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Global Trends in the Affordability of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, 1990–2016
ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 14 — May 4, 2017
PEER REVIEWED
Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (n = 42): Ukraine, $0.38; Thailand, $0.41; Serbia, $0.43; Malaysia, $0.44; South Africa, $0.47; Iran, Islamic Republic of, $0.48; Bulgaria, $0.49; Pakistan, $0.52; Indonesia, $0.53; Colombia, $0.55; Tunisia, $0.55; Romania, $0.56; Philippines, $0.57; Russian Federation, $0.57; Azerbaijan, $0.57; Bangladesh, $0.60; China, $0.60; Sri Lanka, $0.63; India, $0.64; Egypt, $0.64; Jordan, $0.64; Algeria, $0.67; Viet Nam, $0.68; Brazil, $0.69; Ecuador, $0.70; Morocco, $0.74; Cambodia, $0.75; Turkey, $0.77; Mexico, $0.77; Argentina, $0.77; Guatemala, $0.81; Paraguay, $0.84; Zimbabwe, $1.00; Panama, $1.03; Kenya, $1.03; Uzbekistan, $1.06; Cameroon, $1.07; Cote d’Ivoire, $1.07; Nigeria, $1.38; Venezuela, $1.41; Peru, $1.50; Papua New Guinea, $2.74. High-Income Countries (n = 40): Bahrain, $0.48; Oman, $0.48; Hungary, $0.50; Slovakia, $0.57; Saudi Arabia, $0.71; Spain, $0.71; Canada, $0.75; United Arab Emirates, $0.76; Israel, $0.77; Poland, $0.83; Czech Republic, $0.85; Brunei Darussalam, $0.86; Portugal, $0.86; Iceland, $0.88; Japan, $0.91; New Zealand, $0.92; France, $0.94; United States, $0.96; Greece, $0.96; Singapore, $0.97; Luxemburg, $1.01; Germany, $1.08; Qatar, $1.14; Switzerland, $1.15; Sweden, $1.18; Ireland, $1.20; Italy, $1.20; Netherlands, $1.24; Australia, $1.26; Uruguay, $1.31; United Kingdom, $1.36; Korea, Republic of, $1.38; Belgium, $1.42; Austria, $1.45; Kuwait, $1.45; Denmark, $1.52; Chile, $1.60; Hong Kong, $1.76; Norway, $1.79; Finland, $2.03.
Figure 1. Real price of 1 L of Coca-Cola in 40 high-income and 42 low-income and middle-income countries, in 2010 US dollars, 2016.
Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (n = 42): Malaysia, $0.51; Romania, $0.66; Argentina, $0.70; Russian Federation, $0.76; Bulgaria, $0.76; Thailand, $0.78; China, $0.79; Panama, $0.84; Turkey, $0.88; Serbia, $0.92; Brazil, $0.95; Mexico, $0.95; Iran, Islamic Republic of, $1.00; South Africa, $1.04; Colombia, $1.06; Ecuador, $1.28; Jordan, $1.38; Tunisia, $1.53; Indonesia, $1.56; Sri Lanka, $1.74; Azerbaijan, $1.75; Egypt, $1.80; Algeria, $1.83; Ukraine, $2.03; Philippines, $2.12; Guatemala, $2.17; Paraguay, $2.29; Morocco, $2.66; Peru, $2.76; Venezuela, $3.35; Viet Nam, $3.40; Pakistan, $3.91; India, $4.10; Bangladesh, $4.53; Nigeria, $5.25; Uzbekistan, $5.37; Cambodia, $6.38; Kenya, $7.43; Cote d’Ivoire, $8.37; Cameroon, $9.19; Papua New Guinea, $10.26; Zimbabwe, $11.24. High-Income Countries (n = 40): Luxemburg, $0.11; Switzerland, $0.16; Iceland, $0.18; United States, $0.18; Canada, $0.20; Singapore, $0.20; Ireland, $0.20; Qatar, $0.21; United Arab Emirates, $0.22; Bahrain, $0.22; Israel, $0.24; Sweden, $0.25; Australia, $0.27; France, $0.27; New Zealand, $0.27; Norway, $0.28; Japan, $0.28; Germany, $0.29; Spain, $0.29; Netherlands, $0.31; Denmark, $0.32; Oman, $0.34; United Kingdom, $0.36; Austria, $0.36; Brunei Darussalam, $0.37; Belgium, $0.38; Slovakia, $0.38; Saudi Arabia, $0.39; Hungary, $0.43; Italy, $0.44; Hong Kong, $0.45; Portugal, $0.49; Czech Republic, $0.52; Finland, $0.52; Korea, Republic of, $0.57; Greece, $0.59; Kuwait, $0.60; Poland, $0.74; Uruguay, $0.99; Chile, $1.32.
Figure 2. Relative-income price of 100 L of Coca-Cola in 40 high-income and 42 low-income and middle-income countries, 2016. Units are percentage of annual per capita gross domestic product (GDP) to purchase 100 L of Coca-Cola.
Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (n = 42): Serbia, −$6.84; Thailand, −$6.04; Viet Nam, −$5.38; China, −$5.08; Russian Federation, −$4.71; Algeria, −$4.71; Ukraine, −$4.61; Pakistan, −$3.84; Colombia, −$3.20; Malaysia, −$3.02; South Africa, −$3.02; Kenya, −2.84; Indonesia, −2.66; Bangladesh, −2.36; India, −2.27; Philippines, −2.08; Tunisia, −2.06; Egypt, −2.04; Turkey, −1.81; Cote d’Ivoire, −1.69; Jordan, −1.36; Paraguay, −1.16; Argentina, −1.08; Ecuador, −$0.97; Cameroon, −$0.85; Cambodia, −$0.61; Morocco, −$0.40; Bulgaria, −$0.40; Brazil, −$0.38; Azerbaijan, −$0.17; Venezuela, −$0.16; Zimbabwe, −$0.08; Guatemala, $0.06; Peru, $0.26; Mexico, $0.38; Panama, $0.38; Romania, $0.47; Papua New Guinea, $0.75; Sri Lanka, $1.10; Nigeria, $4.20; Iran, Islamic Republic of, $4.48; Uzbekistan, $5.31. High-Income Countries (n = 40): Iceland, −$6.50; Japan, −$4.39; Bahrain, −$4.16; Sweden, −$3.55; Slovakia, −$3.44; Canada, −$2.19; Spain, −$2.14; Israel, −$1.57; Portugal, −$1.45; Hungary, −$1.17; United Arab Emirates, −$1.09; Saudi Arabia, −$0.85; Uruguay, −$0.78; Norway, −$0.74; France, −$0.66; Switzerland, −$0.56; Austria, −$0.42; Ireland, −$0.32; Germany, −$0.32; Denmark, −$0.24; United States, −$0.20; Luxemburg, −$0.16; Poland, −$0.15; Greece, −$0.03; Oman, $0.13; New Zealand, $0.14; Singapore, $0.24; Italy, $0.31; Belgium, $0.32; Netherlands, $0.44; Czech Republic, $0.46; Finland, $0.47; United Kingdom, $0.52; Qatar, $0.73; Kuwait, $0.84; Australia, $1.10; Hong Kong, $1.17; Korea, Republic of, $1.28; Brunei Darussalam, $1.72; Chile, $3.61.
Figure 3. Average annual percentage change in real prices of sugar-sweetened beverages in 40 high-income and 42 low-income and middle-income countries from 1990 to 2016. /p>
Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (n = 42): China, −$15.85; Azerbaijan, −$14.63; Viet Nam, −$13.84; Russian Federation, −$12.57; Ukraine, −$10.92; Algeria, −$9.18; Thailand, −$8.68; Romania, −$8.57; Cambodia, −$8.16; India, −$7.24; Indonesia, −$7.06; Serbia, −$6.75; Colombia, −$6.54; Bulgaria, −$6.46; Egypt, −$5.86; Malaysia, −$5.79; Kenya, −$5.63; Pakistan, −$5.63; Bangladesh, −$5.46; Uzbekistan, −$5.24; Ecuador, −$5.13; Jordan, −$4.91; Turkey, −$4.83; Sri Lanka, −$4.72; Philippines, −$4.66; South Africa, −$4.23; Panama, −$3.89; Peru, −$3.72; Tunisia, −$3.68; Brazil, −$3.56; Guatemala, −$3.49; Paraguay, −$3.24; Iran, Islamic Republic of , −$2.88; Morocco, −$2.31; Nigeria, −$1.92; Cote d’Ivoire, −$1.65; Mexico, −$1.28; Argentina, −$1.23; Cameroon, −$1.07; Venezuela, −$0.86; Papua New Guinea, $0.40; Zimbabwe, $1.26. High-Income Countries (n = 40): Iceland, −$.18; Slovakia, −$7.06; Poland, −$6.35; Bahrain, −$5.77; Hungary, −$5.44; Oman, −$4.59; Sweden, −$4.46; Ireland, −$4.33; Qatar, −$4.19; Canada, −$4.14; Spain, −$4.06; Norway, −$3.87; Saudi Arabia, −$3.74; Uruguay, −$3.59; Czech Republic, −$3.30; Portugal, −$3.28; Israel, −$3.22; Japan, −$2.80; Luxemburg, −$2.79; New Zealand, −$2.59; Greece, −$2.59; Singapore, −$2.55; Australia, −$2.13; Kuwait, −$1.73; Korea, Republic of, −$1.70; Switzerland, −$1.65; Austria, −$1.31; Denmark, −$1.30; United States, −$1.26; France, −$0.97; Finland, −$0.92; Netherlands, −$0.87; United Arab Emirates, −$0.84; Chile, −$0.83; Germany, −$0.66; Belgium, −$0.62; United Kingdom, −$0.56; Brunei Darussalam, −$0.41; Italy, −$0.35; Hong Kong, $0.17.
Figure 4. Average annual percentage change in relative-income price of sugar-sweetened beverages in 40 high-income and 42 low-income and middle-income countries from 1990 to 2016.
Figure 5. Decomposition of effects of income and price of sugar-sweetened beverages in 40 high-income and 42 low-income and middle-income countries from 1990 to 2016. Units are average annual percentage change.
| Country | Price, US Dollars | Income, US Dollars |
|---|---|---|
| Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries (n = 42) | ||
| China | −5.08 | −10.77 |
| Azerbaijan | −0.17 | −14.46 |
| Viet Nam | −5.38 | −8.46 |
| Russian Federation | −4.71 | −7.86 |
| Ukraine | −4.61 | −6.31 |
| Algeria | −4.71 | −4.48 |
| Thailand | −6.04 | −2.63 |
| Romania | 0.47 | −9.03 |
| Cambodia | −0.61 | −7.54 |
| India | −2.27 | −4.97 |
| Indonesia | −2.66 | −4.41 |
| Serbia | −6.84 | 0.09 |
| Colombia | −3.20 | −3.34 |
| Bulgaria | −0.40 | −6.06 |
| Egypt | −2.04 | −3.82 |
| Malaysia | −3.02 | −2.77 |
| Kenya | −2.84 | −2.79 |
| Pakistan | −3.84 | −1.79 |
| Bangladesh | −2.36 | −3.10 |
| Uzbekistan | 5.31 | −10.55 |
| Ecuador | −0.97 | −4.16 |
| Jordan | −1.36 | −3.55 |
| Turkey | −1.81 | −3.02 |
| Sri Lanka | 1.10 | −5.82 |
| Philippines | −2.08 | −2.57 |
| South Africa | −3.02 | −1.21 |
| Panama | 0.38 | −4.27 |
| Peru | 0.26 | −3.98 |
| Tunisia | −2.06 | −1.63 |
| Brazil | −0.38 | −3.19 |
| Guatemala | 0.06 | −3.55 |
| Paraguay | −1.16 | −2.08 |
| Iran, Islamic Republic of | 4.48 | −7.36 |
| Morocco | −0.40 | −1.91 |
| Nigeria | 4.20 | −6.12 |
| Cote d’Ivoire | −1.69 | 0.04 |
| Mexico | 0.38 | −1.66 |
| Argentina | −1.08 | −0.15 |
| Cameroon | −0.85 | −0.22 |
| Venezuela | −0.16 | −0.69 |
| Papua New Guinea | 0.75 | −0.35 |
| Zimbabwe | −0.08 | 1.34 |
| High-Income Countries (n = 40) | ||
| Iceland | −6.50 | −0.68 |
| Slovakia | −3.44 | −3.62 |
| Poland | −0.15 | −6.20 |
| Bahrain | −4.16 | −1.62 |
| Hungary | −1.17 | −4.27 |
| Oman | 0.13 | −4.72 |
| Sweden | −3.55 | −0.92 |
| Ireland | −0.32 | −4.00 |
| Qatar | 0.73 | −4.92 |
| Canada | −2.19 | −1.95 |
| Spain | −2.14 | −1.92 |
| Norway | −0.74 | −3.13 |
| Saudi Arabia | −0.85 | −2.89 |
| Uruguay | −0.78 | −2.81 |
| Czech Republic | 0.46 | −3.75 |
| Portugal | −1.45 | −1.83 |
| Israel | −1.57 | −1.65 |
| Japan | −4.39 | 1.59 |
| Luxemburg | −0.16 | −2.63 |
| New Zealand | 0.14 | −2.73 |
| Greece | −0.03 | −2.55 |
| Singapore | 0.24 | −2.80 |
| Australia | 1.10 | −3.23 |
| Kuwait | 0.84 | −2.57 |
| Korea, Republic of | 1.28 | −2.98 |
| Switzerland | −0.56 | −1.08 |
| Austria | −0.42 | −0.89 |
| Denmark | −0.24 | −1.07 |
| United States | −0.20 | −1.06 |
| France | −0.66 | −0.31 |
| Finland | 0.47 | −1.39 |
| Netherlands | 0.44 | −1.31 |
| United Arab Emirates | −1.09 | 0.25 |
| Chile | 3.61 | −4.44 |
| Germany | −0.32 | −0.34 |
| Belgium | 0.32 | −0.94 |
| United Kingdom | 0.52 | −1.08 |
| Brunei Darussalam | 1.72 | −2.13 |
| Italy | 0.31 | −0.65 |
| Hong Kong | 1.17 | −1.00 |
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