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Prevalence of Past-Year Dental Visit Among US Adults Aged 50 Years or Older, With Selected Chronic Diseases, 2018

Nita Patel, DrPH1; Rebecca Fils-Aime, MPH1,2; Chien-Hsun Li, MS3; Mei Lin, MD1; Valerie Robison, DDS1 (View author affiliations)

Suggested citation for this article: Patel N, Fils-Aime R, Li C, Lin M, Robison V. Prevalence of Past-Year Dental Visit Among US Adults Aged 50 Years or Older, With Selected Chronic Diseases, 2018. Prev Chronic Dis 2021;18:200576. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd18.200576.

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Summary

What is already known on this topic?

Although routine dental care is an important component of maintaining overall health, little is known about dental service utilization among adults with chronic conditions.

What is added by this report?

We found small but consistent lower dental service utilization among older adults with diabetes, heart disease or stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease compared with those without the disease after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. We also found lower dental service utilization among older adults who smoked and who had lower income, less education, and no health care coverage.

What are the implications for public health practice?

Our findings suggest the need to examine effective interventions to increase dental service utilization among at-risk and vulnerable populations.

Abstract

In this study, we used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to conduct multivariable analyses to examine whether having selected chronic diseases was associated with lower past-year dental service utilization among US adults aged 50 years or older. We found consistent lower dental service utilization among older adults with diabetes, heart disease or stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with those without the disease after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. We also found lower dental service utilization among older adults with lower income, less education, and no health care coverage and among those who smoked. Effective interventions are needed to reduce disparities in access to dental care among at-risk and vulnerable populations.

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Objective

Adults who report chronic conditions have a higher prevalence of unmet dental treatment needs (1) and resulting tooth loss (2) than their counterparts without chronic conditions; adults reporting diabetes, heart disease, or rheumatoid arthritis are at least 50% more likely to have severe tooth loss that results in difficulty eating healthy foods. Tentative evidence suggests that the level of the periodontal pathogens and inflammatory response from periodontal disease could increase the risk of systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (3). A Cochrane review (4) found evidence that treating periodontitis improved glycemic control among people with diabetes. Although routine dental care is an important component of maintaining overall health, little is known about dental service utilization among adults with chronic conditions.

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Methods

We used data from the 2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a cross-sectional, annual landline and cellular telephone survey of noninstitutionalized adults aged 18 years or older living in the 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and US territories on health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services (5). Individuals without teeth (ie, edentate) are less likely to see the dentist (6); we restricted our study population to respondents who had at least 1 permanent tooth and were aged 50 years or older (N = 242,452).

The outcome variable, dental service utilization, was defined as visiting a dentist or dental clinic for any reason within the past year. We included chronic diseases associated with periodontal disease: arthritis, diabetes, heart diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We categorized heart attack, stroke, and coronary heart disease as heart disease. We assessed smoking status, a well-established risk factor for periodontal disease (7). Current cigarette smoking was defined as answering yes to the question, “Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your entire life?” and answering “every day” or “some days” to the question, “Do you now smoke cigarettes every day, some days, or not at all?”

Analysis was conducted using SAS-Callable SUDAAN (SAS Institute, Inc) to account for the complex sampling design. For bivariate analyses, we used χ2 tests to calculate prevalence of past-year dental visit by chronic conditions, regions, and selected sociodemographic characteristics. We used t tests for the multivariable analysis to determine adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) and 95% CIs for having a past-year dental visit by chronic conditions, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, annual household income, education, health care coverage, cigarette smoking status, and region. Significance was set at P < .001.

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Results

Approximately 7 in 10 dentate adults aged 50 years or older reported having a dental visit in the past year (72.4%) (Table 1). Crude prevalence of past-year dental visit was lower among adults who were male; were aged 50 to 64 years; were non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, or non-Hispanic other; had less than a college or technical school education; had an annual household income less than $75,000; had no health care coverage; and resided in regions other than the Northeast (Table 2). Crude prevalence of having a past-year dental visit was lower among older adults with arthritis; diabetes; heart attack, stroke, or coronary heart disease; and COPD. Current and former smokers were also less likely to have a past year dental visit than nonsmokers (Table 2).

In the adjusted model, older adults with diabetes; heart attack, stroke, or coronary heart disease; or COPD consistently had significantly lower dental service utilization compared with those without the disease, although the magnitude of the associations was small (Table 2). In addition, the associations between past-year dental visit and education, income, health insurance coverage, and cigarette smoking status remained pronounced in the adjusted model. Having a past-year dental visit was lower among older adults who did not graduate from high school (aPR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.74–0.81), who had an annual household income <$24,999 (aPR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.68–0.72), or were without health care coverage (aPR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.70–0.79) than older adults with a college degree or higher education, with an annual household income of $75,000 or more, or with health care coverage. Current smokers had lower dental service utilization than never smokers (aPR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.79–0.85).

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Discussion

To our knowledge, our study is the first to describe dental service utilization among older adults with selected chronic diseases. Although the magnitude of the association was small, we found consistently lower dental service utilization among older adults with diabetes, heart disease or stroke, and COPD, even after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Similar to other studies (8,9), we found that disparities in dental service utilization among older adults continue to persist by education, income, and health insurance status, as well as among cigarette smokers.

Lower dental service utilization among older adults could be, in part, due to loss of employer-based health insurance after retirement. Not all adults who have health insurance have dental insurance. Original Medicare does not provide routine dental services. Medicare Advantage Plans may cover dental services, but level of dental services and out-of-pocket costs vary by plan. We found that having chronic conditions was a barrier to dental service utilization. Individuals with systemic or chronic diseases are likely to prioritize their medical needs (9) over dental needs. Also, poor health associated with some chronic diseases could limit mobility among the elderly and subsequently affect access to dental services (9).

In 2011, the Institute of Medicine proposed integrating oral health with the medical health care system to promote better health and improve access to both dental and medical preventive services (10). Our findings suggest the need to have continued national dialogue to foster interprofessional and interprogram collaboration, examine how oral health care and medical care intersect, and identify opportunities where the 2 disparate health systems can potentially integrate to facilitate better care coordination for older adults with chronic diseases. Additional strategies may include systematically reviewing examples of successful models of medical–dental integration to identify best practices that increase dental service utilization among older adults with chronic diseases. Some short-term strategies may include educating health care providers about the higher need for routine dental care among older adults with chronic diseases.

Our study had several limitations. First, BRFSS data are self-reported and subject to both recall and social desirability bias. Second, BRFSS does not assess dental insurance coverage. Our use of health care coverage as a proxy indicator for dental insurance may have resulted in underestimation of dental service utilization.

In conclusion, effective interventions are needed to reduce disparities in access to dental care among at-risk and vulnerable populations.

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Acknowledgments

The authors have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest to report. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. No copyrighted materials were used in this research.

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Author Information

Corresponding Author: Nita Patel, DrPH, Division of Oral Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, MS S107-8, Atlanta, GA 30341-3717. Telephone: 404-639-8706. E-mail: nfp5@cdc.gov.

Author Affiliations: 1Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Oral Health, Atlanta, Georgia. 2Now with Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 3CyberData Technologies Inc, Herndon, Virginia.

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References

  1. Griffin SO, Barker LK, Griffin PM, Cleveland JL, Kohn W. Oral health needs among adults in the United States with chronic diseases. J Am Dent Assoc 2009;140(10):1266–74. CrossRef PubMed
  2. Parker ML, Thornton-Evans G, Wei L, Griffin SO. Prevalence of and changes in tooth loss among adults aged ≥50 years with selected chronic conditions — United States, 1999–2004 and 2011–2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69(21):641–6. CrossRef PubMed
  3. Beck J, Offenbacher S. Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. J Periodontol 2005;76(11S):2089–100. CrossRef
  4. Simpson T, Weldon J, Worthington H, Needleman I, Wild S, Moles D, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(11):CD004714.
  5. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: overview: BRFSS 2016. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/brfss/annual_data/2016/pdf/overview_2016.pdf. Accessed March 23, 2021.
  6. Macek MD, Cohen LA, Reid BC, Manski RJ. Dental visits among older U.S. adults, 1999: the roles of dentition status and cost. J Am Dent Assoc 2004;135(8):1154–62, quiz 1165. CrossRef PubMed
  7. Kinane DF, Chestnutt IG. Smoking and periodontal disease. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2000;11(3):356–65. CrossRef PubMed
  8. Lutfiyya MN, Gross AJ, Soffe B, Lipsky MS. Dental care utilization: examining the associations between health services deficits and not having a dental visit in past 12 months. BMC Public Health 2019;19(1):265. CrossRef PubMed
  9. Kiyak HA, Reichmuth M. Barriers to and enablers of older adults’ use of dental services. J Dent Educ 2005;69(9):975–86. CrossRef PubMed
  10. Advancing Oral Health in America. Washington (DC); Institute of Medicine of the National Academies; 2011.

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Tables

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Table 1. Percentage of Dentatea Adults Aged ≥50 Years, by Selected Characteristics, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2018
Characteristic No. of Respondents (N = 242,452) Weighted Percentage (SE)
Demographic Characteristics
Age, y
50–64 115,367 57.6 (0.2)
≥65 127,085 42.4 (0.2)
Sex
Male 105,672 46.9 (0.2)
Female 136,239 53.1 (0.2)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White 197,581 73.4 (0.3)
Non-Hispanic Black 17,628 9.9 (0.1)
Hispanic 10,229 10.6 (0.2)
Non-Hispanic other 12,305 6.1 (0.2)
Education
Did not graduate from high school 13,679 11.8 (0.2)
High school graduate 63,005 26.7 (0.2)
Attended college or technical school 66,414 31.4 (0.2)
College or technical school graduate 98,577 30.2 (0.2)
Annual household income, $
≤24,999 44,697 23.2 (0.2)
25,000–49,999 49,689 23.2 (0.2)
50,000–74,999 34,540 16.1 (0.2)
≥75,000 70,203 37.4 (0.2)
Health care coverage
Yes 230,679 93.6 (0.1)
No 11,129 6.4 (0.1)
US regionb
Northeast 78,648 24.1 (0.2)
Southeast 35,943 20.3 (0.1)
Southwest 18,490 11.3 (0.2)
Midwest 55,579 20.8 (0.1)
West 53,792 23.4 (0.2)
Health Status and Chronic Diseases
Arthritis
Yes 107,730 41.6 (0.2)
No 133,430 58.4 (0.2)
Diabetes
Yes 42,415 18.3 (0.2)
No 199,705 81.7 (0.2)
Heart attack, stroke, or coronary heart disease
Yes 36,703 14.3 (0.2)
No 205,653 85.7 (0.2)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Yes 22,762 9.3 (0.1)
No 218,478 90.7 (0.1)
History of cigarette smoking
Current smoker 25,509 12.0 (0.2)
Former smoker 77,314 32.1 (0.2)
Never smoked 131,447 55.9 (0.2)
Past-year dental visit
Yes 180,015 72.4 (0.2)
No 60,612 27.6 (0.2)

a Dentate is defined as individuals with at least 1 permanent tooth.
b For our analysis, the Northeast region includes HHS Regions 1 (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont), 2 (New Jersey, New York), and 3 (District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia); the Southeast region includes HHS Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); the Southwest region includes HHS Region 6 (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas); the Midwest region includes HHS Regions 5 (Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin) and 7 (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska); and the West region includes HHS Regions 8 (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming), 9 (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada), and 10 (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington).

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Table 2. Crude Prevalence and Adjusted Prevalence Ratio of Past-Year Dental Visit Among Dentatea Adults Aged ≥50 Years, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2018
Characteristic Crude Prevalence of Past-Year Dental Visit (95% CI) P Valueb aPR (95% CI) P Valuec
Overall 72.4 (72.0–72.8) NA NA NA
Sex
Male 69.9 (69.2–70.5) <.001 1 [Reference]
Female 74.7 (74.1–75.2) 1.08 (1.07–1.10) <.001
Age, y
50–64 70.8 (70.2–71.3) <.001 1 [Reference]
≥65 74.6 (74.0–75.3) 1.06 (1.05–1.08) <.001
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White 76.0 (75.6–76.4) <.001 1 [Reference]
Non-Hispanic Black 60.3 (58.7–61.8) 0.92 (0.89–0.94) <.001
Hispanic 60.3 (58.2–62.4) 1.00 (0.97–1.04) 0.82
Non-Hispanic other 70.1 (67.4–72.7) 0.97 (0.93–1.01) 0.09
Education
Did not graduate from high school 48.7 (46.8–50.7) <.001 0.77 (0.74–0.81) <.001
High school graduate 66.7 (65.9–67.5) 0.91 (0.89–0.92) <.001
Attended some college or technical school 73.9 (73.1–74.6) 0.95 (0.94–0.97) <.001
College or technical school graduate 85.1 (84.6–85.6) 1 [Reference]
Annual household income, $
≤24,999 51.6 (50.5–52.7) <.001 0.70 (0.68–0.72) <.001
25,000–49,999 67.0 (66.0–68.1) 0.83 (0.82–0.85) <.001
50,000–74,999 77.8 (76.7–78.8) 0.93 (0.92–0.95) <.001
≥75,000 86.2 (85.6–86.7) 1 [Reference]
Health care coverage
Yes 74.3 (73.9–74.7) <.001 1 [Reference]
No 44.9 (42.7–47.2) 0.75 (0.70–0.79) <.001
Arthritis
Yes 71.4 (70.7–72.0) <.001 1.01 (1.00–1.02) .16
No 73.2 (72.6–73.8) 1 [Reference]
Diabetes
Yes 64.7 (63.6–65.9) <.001 0.95 (0.93–0.97) <.001
No 74.1 (73.7–74.6) 1 [Reference]
Heart attack, stroke, or coronary heart disease
Yes 63.9 (62.7–65.0) <.001 0.95 (0.92–0.97) <.001
No 73.8 (73.4–74.3) 1 [Reference]
COPD
Yes 59.3 (57.7–60.8) <.001 0.93 (0.91–0.96) <.001
No 73.8 (73.4–74.3) 1 [Reference]
History of cigarette smoking
Current smoker 53.3 (51.9–54.8) <.001 0.82 (0.79–0.85) <.001
Former smoker 73.0 (72.3–73.7) 0.98 (0.97–0.99) 0.001
Never smoked 76.3 (75.7–76.8) 1 [Reference]
US regiond
Northeast 76.2 (75.4–76.8) <.001 1 [Reference]
Southeast 69.4 (68.5–70.3) 0.97 (0.95–0.98) <.001
Southwest 64.7 (62.7–66.7) 0.91 (0.88–0.94) < .001
Midwest 74.3 (73.6–74.9) 0.99 (0.98–1.01) .33
West 73.2 (72.2–74.1) 0.97 (0.96–0.99) .001

Abbreviations: aPR, adjusted prevalence ratio; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NA, not applicable.
a Dentate is defined as individuals with at least 1 permanent tooth.
b Chi-square test was used for the bivariate analysis.
c t test was used for the adjusted prevalence ratio analysis.
d For our analysis, the Northeast region includes HHS Regions 1 (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont), 2 (New Jersey, New York), and 3 (District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia); the Southeast region includes HHS Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); the Southwest region includes HHS Region 6 (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas); the Midwest region includes HHS Regions 5 (Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin) and 7 (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska); and the West region includes HHS Regions 8 (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming), 9 (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada), and 10 (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington).

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