1.21) |
| West | 25.9 | 0.95 (0.74–1.23) | 16.0 | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | 15.8 | 0.91 (0.66–1.26) |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
a Percentages are estimated using SummerStyles adult survey weights. Odds ratios and 95% CIs for each characteristic were adjusted for all other variables in this table.
The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors’ affiliated institutions.