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Sex-Specific Association of Blood Pressure Categories With All-Cause Mortality: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study
ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 17 — January 30, 2020
PEER REVIEWED
The baseline number of participants was 20,194. Over the 5.95-year follow-up period, 16,155 of them survived, 1,110 died, and 2,929 did not respond. Of the 17,265 combined survivors and decedents, 3,505 were excluded either because they used antihypertension medication or because data for them were incomplete for systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure at baseline. This left a final cohort of 13,760.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram of participant selection, Sex-Specific Association of Blood Pressure Categories With All-Cause Mortality: The Rural Chinese Cohort Study, 2007–2014. Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Figure 2.
Adjusted risk trends for all-cause mortality by blood pressure level at baseline examination on a continuous scale for men and women, adjusted for age; marital status; mean individual income (monthly); education level; smoking; drinking; physical activity; body mass index; total cholesterol; triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; fasting plasma glucose; family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia; and use of hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering medications. Abbreviations: —, not applicable; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
| Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, mm Hg | aHR (95% CI) | DBP, mm Hg | aHR (95% CI) | SBP, mm Hg | aHR (95% CI) | DBP, mm Hg | aHR (95% CI) |
| 76 | 2.17 (0.82–5.77) | 48 | 1.16 (0.61–2.20) | 66 | 3.09 (0.73–13.17) | 42 | 5.08 (1.64–15.76) |
| 77 | 2.12 (0.82–5.48) | 49 | 1.15 (0.63–2.11) | 67 | 3.01 (0.73–12.40) | 43 | 4.77 (1.61–14.18) |
| 78 | 2.07 (0.83–5.20) | 50 | 1.14 (0.64–2.02) | 68 | 2.93 (0.74–11.66) | 44 | 4.48 (1.58–12.76) |
| 79 | 2.03 (0.83–4.94) | 51 | 1.13 (0.66–1.93) | 69 | 2.86 (0.74–10.97) | 45 | 4.21 (1.55–11.48) |
| 80 | 1.98 (0.84–4.69) | 52 | 1.12 (0.68–1.85) | 70 | 2.78 (0.75–10.33) | 46 | 3.96 (1.52–10.33) |
| 81 | 1.93 (0.84–4.45) | 53 | 1.11 (0.70–1.77) | 71 | 2.71 (0.76–9.72) | 47 | 3.72 (1.49–9.29) |
| 82 | 1.89 (0.84–4.22) | 54 | 1.10 (0.72–1.69) | 72 | 2.64 (0.76–9.14) | 48 | 3.49 (1.46–8.36) |
| 83 | 1.84 (0.85–4.01) | 55 | 1.09 (0.73–1.62) | 73 | 2.57 (0.77–8.60) | 49 | 3.28 (1.43–7.52) |
| 84 | 1.80 (0.85–3.81) | 56 | 1.08 (0.75–1.55) | 74 | 2.51 (0.78–8.10) | 50 | 3.08 (1.40–6.77) |
| 85 | 1.76 (0.86–3.62) | 57 | 1.07 (0.77–1.49) | 75 | 2.44 (0.78–7.62) | 51 | 2.89 (1.37–6.09) |
| 86 | 1.72 (0.86–3.43) | 58 | 1.06 (0.79–1.42) | 76 | 2.38 (0.79–7.17) | 52 | 2.72 (1.35–5.48) |
| 87 | 1.68 (0.86–3.26) | 59 | 1.05 (0.82–1.36) | 77 | 2.32 (0.80–6.75) | 53 | 2.55 (1.32–4.93) |
| 88 | 1.64 (0.87–3.10) | 60 | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 78 | 2.26 (0.80–6.35) | 54 | 2.40 (1.29–4.44) |
| 89 | 1.60 (0.87–2.94) | 61 | 1.04 (0.86–1.25) | 79 | 2.20 (0.81–5.97) | 55 | 2.25 (1.27–4.00) |
| 90 | 1.56 (0.88–2.79) | 62 | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 80 | 2.14 (0.81–5.62) | 56 | 2.11 (1.24–3.60) |
| 91 | 1.53 (0.88–2.65) | 63 | 1.02 (0.91–1.15) | 81 | 2.08 (0.82–5.29) | 57 | 1.99 (1.22–3.24) |
| 92 | 1.49 (0.89–2.52) | 64 | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 82 | 2.03 (0.83–4.98) | 58 | 1.86 (1.19–2.92) |
| 93 | 1.46 (0.89–2.39) | 65 | 1.01 (0.95–1.06) | 83 | 1.98 (0.83–4.69) | 59 | 1.75 (1.17–2.63) |
| 94 | 1.42 (0.89–2.27) | 66 | 1.00 (0.98–1.03) | 84 | 1.93 (0.84–4.41) | 60 | 1.65 (1.14–2.37) |
| 95 | 1.39 (0.90–2.15) | 67 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 85 | 1.88 (0.85–4.15) | 61 | 1.55 (1.12–2.13) |
| 96 | 1.36 (0.90–2.04) | 68 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 86 | 1.83 (0.86–3.91) | 62 | 1.45 (1.09–1.93) |
| 97 | 1.33 (0.91–1.94) | 69 | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) | 87 | 1.78 (0.86–3.68) | 63 | 1.36 (1.07–1.74) |
| 98 | 1.30 (0.91–1.84) | 70 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 88 | 1.73 (0.87–3.46) | 64 | 1.28 (1.04–1.58) |
| 99 | 1.27 (0.92–1.75) | 71 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 89 | 1.69 (0.88–3.26) | 65 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) |
| 100 | 1.24 (0.92–1.66) | 72 | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 90 | 1.65 (0.88–3.07) | 66 | 1.15 (0.99–1.32) |
| 101 | 1.21 (0.92–1.58) | 73 | 1.06 (0.96–1.16) | 91 | 1.60 (0.89–2.89) | 67 | 1.09 (0.97–1.23) |
| 102 | 1.18 (0.93–1.50) | 74 | 1.08 (0.96–1.21) | 92 | 1.56 (0.90–2.72) | 68 | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) |
| 103 | 1.15 (0.93–1.42) | 75 | 1.11 (0.97–1.26) | 93 | 1.52 (0.90–2.56) | 69 | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) |
| 104 | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 76 | 1.14 (0.97–1.32) | 94 | 1.48 (0.91–2.41) | 70 | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
| 105 | 1.10 (0.94–1.29) | 77 | 1.17 (0.98–1.39) | 95 | 1.44 (0.92–2.27) | 71 | 0.98 (0.94–1.03) |
| 106 | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 78 | 1.20 (0.98–1.47) | 96 | 1.40 (0.92–2.14) | 72 | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) |
| 107 | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 79 | 1.23 (0.99–1.54) | 97 | 1.37 (0.93–2.02) | 73 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
| 108 | 1.04 (0.96–1.14) | 80 | 1.26 (1.00–1.60) | 98 | 1.33 (0.93–1.90) | 74 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| 109 | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 81 | 1.29 (1.01–1.66) | 99 | 1.30 (0.94–1.79) | 75 | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) |
| 110 | 1.02 (0.97–1.06) | 82 | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) | 100 | 1.27 (0.95–1.69) | 76 | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) |
| 111 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 83 | 1.35 (1.03–1.76) | 101 | 1.23 (0.95–1.60) | 77 | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) |
| 112 | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 84 | 1.37 (1.05–1.79) | 102 | 1.20 (0.95–1.52) | 78 | 1.17 (0.99–1.39) |
| 113 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 85 | 1.39 (1.06–1.82) | 103 | 1.18 (0.96–1.45) | 79 | 1.21 (0.99–1.48) |
| 114 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 86 | 1.41 (1.08–1.85) | 104 | 1.15 (0.96–1.38) | 80 | 1.25 (1.00–1.57) |
| 115 | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | 87 | 1.43 (1.10–1.87) | 105 | 1.12 (0.96–1.32) | 81 | 1.29 (1.01–1.65) |
| 116 | 1.02 (0.98–1.05) | 88 | 1.45 (1.11–1.90) | 106 | 1.10 (0.96–1.27) | 82 | 1.32 (1.02–1.71) |
| 117 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 89 | 1.47 (1.13–1.92) | 107 | 1.08 (0.96–1.22) | 83 | 1.36 (1.04–1.77) |
| 118 | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 90 | 1.49 (1.14–1.94) | 108 | 1.06 (0.95–1.18) | 84 | 1.38 (1.05–1.82) |
| 119 | 1.07 (1.00–1.16) | 91 | 1.51 (1.16–1.97) | 109 | 1.05 (0.95–1.15) | 85 | 1.41 (1.06–1.87) |
| 120 | 1.10 (1.00–1.20) | 92 | 1.52 (1.16–2.00) | 110 | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 86 | 1.43 (1.08–1.90) |
| 121 | 1.12 (1.01–1.25) | 93 | 1.54 (1.17–2.03) | 111 | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 87 | 1.45 (1.09–1.93) |
| 122 | 1.15 (1.02–1.31) | 94 | 1.56 (1.17–2.07) | 112 | 1.01 (0.95–1.08) | 88 | 1.47 (1.10–1.96) |
| 123 | 1.19 (1.03–1.37) | 95 | 1.58 (1.18–2.12) | 113 | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 89 | 1.49 (1.11–1.98) |
| 124 | 1.22 (1.03–1.43) | 96 | 1.59 (1.17–2.17) | 114 | 1.00 (0.97–1.04) | 90 | 1.50 (1.12–2.01) |
| 125 | 1.25 (1.04–1.50) | 97 | 1.61 (1.17–2.22) | 115 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 91 | 1.52 (1.13–2.03) |
| 126 | 1.28 (1.05–1.56) | 98 | 1.63 (1.17–2.28) | 116 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 92 | 1.53 (1.13–2.06) |
| 127 | 1.32 (1.06–1.63) | 99 | 1.65 (1.16–2.34) | 117 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 93 | 1.54 (1.13–2.09) |
| 128 | 1.35 (1.07–1.69) | 100 | 1.67 (1.15–2.41) | 118 | 1.00 (0.97–1.05) | 94 | 1.55 (1.13–2.13) |
| 129 | 1.38 (1.08–1.75) | 101 | 1.69 (1.14–2.49) | 119 | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 95 | 1.56 (1.12–2.17) |
| 130 | 1.40 (1.10–1.80) | 102 | 1.71 (1.13–2.56) | 120 | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 96 | 1.58 (1.12–2.22) |
| 131 | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 103 | 1.72 (1.12–2.65) | 121 | 1.02 (0.92–1.13) | 97 | 1.59 (1.11–2.28) |
| 132 | 1.46 (1.12–1.90) | 104 | 1.74 (1.11–2.73) | 122 | 1.03 (0.91–1.17) | 98 | 1.60 (1.10–2.33) |
| 133 | 1.48 (1.13–1.95) | 105 | 1.76 (1.10–2.82) | 123 | 1.03 (0.89–1.20) | 99 | 1.61 (1.08–2.40) |
| 134 | 1.51 (1.14–1.99) | 106 | 1.78 (1.09–2.92) | 124 | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 100 | 1.62 (1.07–2.46) |
| 135 | 1.53 (1.16–2.03) | 107 | 1.80 (1.08–3.02) | 125 | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 101 | 1.64 (1.05–2.54) |
| 136 | 1.55 (1.17–2.06) | 108 | 1.82 (1.07–3.12) | 126 | 1.06 (0.87–1.29) | 102 | 1.65 (1.04–2.61) |
| 137 | 1.57 (1.18–2.09) | 109 | 1.84 (1.05–3.23) | 127 | 1.07 (0.86–1.32) | 103 | 1.66 (1.02–2.69) |
| 138 | 1.59 (1.20–2.12) | 110 | 1.87 (1.04–3.34) | 128 | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 104 | 1.67 (1.01–2.78) |
| 139 | 1.61 (1.21–2.15) | 111 | 1.89 (1.03–3.46) | 129 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | 105 | 1.69 (0.99–2.86) |
| 140 | 1.63 (1.22–2.18) | 112 | 1.91 (1.01–3.58) | 130 | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 106 | 1.70 (0.98–2.96) |
| 141 | 1.65 (1.24–2.20) | 113 | 1.93 (1.00–3.71) | 131 | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 107 | 1.71 (0.96–3.05) |
| 142 | 1.67 (1.25–2.22) | 114 | 1.95 (0.99–3.85) | 132 | 1.11 (0.85–1.45) | 108 | 1.72 (0.94–3.16) |
| 143 | 1.68 (1.27–2.24) | 115 | 1.97 (0.98–3.98) | 133 | 1.11 (0.85–1.47) | 109 | 1.74 (0.93–3.26) |
| 144 | 1.70 (1.28–2.26) | 116 | 1.99 (0.96–4.13) | 134 | 1.12 (0.85–1.49) | 110 | 1.75 (0.91–3.37) |
| 145 | 1.72 (1.29–2.28) | 117 | 2.02 (0.95–4.28) | 135 | 1.13 (0.85–1.51) | 111 | 1.76 (0.89–3.49) |
| 146 | 1.73 (1.31–2.30) | 118 | 2.04 (0.94–4.43) | 136 | 1.14 (0.85–1.52) | 112 | 1.78 (0.88–3.61) |
| 147 | 1.75 (1.32–2.31) | 119 | 2.06 (0.93–4.60) | 137 | 1.15 (0.86–1.54) | 113 | 1.79 (0.86–3.73) |
| 148 | 1.76 (1.33–2.33) | 120 | 2.09 (0.91–4.77) | 138 | 1.16 (0.86–1.55) | 114 | 1.80 (0.84–3.86) |
| 149 | 1.78 (1.34–2.35) | 121 | 2.11 (0.90–4.94) | 139 | 1.16 (0.86–1.57) | 115 | 1.82 (0.83–3.99) |
| 150 | 1.79 (1.35–2.37) | 122 | 2.13 (0.89–5.12) | 140 | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 116 | 1.83 (0.81–4.13) |
| 151 | 1.81 (1.37–2.39) | 123 | 2.16 (0.88–5.31) | 141 | 1.18 (0.88–1.60) | 117 | 1.85 (0.80–4.28) |
| 152 | 1.82 (1.38–2.41) | 124 | 2.18 (0.86–5.51) | 142 | 1.19 (0.88–1.61) | 118 | 1.86 (0.78–4.43) |
| 153 | 1.84 (1.39–2.43) | 125 | 2.21 (0.85–5.71) | 143 | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | 119 | 1.87 (0.76–4.59) |
| 154 | 1.85 (1.40–2.45) | 126 | 2.23 (0.84–5.92) | 144 | 1.21 (0.89–1.63) | 120 | 1.89 (0.75–4.75) |
| 155 | 1.87 (1.41–2.48) | 127 | 2.26 (0.83–6.14) | 145 | 1.22 (0.90–1.65) | 121 | 1.90 (0.73–4.92) |
| 156 | 1.88 (1.42–2.50) | 128 | 2.28 (0.82–6.37) | 146 | 1.23 (0.91–1.66) | 122 | 1.92 (0.72–5.10) |
| 157 | 1.90 (1.42–2.53) | 129 | 2.31 (0.81–6.61) | 147 | 1.24 (0.91–1.67) | 123 | 1.93 (0.71–5.28) |
| 158 | 1.91 (1.43–2.56) | 130 | 2.33 (0.79–6.86) | 148 | 1.25 (0.92–1.68) | 124 | 1.94 (0.69–5.47) |
| 159 | 1.93 (1.44–2.58) | 131 | 2.36 (0.78–7.11) | 149 | 1.25 (0.93–1.70) | 125 | 1.96 (0.68–5.66) |
| 160 | 1.94 (1.45–2.61) | 132 | 2.39 (0.77–7.38) | 150 | 1.26 (0.94–1.71) | 126 | 1.97 (0.66–5.87) |
| 161 | 1.96 (1.45–2.65) | 133 | 2.41 (0.76–7.65) | 151 | 1.27 (0.94–1.72) | 127 | 1.99 (0.65–6.08) |
| 162 | 1.98 (1.46–2.68) | — | — | 152 | 1.28 (0.95–1.74) | 128 | 2.00 (0.64–6.30) |
| 163 | 1.99 (1.47–2.71) | — | — | 153 | 1.29 (0.95–1.75) | 129 | 2.02 (0.63–6.52) |
| 164 | 2.01 (1.47–2.75) | — | — | 154 | 1.30 (0.96–1.77) | — | — |
| 165 | 2.03 (1.48–2.78) | — | — | 155 | 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | — | — |
| 166 | 2.04 (1.48–2.82) | — | — | 156 | 1.32 (0.97–1.80) | — | — |
| 167 | 2.06 (1.49–2.86) | — | — | 157 | 1.33 (0.97–1.82) | — | — |
| 168 | 2.08 (1.49–2.90) | — | — | 158 | 1.34 (0.98–1.84) | — | — |
| 169 | 2.10 (1.49–2.94) | — | — | 159 | 1.35 (0.98–1.86) | — | — |
| 170 | 2.11 (1.50–2.98) | — | — | 160 | 1.36 (0.99–1.88) | — | — |
| 171 | 2.13 (1.50–3.02) | — | — | 161 | 1.37 (0.99–1.90) | — | — |
| 172 | 2.15 (1.50–3.07) | — | — | 162 | 1.38 (0.99–1.93) | — | — |
| 173 | 2.17 (1.51–3.11) | — | — | 163 | 1.39 (0.99–1.95) | — | — |
| 174 | 2.18 (1.51–3.16) | — | — | 164 | 1.40 (1.00–1.98) | — | — |
| 175 | 2.20 (1.51–3.21) | — | — | 165 | 1.41 (1.00–2.00) | — | — |
| 176 | 2.22 (1.51–3.26) | — | — | 166 | 1.42 (1.00–2.03) | — | — |
| 177 | 2.24 (1.52–3.31) | — | — | 167 | 1.44 (1.00–2.05) | — | — |
| 178 | 2.26 (1.52–3.36) | — | — | 168 | 1.45 (1.00–2.08) | — | — |
| 179 | 2.28 (1.52–3.41) | — | — | 169 | 1.46 (1.01–2.11) | — | — |
| 180 | 2.29 (1.52–3.46) | — | — | 170 | 1.47 (1.01–2.14) | — | — |
| 181 | 2.31 (1.52–3.52) | — | — | 171 | 1.48 (1.01–2.17) | — | — |
| 182 | 2.33 (1.52–3.58) | — | — | 172 | 1.49 (1.01–2.20) | — | — |
| 183 | 2.35 (1.52–3.63) | — | — | 173 | 1.50 (1.01–2.24) | — | — |
| 184 | 2.37 (1.52–3.69) | — | — | 174 | 1.51 (1.01–2.27) | — | — |
| 185 | 2.39 (1.52–3.75) | — | — | 175 | 1.52 (1.01–2.30) | — | — |
| 186 | 2.41 (1.52–3.82) | — | — | 176 | 1.54 (1.01–2.34) | — | — |
| 187 | 2.43 (1.52–3.88) | — | — | 177 | 1.55 (1.01–2.37) | — | — |
| 188 | 2.45 (1.52–3.94) | — | — | 178 | 1.56 (1.01–2.41) | — | — |
| 189 | 2.47 (1.52–4.01) | — | — | 179 | 1.57 (1.01–2.45) | — | — |
| 190 | 2.49 (1.52–4.08) | — | — | 180 | 1.58 (1.01–2.49) | — | — |
| 191 | 2.51 (1.52–4.15) | — | — | 181 | 1.59 (1.01–2.53) | — | — |
| 192 | 2.53 (1.52–4.22) | — | — | 182 | 1.61 (1.00–2.57) | — | — |
| 193 | 2.55 (1.52–4.29) | — | — | 183 | 1.62 (1.00–2.61) | — | — |
| 194 | 2.58 (1.52–4.36) | — | — | 184 | 1.63 (1.00–2.65) | — | — |
| 195 | 2.60 (1.52–4.44) | — | — | 185 | 1.64 (1.00–2.69) | — | — |
| 196 | 2.62 (1.52–4.51) | — | — | 186 | 1.65 (1.00–2.74) | — | — |
| 197 | 2.64 (1.52–4.59) | — | — | 187 | 1.67 (1.00–2.78) | — | — |
| 198 | 2.66 (1.52–4.67) | — | — | 188 | 1.68 (1.00–2.83) | — | — |
| 199 | 2.68 (1.52–4.75) | — | — | 189 | 1.69 (1.00–2.87) | — | — |
| 200 | 2.71 (1.52–4.83) | — | — | 190 | 1.70 (0.99–2.92) | — | — |
| 201 | 2.73 (1.51–4.92) | — | — | 191 | 1.72 (0.99–2.97) | — | — |
| 202 | 2.75 (1.51–5.00) | — | — | 192 | 1.73 (0.99–3.02) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 193 | 1.74 (0.99–3.07) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 194 | 1.76 (0.99–3.12) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 195 | 1.77 (0.98–3.18) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 196 | 1.78 (0.98–3.23) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 197 | 1.80 (0.98–3.29) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 198 | 1.81 (0.98–3.34) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 199 | 1.82 (0.98–3.40) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 200 | 1.84 (0.97–3.46) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 201 | 1.85 (0.97–3.52) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 202 | 1.86 (0.97–3.58) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 203 | 1.88 (0.97–3.64) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 204 | 1.89 (0.97–3.71) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 205 | 1.91 (0.96–3.77) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 206 | 1.92 (0.96–3.84) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 207 | 1.93 (0.96–3.90) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 208 | 1.95 (0.96–3.97) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 209 | 1.96 (0.95–4.04) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 210 | 1.98 (0.95–4.11) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 211 | 1.99 (0.95–4.19) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 212 | 2.01 (0.95–4.26) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 213 | 2.02 (0.94–4.34) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 214 | 2.04 (0.94–4.41) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 215 | 2.05 (0.94–4.49) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 216 | 2.07 (0.94–4.57) | — | — |
| — | — | — | — | 217 | 2.08 (0.93–4.65) | — | — |
Figure 3.
All-cause mortality risk per 1,000 person years by blood pressure categories at baseline examination in men and women based on the 2017 US hypertension guidelines (11), adjusted for age; marital status; mean individual income (monthly); education level; smoking; drinking; physical activity; body mass index; total cholesterol; triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; fasting plasma glucose; family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia; and use of hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering medications. Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
| Category | Men | Women | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | Mortality rate (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | Event | Mortality rate (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||
| <100 | 20 | 159 (97–245) | 1.56 (0.96–2.53) | 22 | 53 (33–80) | 1.48 (0.91–2.40) |
| 100–119 | 112 | 74 (61–89) | Ref | 91 | 39 (32–48) | Ref |
| 120–139 | 173 | 127 (109–147) | 1.42 (1.10–1.82) | 97 | 64 (52–78) | 0.91 (0.68–1.23) |
| ≥140 | 123 | 331 (276–394) | 2.05 (1.54–2.72) | 72 | 124 (97–155) | 1.14 (0.82–1.59) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||
| <70 | 114 | 128 (106–154) | 0.97 (0.76–1.25) | 78 | 58 (46–73) | 1.08 (0.80–1.46) |
| 70–79 | 149 | 108 (91–126) | 1 [Reference] | 100 | 51 (42–62) | 1 [Reference] |
| 80–89 | 111 | 138 (114–243) | 1.31 (1.02–1.69) | 67 | 62 (48–79) | 1.16 (0.85–1.59) |
| ≥90 | 54 | 187 (141–243) | 1.53 (1.10–2.13) | 37 | 83 (58–114) | 1.50 (1.02–2.22) |
| Systolic blood pressure/diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | ||||||
| <120/80 | 122 | 80 (66–95) | 1 [Reference] | 105 | 42 (34–51) | 1 [Reference] |
| 120–129/< 80 | 82 | 152 (121–188) | 1.48 (1.11–1.98) | 34 | 64 (45–90) | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) |
| 130–139/80–89 | 153 | 147 (125–172) | 1.53 (1.19–1.97) | 98 | 72 (58–88) | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) |
| ≥140/90 | 71 | 280 (219–352) | 1.83 (1.33–2.51) | 45 | 108 (79–144) | 1.11 (0.76–1.61) |
Figure 4.
All-cause mortality rate per 1,000 person years by blood pressure categories based on the 2017 US hypertension guidelines (11) at baseline examination for men and women on sensitivity analyses, adjusted for age; marital status; mean individual income (monthly); education level; smoking; drinking; physical activity; body mass index; total cholesterol; triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; fasting plasma glucose; family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia; and use of hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering medications. Abbreviations: aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.
| Category | Men | Women | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. of Events | Mortality Rate per 10,000 Person Years (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | No. of Events | Mortality Rate per 10,000 Person Years (95% CI) |
aHR (95% CI) | ||
| Excluding Study Participants Who Died During First 2 Years of Follow-Up | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||
| <100 | 15 | 120 (67–197) | 1.60 (0.91–2.79) | 20 | 48 (29–74) | 1.62 (0.97–2.72) | |
| 100-119 | 81 | 54 (43–67) | 1 [Reference] | 75 | 33 (26–41) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 120-139 | 138 | 102 (85–120) | 1.61 (1.21–2.15) | 80 | 53 (42–66) | 0.93 (0.67–1.30) | |
| ≥140 | 98 | 266 (216–323) | 2.43 (1.76–3.37) | 60 | 103 (79–133) | 1.20 (0.83–1.76) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mHg | |||||||
| <70 | 83 | 94 (75–116) | 0.88 (0.66–1.18) | 64 | 48 (37–61) | 1.03 (0.73–1.43) | |
| 70-79 | 117 | 85 (70–102) | 1 [Reference] | 85 | 43 (35–54) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 80-89 | 89 | 111 (89–136) | 1.36 (1.03–1.80) | 55 | 51 (38–66) | 1.15 (0.82–1.62) | |
| ≥90 | 43 | 150 (109–201) | 1.61 (1.12–2.32) | 31 | 69 (47–98) | 1.52 (0.99–2.32) | |
| Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||
| <120/80 | 86 | 56 (45–70) | 1 [Reference] | 90 | 36 (29–44) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 120-129/< 80 | 64 | 119 (92–152) | 1.70 (1.21–2.38) | 27 | 51 (34–75) | 0.72 (0.46–1.12) | |
| 130-139/80-89 | 126 | 121 (101–144) | 1.88 (1.41–2.50) | 81 | 60 (47–74) | 1.01 (0.73–1.39) | |
| ≥140/90 | 56 | 222 (168–288) | 2.17 (1.51–3.14) | 37 | 89 (63–122) | 1.10 (0.73–1.66) | |
| Further Excluding Study Participants With Myocardia Infarction, Heart Failure, Stroke, Diabetes Mellitus, or Cancer at Baseline | |||||||
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||
| <100 | 14 | 119 (65–199) | 1.99 (1.11–3.58) | 14 | 36 (19–60) | 1.33 (0.73–2.43) | |
| 100-119 | 62 | 44 (34–57) | 1 [Reference] | 63 | 30 (23–38) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 120-139 | 108 | 88 (72–106) | 1.68 (1.22–2.33) | 61 | 46 (35–59) | 0.88 (0.60–1.27) | |
| ≥140 | 72 | 233 (183–293) | 2.49 (1.72–3.60) | 46 | 92 (67–122) | 1.24 (0.82–1.87) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||
| <70 | 70 | 84 (66–106) | 0.95 (0.69–1.32) | 50 | 40 (30–53) | 1.03 (0.70–1.49) | |
| 70-79 | 87 | 69 (55–85) | 1 [Reference] | 67 | 38 (30–48) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 80-89 | 65 | 91 (71–116) | 1.32 (0.95–1.84) | 42 | 44 (32–48) | 1.15 (0.78–1.71) | |
| ≥90 | 34 | 135 (93–188) | 1.76 (1.16–2.65) | 25 | 63 (41–92) | 1.51 (0.94–2.44) | |
| Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | |||||||
| <120/80 | 69 | 48 (38–61) | 1 [Reference] | 74 | 32 (25–40) | 1 [Reference] | |
| 120-129/<80 | 50 | 100 (75–132) | 1.68 (1.15–2.44) | 21 | 45 (28–69) | 0.69 (0.41–1.13) | |
| 130-139/80-89 | 95 | 103 (83–126) | 1.78 (1.29–2.46) | 58 | 49 (37–63) | 0.95 (0.66–1.37) | |
| ≥140/90 | 42 | 197 (142–265) | 2.24 (1.48–3.37) | 31 | 85 (58–120) | 1.20 (0.76–1.88) | |
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