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Chromic acid and chromates
May 1994
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
CAS number: 1333–82–0 (CrO3)
NIOSH REL: 0.001 mg Cr(VI)/m3 TWA; NIOSH considers chromic acid and chromates to be potential occupational carcinogens as defined by the OSHA carcinogen policy [29 CFR 1990].
Current OSHA PEL: 0.1 mg CrO3/m3 CEILING
1989 OSHA PEL: Same as current PEL
1993-1994 ACGIH TLV: Water soluble: 0.05 mg CrO3/m3 TWA;
Certain water insoluble: 0.05 mg CrO3/m3 TWA, A1
Description of Substance: Varies
Original (SCP) IDLH: 30 mg/m3 (as CrO3)
Basis for original (SCP) IDLH: Very little quantitative data are available concerning the acute toxicity produced by the inhalation of chromic acid and chromates. AIHA [1956] reported that both the short exposure tolerance to chromic acid and the atmospheric concentration immediately dangerous to life are unknown. The chosen IDLH is based on the statements by ILO [1971] that “a man exposed for several days to concentrations of chromic acid mist of about 20 to 30 mg/m3 experienced cough, headache, dyspnea, and substernal pain; the signs persisted for 2 weeks. Another man working on the same process was similarly but less severely affected.” No other useful data are available on which to base the IDLH.
Short-term exposure guidelines: None developed
ACUTE TOXICITY DATA
Lethal dose data:
| Species | Reference | Route | LD50(mg/kg) | LDLo(mg/kg) | Adjusted LD | Derived value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2CrO4·2Na Rat |
Gad et al. 1986 | oral | 51.9 | —– | 113 mg Cr(VI)/m3 | 11 mg Cr(VI)/m3 |
| CrO3 Mouse Rat |
Chi J Prev Med 1980 Kobayashi et al. 1976 |
oral oral |
127 80 |
—– —– |
462 mg Cr(VI)/m3 291 mg Cr(VI)/m3 |
46 mg Cr(VI)/m3 29 mg Cr(VI)/m3 |
Human data: A worker exposed for several days to concentrations of chromic acid mist of about 20 to 30 mg/m3 (equivalent to about 10 to 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3) experienced cough, headache, dyspnea, and substernal pain; the signs persisted for 2 weeks [ILO 1971]. Another man working on the same process was similarly but less severely affected [ILO 1971]. The fatal oral dose of chromium has been reported to be 1 to 3 grams [Seiler et al. 1988]. [Note: An oral dose of 1 to 3 grams is equivalent to a 70-kg worker being exposed to 667 to 2,000 mg Cr(VI)/m3 for 30 minutes, assuming a breathing rate of 50 liters per minute and 100% absorption.]
| Revised IDLH: 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3 [Unchanged]Basis for revised IDLH: Based on toxicity data in humans [ILO 1971; Seiler et al. 1988], the original IDLH for chromic acid and chromates is not being revised at this time. However, instead of 30 mg/m3 (as CrO3), the IDLH is being expressed as its equivalent, 15 mg Cr(VI)/m3. [Note: NIOSH recommends as part of its carcinogen policy that the “most protective” respirators be worn for chromic acid and chromates at concentrations above 0.001 mg Cr(IV)/m3.] |
REFERENCES:
1. AIHA [1956]. Chromic acid. In: Hygienic guide series. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 17:233-234.
2. Chi J Prev Med [1980]; 14:86-88 (in Chinese).
3. Gad SC, et al. [1986]. Acute toxicity of four chromate salts, Proceedings of the Chromium Symposium, pp. 43-58. In: DHHS/ATSDR Toxicological Profile for Chromium (Draft), p. 51.
4. ILO [1971]. Chromium, alloys, compounds. In: Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 2nd ed. Vol. I (A-K). Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, pp. 295-297.
5. Kobayashi H, Kamiya N, Hiraga K [1976]. Toxicological studies on chromium: acute toxicities of chromium trioxide. Annual Report of Tokyo Metropolitan Research Laboratory of Public Health 27:119-123 (in Japanese).
6. Seiler HG, Sigel H, Sigel A, eds. [1988]. Handbook on the toxicity of inorganic compounds. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., p. 247.