Perceived and Objective Measures of Neighborhood Environment for Physical Activity Among Mexican Adults, 2011
ORIGINAL RESEARCH — Volume 13 — June 9, 2016
PEER REVIEWED
Figure 1. Associations between objectively measured and perceived measures of environmental features: A. Residential density, as determined by the number of single residential units (objectively measured) and a residential density score (perceived), calculated according to the protocol of the Abbreviated Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale (theoretical range, 0–1,000); B. Land-use–mix, as determined by an entropy score (objectively measured) and the number of destinations within a 10-minute walk (perceived); C. Walking distance to nearest park in minutes, objectively measured and perceived (theoretical range, 2.5–35 min); D. Walking distance to nearest transit stop in minutes, objectively measured and perceived (theoretical range, 2.5–35 min); and E. Intersection density as determined by objective measurement and a score of perception (theoretical range, 1–5, based on averaged scores for Likert-scale response options of 1, strongly disagree, to 5, strongly agree to 2 statements: “There are many alternative routes for getting from place to place in my neighborhood” and “The distance between intersections in my neighborhood is usually short.”). Details of measurements are provided in the Appendix. Adjusted predictions and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated after running adjusted regression models. Models were adjusted for sex, age, socioeconomic status, motor-vehicle ownership, education level, perceived safety in the neighborhood, years living in the neighborhood, and corresponding interaction terms for each calculation. Error bars are 95% CIs.
| Objectively Measured | Perceived |
|---|---|
| Figure 1A | |
| No. of single residential units | Residential density score (95% CI) |
| <276 | 24.2 (18.1–30.4) |
| 277–396 | 35.1 (26.1–44.1) |
| 397–543 | 43.5 (35.5–51.4) |
| 544–765 | 47.1 (30.0–64.2) |
| >765 | 52.1 (32.2–72.1) |
| Figure 1B | |
| Entropy score within 1-km buffer | No. of destinations within 10-min walk (95% CI) |
| 1 | 8.9 (7.6–10.1) |
| 2 | 9.8 (8.5–11.1) |
| 3 | 11.2 (9.9–12.6) |
| 4 | 11.4 (10.1–12.7) |
| 5 | 11.2 (9.9–12.4) |
| Figure 1C | |
| Walking distance to the nearest park, min | Walking distance to the nearest park, min (95% CI) |
| <5 | 12.9 (10.3–15.6) |
| 6–10 | 16.8(13.3–20.3) |
| 11–20 | 19.8 (17.0–22.8) |
| 21–30 | 25.3 (19.1–31.1) |
| ≥30 | 19.6 (10.7–28.6) |
| Figure 1D | |
| Walking distance to the nearest transit stop, min | Walking distance to the nearest transit stop, min (95% CI) |
| <5 | 3.5 (2.9–4.0) |
| 6–10 | 3.9 (2.3–5.5) |
| 11–20 | 5.8 (3.2–8.4) |
| 21–30 | 4.0 (1.6–6.4) |
| ≥30 | 3.9 (2.6–5.2) |
| Figure 1E | |
| Intersection density within 500-m buffer | Intersection density score (95% CI) |
| <107 | 2.0 (1.9–2.5) |
| 107 to <144 | 2.2 (2.0–2.3) |
| 144 to <187 | 2.0 (1.9–2.1) |
| 187 to <244 | 2.1 (1.9–2.2) |
| ≥244 | 2.1 (2.0–2.3) |
Figure 2. Individual features and perceptions of the built environment. Adjusted predictions and 95% CIs estimated after running adjusted regression models. Models were adjusted for sex, age, SES, motor-vehicle ownership, education level, perceived safety in the neighborhood, years living in the neighborhood, as well as the corresponding interaction terms for each figure. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Abbreviations: SES, socioeconomic status; PA, physical activity.
| Figure | Strata | |
|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Prediction (95% CI) | Adjusted Prediction (95% CI) | |
| Figure 2A | Perceived number of destinations within 10-min walk | |
| Quintiles of objectively measured entropy score within 1-km buffer | Low SES | Medium SES |
| 1 | 8.3 (6.6–10.0) | 9.9 (8.0–11.7) |
| 2 | 9.0 (5.9–12.0) | 11.3 (9.9–12.7) |
| 3 | 10.6 (8.9–12.2) | 11.6 (9.8–13.3) |
| 4 | 12.2 (10.2–14.1) | 10.7 (9.2–12.1) |
| 5 | 12.9 (10.7–15.1) | 10.6 (8.0–13.1) |
| Quintiles of objectively measured entropy score within 1-km buffer | Medium-High SES | High SES |
| 1 | 9.0 (7.4–10.7) | 8.8 (6.6–11.1) |
| 2 | 9.6 (7.9–11.3) | 9.9 (8.0–11.8) |
| 3 | 10.8 (9.0–12.6) | 12.0 (9.2–14.8) |
| 4 | 11.6 (10.1–13.1) | 11.3 (9.3–13.4) |
| 5 | 10.4 (8.6–12.2) | 10.7 (9.2–12.3) |
| Figure 2B | Perceived walking distance to the nearest park (min) | |
| Objectively measured walking distance to the nearest park, min | Park perceived as unsafe | Park perceived as safe |
| <5 | 12.7 (10.1–15.2) | 15.4 (0.6–30.1) |
| 6–10 | 17.2 (13.5–20.8) | 13.0 (7.4–18.6) |
| 11–20 | 19.6 (16.9–22.3) | 22.0 (12.2–31.7) |
| 21–30 | 23.7 (17.0–30.5) | 33.2 (30.2–36.1) |
| ≥30 | 18.7 (10.0–27.3) | 38.1 (33.0–43.2) |
| Figure 2C | Perceived residential density score | |
| Objectively measured number of single residential units within 500-m buffer | No motor vehicle ownership | Motor vehicle ownership |
| <276 | 17.6 (10.9–24.3) | 27.3 (17.5–37.0) |
| 277–396 | 28.5 (18.4–38.6) | 40.3 (28.5–52.1) |
| 397–543 | 39.8 (24.6–54.9) | 46.0 (31.7–60.3) |
| 544–765 | 48.2 (26.9–69.4) | 47.4 (28.3–66.5) |
| >765 | 53.4 (38.1–68.6) | 49.2 (22.5–75.9) |
| Figure 2D | Perceived residential density score | |
| Objectively measured number of single residential units within 500-m buffer | Not meeting PA recommendations | Meeting PA recommendations |
| <276 | 23.7 (15.1–32.2) | 24.1 (14.9–33.2) |
| 277–396 | 33.9 (21.1–46.7) | 36.1 (25.1–47.0) |
| 397–543 | 39.8 (28.9–50.8) | 46.4 (30.5–62.3) |
| 544–765 | 52.2 (33.3–71.1) | 45.7 (26.6–64.9) |
| >765 | 36.7 (23.2–50.2) | 64.0 (40.6–87.3) |
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