Nicotine

RTECS #

QS5250000

CAS #

54-11-5; 6912-85-2; 16760-37-5
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods

Updated

March 2019

Molecular Weight

162.26

Molecular Formula

C₁₀H₁₄N₂

Synonyms

(-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine
(-)-Nicotine
(S)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine
(S)-Nicotine
1-Methyl-2-(3-pyridyl)pyrrolidine
3-(N-Methylpyrrolidino)pyridine
beta-Pyridyl-alpha-N-methylpyrrolidine
Black leaf
Destruxol orchid spray
Emo-nik
ENT 3,424
Flux MAAG
Fumetobac
Habitrol
L-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidyl)pyridine
L-Nicotine
Mach-Nic
Niagara P.A. dust
Nicocide
Nicoderm CQ
Nico-dust
Nico-fume
Nicorette gum
Nicotina (Italian)
Nicotine (ACGIH:OSHA)
Nicotine alkaloid
Nikotin (German)
Nikotyna (Polish)
Ortho N-4 and N-5 dusts
Ortho N-4 dust
Ortho N-5 dust
Prostep
Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-
Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)- (9CI)
Pyridine, 3-(tetrahydro-1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)
Pyrrolidine, 1-methyl-2-(3-pyridal)-
RCRA waste number P075
Tendust
Tetrahydronicotyrine, dl-
XL all insecticide

Mutation Data and Reference

System Test	Route/Organism/Tissue	Dose	Reference
Cytogenetic Analysis	ovary/hamster	1 gm/L	CALEDQ 54,89,1990
Cytogenetic Analysis	mammary gland/human	200 µmol/L/24H	EMMUEG 39,235,2002
Cytogenetic Analysis	lymphocyte/human	1 µmol/L/24H	MUREAV 751,34,2013
Cytogenetic Analysis	other cell types/human	1 µmol/L/1H	TIVIEQ 28,838,2014
DNA adduct	intraperitoneal/mouse	18.2 µg/kg	FCTOD7 41,1045,2003
DNA Damage	intraperitoneal/rat	2.5 mg/kg/4W	TOXRE* 4,399,2017
DNA Damage	subcutaneous/rat	275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent	TXCYAC 243,207,2008
DNA Damage	oral/mouse	15 mg/kg	MUREAV 744,140,2012
DNA Damage	lung/human	1 mmol/L/1H	TOLED5 208,23,2011
DNA Damage	other cell types/human	100 µmol/L/1H	TIVIEQ 28,838,2014
DNA inhibition	other cell types/human	4 mmol/L	CALEDQ 33,91,1986
DNA inhibition	other cell types/rabbit	1 mmol/L	TXCYAC 34,309,1985
Dominant Lethal Test	intraperitoneal/mouse	10 mg/kg/2D- intermittent	IRLCDZ 6,461,1978
micronucleus test	oral/mouse	8 mg/kg	TXCYAC 235,112,2007
micronucleus test	other cell types/human	10 µmol/L/1H	TIVIEQ 28,838,2014
micronucleus test	lymphocyte/human	100 µmol/L/24H	MUREAV 751,34,2013
mutation in microorganisms	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	100 ppm (-enzymatic activation step)	RSTUDV 6,161,1976
other mutation test systems	other cell types/human	4 mmol/L	CALEDQ 33,91,1986
sister chromatid exchange	ovary/hamster	625 mg/L	CALEDQ 54,89,1990
sister chromatid exchange	lymphocyte/human	1 µmol/L/24H	MUREAV 751,34,2013

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
implant/rat	26250 µg/kg (5-23D preg/16D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	BPHAEL 10,699,1999
implant/rat	125 mg/kg (6-12D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	ANANAU 168,109,1989
implant/rat	125 mg/kg (6-12D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	ANANAU 172,257,1991
implant/rat	125 mg/kg (6-12D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system	ANANAU 172,257,1991
implant/rat	7 mg/kg (8-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	TOXID9 3,156,1983
implant/rat	19200 µg/kg (14-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Germ cell effects (in offspring)	TXCYAC 94,69,1994
implant/rat	26.88 mg/kg (4-22D preg/10D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system	NETEEC 32,336,2010
implant/rat	175 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death	TSPSA* -,267,2003
implant/rat	175 mg/kg (8-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	TSPSA* -,267,2003
implant/rat	84 mg/kg (2-16D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	FCTOD7 78,52,2015
inhalation/rat	8.9 ppm (14-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	NETEEC 28,210,2006
intramuscular/domestic animal	13 mg/kg (3-19W pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth	AJPEEK 9,270,1992
intraperitoneal/mouse	24 mg/kg (9-11D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	SCIEAS 127,877,1958
intraperitoneal/mouse	1 mg/kg (10D pregnant)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	TJADAB 27,40A,1983
intraperitoneal/mouse	1 mg/kg (10D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	TJADAB 27,40A,1983
intraperitoneal/rat	42500 µg/kg (6-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects	NETEEC 20,465,1998
intraperitoneal/rat	5250 µg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Skin and skin appendages Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	ACNSAX 15,148,1973
intravenous/domestic animal	200 µg/kg (16W pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system	AJOGAH 167,1624,1992
intravenous/rat	108 mg/kg (4-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	TOXID9 60,373,2001
intravenous/monkey	500 µg/kg (17W pregnant)	Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus	AJOGAH 111,1092,1971
multiple/rat	5750 µg/kg (7-21D preg/8D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	BNEOBV 53,163,1988
multiple/rat	37 mg/kg (7-22D preg/21D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system	SAMJAF 83,195,1993
oral/mouse	16 mg/kg (7D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	TJADAB 14,252,1976
oral/mouse	642 mg/kg (21D prior to copulation/1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	TXAPA9 66,30,1982
oral/mouse	16 mg/kg (7D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	SEIJBO 16,253,1976
oral/mouse	24 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Skin and skin appendages	SEIJBO 18,167,1978
oral/woman	40 µg/kg (24W pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system	BJOGAS 90,710,1983
oral/rat	59400 µg/kg (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	PSEBAA 116,956,1964
oral/rat	594 mg/kg (4W male/4W pre-3W after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	NETOD7 1,221,1979
oral/rat	22 mg/kg (20D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	NETEEC 9,95,1987
oral/rat	319 mg/kg (7-20D preg/35D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	BRREAP 732,257,1996
oral/rat	90 mg/kg (10-18D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	EESADV 55,152,2003
oral/mouse	1.867 gm/kg (1-21D preg/1-8D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	NRTXDN 66,150,2018
parenteral/guinea pig	408 mg/kg (1-68D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	NTOTDY 4,365,1982
parenteral/guinea pig	408 mg/kg (1-68D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	ANREAK 193,159,1979
parenteral/rat	126 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	AJOGAH 100,957,1968
parenteral/rat	126 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)	AJOGAH 110,522,1971
parenteral/rat	60 mg/kg (1-5D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility	BIRSB5 20(Suppl 1),52A,1979
parenteral/rat	44 mg/kg (0-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system	TOXID9 66,134,2002
parenteral/rat	126 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	TOXID9 78,274,2004
parenteral/rat	126 mg/kg (multigeneration)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	TOXID9 78,274,2004
subcutaneous/rat	17 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	TOXID9 78,274,2004
subcutaneous/rat	56.1 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	TOXID9 78,274,2004
subcutaneous/rat	16 mg/kg (8-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	ETPAEK 59,245,2007
subcutaneous/rat	32.5 mg/kg (8-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	NETEEC 30,258,2008
subcutaneous/rat	108 mg/kg (4-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus	JPETAB 324,331,2008
subcutaneous/rat	168 mg/kg (4-21D preg/10D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	JPETAB 324,331,2008
subcutaneous/rat	32.5 mg/kg (8-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	NETEEC 34,373,2013
subcutaneous/rat	78 mg/kg (13D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system	FCTOD7 49,2068,2011
subcutaneous/rat	20 mg/kg (11-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	TOLED5 209,282,2012
subcutaneous/rat	40 mg/kg (11-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system	TOLED5 209,282,2012
subcutaneous/rat	10 mg/kg (11-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus	TOLED5 209,282,2012
subcutaneous/rat	20 mg/kg (11-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	TOLED5 214,307,2012
subcutaneous/rat	84 mg/kg (14D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	FCTOD7 58,158,2013
subcutaneous/mouse	25 mg/kg (7D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	SCIEAS 127,877,1958
subcutaneous/mouse	25 mg/kg (5D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)	SCIEAS 127,877,1958
subcutaneous/mouse	50 mg/kg (10-11D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	KAIZAN 39,212,1964
subcutaneous/mouse	30 mg/kg (9-18D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	BRBUDU 29,363,1992
subcutaneous/rat	0.4 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system	FATOAO 47,78,1984
subcutaneous/rat	1.5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system	FATOAO 47,78,1984
subcutaneous/rat	5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system	FATOAO 47,78,1984
subcutaneous/rat	1.5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	FATOAO 47,85,1984
subcutaneous/rat	5 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system	FATOAO 47,85,1984
subcutaneous/rat	0.4 mg/kg (1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Endocrine system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	FATOAO 47,85,1984
subcutaneous/rat	16 mg/kg (5-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	TOXID9 72,127,2003
subcutaneous/rat	108 mg/kg (4-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Cytological changes (including somatic cell genetic material) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	NEROEW 29,275,2004
subcutaneous/rat	56.1 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	TOXID9 44,196,2005
subcutaneous/rat	40 mg/kg (4D preg-21D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system	TOXID9 44,335,2005
subcutaneous/rat	19 mg/kg (3-21D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system	TOXID9 44,335,2005
subcutaneous/rat	102 mg/kg (4-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Other effects on female Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	DBRRDB 102,117,1997
subcutaneous/rat	8800 µg/kg (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Physical	FATOAO 47(5),85,1984
subcutaneous/rat	33 mg/kg (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)	FATOAO 47(5),85,1984
subcutaneous/rat	40 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral	TJADAB 23,53A,1981
subcutaneous/rat	9 mg/kg (14-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth	BNEOBV 35,290,1979
subcutaneous/rat	32 mg/kg (1-8D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	ENDKAC 69,359,1977
subcutaneous/rat	22500 µg/kg (21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Postpartum Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	AJOGAH 95,515,1966
subcutaneous/rat	12 mg/kg (15-18D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	TJADAB 25(2),77A,1982
subcutaneous/rat	45 mg/kg (7-20D pregnant)	Reproductive: Other effects on female Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	NETEEC 21,603,1999
unreported route/rat	175 mg/kg (1D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death	TERP1* -,300,2004
unreported route/rat	42 mg/kg (21D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	FCLPH* 23(Suppl 1),15,2009

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 11230 µmol/L/21H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5491 µmol/L/21H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 14055 µmol/L/20H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 6961 µmol/L/20H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/gtd	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.03 µmol/L/72H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currents	TOLED5 225,147,2014
In Vitro/Human, blood (whole or unspecified cells)	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TIVIEQ 27,932,2013
In Vitro/Human, embryonic cells	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 15 µmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc. Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	TOLED5 224,264,2014
In Vitro/Human, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/3D	Endocrine: Other changes	TXAPA9 257,328,2011
In Vitro/Human, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 25 µmol/L/5D	Endocrine: Other changes	TXAPA9 257,328,2011
In Vitro/Human, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/3D	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TXAPA9 257,328,2011
In Vitro/Human, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/7D	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TXAPA9 257,328,2011
In Vitro/Human, endothelium	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 23 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 6,493,1992
In Vitro/Human, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 28 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 6,493,1992
In Vitro/Human, HeLa cell	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 230 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc.	TIVIEQ 5,225,1991
In Vitro/Human, kidney tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1710 mg/L	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, leukemia cells	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1420000 units/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)	RTOPDW 64,350,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 3.54 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 12.3 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5.39 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 11.88 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 14 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 6,493,1992
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1380 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2960 mg/L	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/48H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TOLED5 220,126,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 µmol/L/8H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell counting	JOETD7 165,83,2015
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 µmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc.	TXAPA9 278,172,2015
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.5 gm/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TOLED5 254,45,2016
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 gm/L/5H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TOLED5 254,45,2016
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 5.6 gm/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TOLED5 254,45,2016
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >2000 µmol/L/1H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >2000 µmol/L/2H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >2000 µmol/L/4H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >2000 µmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1000 µmol/L/2H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, melanoma	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 20 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 6,493,1992
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 16 µmol/L/4M	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currents	TXAPA9 245,191,2010
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 500 µmol/L/60M	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase	TXAPA9 245,191,2010
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 760 mg/L	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currents	FTRPAE 111,109,2016
In Vitro/Human, oral mucosa	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 2.5 mmol/L/60D	Tumorigenic: Cells (cultured) transformed	TXAPA9 266,459,2013
In Vitro/Human, skin	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 117 mg/L/48H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, skin	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 22 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 6,493,1992
In Vitro/jna	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/24H	Endocrine: Other changes	TXAPA9 257,328,2011
In Vitro/jna	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/24H	Endocrine: Other changes In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TXAPA9 257,328,2011
In Vitro/jpc	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1650000 units/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)	RTOPDW 64,350,2012
In Vitro/jpf	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1800000 units/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)	RTOPDW 64,350,2012
In Vitro/jti	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/1H	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca	TXAPA9 244,344,2010
In Vitro/jvx	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/72H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	BBRCA9 470,300,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 711 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 484 mg/L/48H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5.6 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 9.33 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Mouse, leukemia cells	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 200 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TXAPA9 259,248,2012
In Vitro/mzx	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/24H	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TXAPA9 275,12,2014
In Vitro/paa	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 919 µmol/L/44H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TIVIEQ 27,1416,2013
In Vitro/pkb	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 2 µmol/L	Gastrointestinal: Relaxation (isolated tissue)	PYTOEY 18,998,2011
In Vitro/ppc	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.05 µmol/L/3H	Endocrine: Other changes	FCTOD7 110,13,2017
In Vitro/ppc	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/48H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc. In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	FCTOD7 110,13,2017
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine cell (tissues)	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/48H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function	TXAPA9 265,122,2012
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/6D	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell protein synthesis	NETEEC 43,19,2014
In Vitro/Rat, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 696 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Rat, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 5.05 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Rat, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 10.45 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Rat, lung	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 0.54 gm/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)	TIVIEQ 7,111,1993
In Vitro/Rat, lung	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2.3 gm/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)	TIVIEQ 7,111,1993
In Vitro/Rat, lung	Inhibitor Concentration (75 percent kill): 5.6 gm/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)	TIVIEQ 7,111,1993
In Vitro/Rat, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 40 µmol/L/1H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	NRTXDN 44,204,2014
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.014 mg/kg	Eye: Other eye effects Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	NEROEW 28,2184,2003
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.014 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 174,334,2004
inhalation/man	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.014 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 196,83,2008
inhalation/woman	lowest published toxic concentration: 0.02 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 196,83,2008
intraarterial/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 22 µg/kg	Eye: Changes in circulation Vascular: Measurement of regional blood flow	EJPHAZ 546,148,2006
intracerebral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.097 mg/kg/30M	Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS	JPETAB 317,334,2006
intraduodenal/rat	lowest published lethal dose: 30 mg/kg		ARZNAD 25,1037,1975
intramuscular/cat	lowest published lethal dose: 9 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/cattle	lowest published lethal dose: 9 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/Dog	lowest published lethal dose: 7700 µg/kg		PSEBAA 29,1177,1932
intramuscular/domestic bird	lowest published lethal dose: 8 mg/kg		PHZOA9 12,238,1939
intramuscular/guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/horse, donkey	lowest published lethal dose: 8800 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/horse, donkey	lowest published lethal dose: 8800 µg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/monkey	lowest published lethal dose: 6 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/monkey	lowest published toxic dose: 17.8 µg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 175,225,2004
intramuscular/mouse	lowest published lethal dose: 8 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/pig	Lethal dose: >14 mg/kg	Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions Behavioral: Excitement Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/pigeon	lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 mg/kg	Cardiac: Change in rate Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section	JPETAB 308,73,2004
intramuscular/pigeon	lowest published lethal dose: 9 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 30 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/rat	lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia	SCIEAS 127,1054,1958
intramuscular/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg	Behavioral: Analgesia	EKFAE9 63,16,2000
intraperitoneal/guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg		JPETAB 50,93,1934
intraperitoneal/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5900 µg/kg		TXAPA9 28,227,1974
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold	JPETAB 308,957,2004
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 0.25 mg/kg	Behavioral: Analgesia	EURNE* 14,71,2003
intraperitoneal/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 14 mg/kg		PSEBAA 58,231,1945
intraperitoneal/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 14560 µg/kg		JPETAB 124,350,1958
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.3 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	EJPHAZ 474,227,2003
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg	Endocrine: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	LIFSAK 70,2915,2002
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kg	Endocrine: Change in LH Endocrine: Adrenal cortex hyperplasia Endocrine: Other changes	PHMREP 35,181,1997
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 4 mg/kg	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease	FATOAO 44,40,1981
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 40 mg/kg	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	FATOAO 44,565,1981
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.2 mg/kg	Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning	PSCHDL 171,398,2004
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 mg/kg	Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	JPETAB 323,294,2007
intraspinal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 0.65 mg/kg	Behavioral: Analgesia	JMCMAR 44,4039,2001
intraspinal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease	JMCMAR 44,4039,2001
intraspinal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	JMCMAR 44,4039,2001
intratracheal/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 19300 µg/kg		ARDSBL 129,112,1984
intravenous/cat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1300 µg/kg		PSEBAA 35,316,1936
intravenous/Dog	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 5 mg/kg		JPETAB 95,506,1949
intravenous/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 20 µg/kg	Autonomic Nervous System: Ganglion facilitant Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	EJPHAZ 443,197,2002
intravenous/guinea pig	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4500 µg/kg		ARZNAD 11,1011,1961
intravenous/mammal (species unspecified)	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 8 mg/kg		30ZDA9 -,406,1971
intravenous/man	lowest published toxic dose: 0.01 mg/kg	Behavioral: Abuse Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 175,134,2004
intravenous/man	lowest published toxic dose: 21.4 µg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Glycolytic	NEROEW 28,765,2003
intravenous/monkey	lowest published toxic dose: 0.01 mg/kg	Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites	NEROEW 29,259,2004
intravenous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 0.75 mg/kg	Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases	TOLED5 160,179,2006
intravenous/mouse	lowest published lethal dose: 2.86 mg/kg	Liver: Change in gall bladder structure or function Liver: Other changes	TOLED5 160,179,2006
intravenous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 0.3 mg/kg		ENTOX* ,706,2005
intravenous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1.4 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold	BJPCBM 152,151,2007
intravenous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 300 µg/kg	Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea	BJPCBM 35,161,1969
intravenous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 0.5 mg/kg	Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	TXAPA9 266,366,2013
intravenous/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 6250 µg/kg		PSEBAA 58,231,1945
intravenous/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 2800 µg/kg		NIIRDN -,916,1995
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg	Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	TOXID9 72,34,2003
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 50 µg/kg	Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS	NNAPBA 362,41,2000
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 100 µg/kg	Cardiac: Change in rate Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section	TXAPA9 254,229,2011
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 100 µg/kg	Eye: Changes in circulation Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Vascular: Measurement of regional blood flow	EJPHAZ 546,148,2006
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.03 mg/kg	Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section	PAINDB 85,443,2000
oral/Dog	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 9200 µg/kg		PSEBAA 29,1177,1932
oral/human	lowest published toxic dose: 0.03 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 173,49,2004
oral/human	lowest published toxic dose: 85.7 µg/kg	Brain and Coverings: Changes in surface EEG	NEROEW 24,671,2001
oral/human	lowest published toxic dose: 0.057 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 190,457,2007
oral/man	lowest published toxic dose: 0.029 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	NEROEW 28,1366,2003
oral/man	lowest published toxic dose: 0.027 mg/kg	Vascular: Structural changes in vessels	CEXPB9 36,784,2009
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg	Behavioral: Ataxia Behavioral: Irritability Cardiac: Change in rate	MUREAV 632,29,2007
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Musculoskeletal: Other changes	MUREAV 632,29,2007
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3340 µg/kg	Behavioral: Tremor Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea	HYSAAV 34(4-6),187,1969
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kg		FMCHA2 -,C219,1991
oral/rat	lowest published lethal dose: 50 mg/kg		ARPTDI 45,247,2005
oral/wild bird	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 17800 µg/kg		AECTCV 12,355,1983
parenteral/Dog	lowest published lethal dose: 5700 µg/kg		PSEBAA 29,1177,1932
parenteral/rat	lowest published lethal dose: 34 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	JPETAB 48,317,1933
parenteral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.1 mg/kg	Behavioral: Antianxiety	PSCHDL 158,205,2001
rectal/human	lowest published toxic dose: 1430 µg/kg	Behavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptions Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting	CTOXAO 10,391,1977
skin/child	lowest published toxic dose: 0.35 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 176,182,2004
skin/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 5.3 mg/kg/5M	Cardiac: Change in rate Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section	JTCTDW 39,135,2001
skin/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/5M	Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section	JTCTDW 39,135,2001
skin/human	lowest published toxic dose: 0.07 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	PSCHDL 159,83,2001
skin/human	lowest published toxic dose: 0.42 mg/kg	Behavioral: Muscle weakness	NEROEW 27,684,2002
skin/man	lowest published toxic dose: 0.3 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP	PSCHDL 196,189,2008
skin/man	lowest published toxic dose: 0.2 mg/kg	Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning	PSCHDL 199,89,2008
skin/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kg		ENTOX* -,225,2005
skin/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	AFDOAQ 16,3,1952
skin/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 140 mg/kg		WRPCA2 9,119,1970
skin/woman	lowest published toxic dose: 0.28 mg/kg	Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning	PSCHDL 199,89,2008
skin/woman	lowest published toxic dose: 0.42 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP	PSCHDL 196,189,2008
subcutaneous/cat	lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg		FDWU** -,-,1931
subcutaneous/Dog	lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg		FDWU** -,-,1931
subcutaneous/frog	lowest published lethal dose: 6 mg/kg		FDWU** -,-,1931
subcutaneous/guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea	JPETAB 48,95,1933
subcutaneous/mammal (species unspecified)	lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg	Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS	EJPHAZ 422,185,2001
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1.6 mg/kg	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	PSCHDL 153,327,2001
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold	EJPHAZ 466,99,2003
subcutaneous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 16 mg/kg		AEPPAE 188,605,1938
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 0.65 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	TOXID9 44,293,2005
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg	Behavioral: Analgesia	JPETAB 315,959,2005
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 2.5 mg/kg	Behavioral: Analgesia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease	JPETAB 320,250,2007
subcutaneous/pigeon	lowest published lethal dose: 4580 µg/kg		FDWU** -,-,1931
subcutaneous/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 5 mg/kg		FDWU** -,-,1931
subcutaneous/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 23.5 mg/kg		HBPTO* 1,118,2001
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 125 µg/kg	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	TOXID9 72,74,2003
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1.6 mg/kg	Behavioral: Tolerance	PSCHDL 192,71,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.2 mg/kg	Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	HETOEA 25,199,2006
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.6 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum	PSCHDL 175,114,2004
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	PAHEAA 74,125,2000
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.8 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Analgesia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease	PAINDB 85,443,2000
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 300 µg/kg	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	TOXID9 44,293,2005
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kg	Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum	EJPHAZ 494,167,2004
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 6 mg/kg	Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	JPETAB 324,331,2008
Tank with water/Zebrafish	lowest published toxic concentration: 2433.9 µg/L/50H	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities	TXAPA9 284,65,2015
Tank with water/Zebrafish	lowest published toxic concentration: 162.26 µg/L/50H	Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities	TXAPA9 284,65,2015
Tank with water/Zebrafish	lowest published toxic concentration: 51111.9 µg/L/48H	Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities	NETEEC 34,413,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish	lowest published toxic concentration: 90865.6 µg/L/48H	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system	NETEEC 34,413,2012
unreported route/man	lowest published lethal dose: 882 µg/kg		85DCAI 2,73,1970
unreported route/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 260 µg/kg		EPXXDW #0000106
unreported route/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 13 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold	TOSCF2 72,289,2003

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
implant/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 28 mg/kg/28D- continuous	Endocrine: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response	TXAPA9 135,268,1995
intraperitoneal/hamster	lowest published toxic dose: 28 mg/kg/2W- intermittent	Vascular: Other changes	JAPYAA 86,1126,1999
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	NEROEW 29,869,2004
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 7 mg/kg/13D- intermittent	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	PSCHDL 178,500,2005
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 112 mg/kg/14D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Withdrawal Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	FCLPH* 18(Suppl 1),125,2004
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 20 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Cardiac: Pulse rate increased without fall in BP Cardiac: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	TOLED5 202,8,2011
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 29 mg/kg/29D- intermittent	Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	NETEEC 47,25,2015
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 70 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	TOXRE* 4,399,2017
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3.5 mg/kg/7D- intermittent	Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight Endocrine: Change in LH Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins	FCTOD7 110,13,2017
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 7 mg/kg/14D- intermittent	Endocrine: Other changes Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	FCTOD7 110,13,2017
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 56 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Vascular: Relaxation (isolated tissue) Vascular: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	BCLPT* 99,237,2006
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3.5 mg/kg/17D- intermittent	Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites	NSAPCC 372(Suppl 1),78,2006
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 4 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	NETEEC 28,412,2006
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 8 mg/kg/8D- intermittent	Vascular: Structural changes in vessels Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosing alveolitis Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Peptidases	ETPAEK 55,393,2004
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 42 mg/kg/7D- intermittent	Gastrointestinal: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases	IJEBA6 13,360,1975
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Endocrine: Estrogenic	PHMREP 35,181,1997
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	EJPHAZ 474,227,2003
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg/30D- intermittent	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases	JOETD7 60,215,1998
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 14 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Endocrine: Hyperglycemia Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	LIFSAK 146,131,2016
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 14 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	LIFSAK 146,131,2016
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 42 mg/kg/5W- intermittent	Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response	JPETAB 302,935,2002
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 84 mg/kg/2W- continuous	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	PSCHDL 157,45,2001
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 84 mg/kg/2W- continuous	Behavioral: Analgesia	PSCHDL 157,45,2001
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 48 mg/kg/8D- continuous	Behavioral: Analgesia	PSCHDL 157,45,2001
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 47.25 mg/kg/5W- continuous	Blood: Changes in spleen Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca	JPETAB 302,935,2002
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 4.2 mg/kg/7D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	TOXID9 72,124,2003
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 14 mg/kg/7D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS	TOXID9 72,124,2003
intravenous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 108 mg/kg/18D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	TOXID9 60,373,2001
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/28D- intermittent	Behavioral: Food intake (animal)	PSCHDL 178,183,2005
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1120 mg/kg/28D- intermittent	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Behavioral: Withdrawal Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	PSCHDL 178,183,2005
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 5.6 gm/kg/20W- continuous	Vascular: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	NSAPCC 372(Suppl 1),19,2006
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 10080 mg/kg/12W- continuous	Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	FCTOD7 113,287,2018
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 11760 mg/kg/14W- continuous	Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	FCTOD7 113,287,2018
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 588 mg/kg/14W- continuous	Endocrine: Other changes	FCTOD7 113,287,2018
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/40D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight	NYKZAU 86,35,1985
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 257.6 mg/kg/8W- continuous	Liver: Other changes Liver: Changes in liver weight Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Glycolytic	EJPHAZ 458,227,2003
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg/30D- intermittent	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct	JOETD7 60,215,1998
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 56 mg/kg/8W- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	NETEEC 25,329,2003
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 21 mg/kg/7D- continuous	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Behavioral: Fluid intake	PANCR* 5,222,1990
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 336 mg/kg/16W- continuous	Endocrine: Hypoglycemia	PANCR* 5,222,1990
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1568 mg/kg/16W- continuous	Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Endocrine: Other changes	PANCR* 5,222,1990
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 113.64 mg/kg/10D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	TXAPA9 240,174,2009
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 340.9 mg/kg/30D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	TXAPA9 240,174,2009
parenteral/rabbit	lowest published toxic dose: 83.4 mg/kg/6W- intermittent	Vascular: Structural changes in vessels Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	EXMPA6 11,71,1969
parenteral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 12.6 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Behavioral: Toxic psychosis Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	PSCHDL 153,315,2001
parenteral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 108 mg/kg/18D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase	TOXID9 78,274,2004
skin/human	lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, irritative	PSCHDL 171,465,2004
skin/human	lowest published toxic dose: 4.2 mg/kg/14D- continuous	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	NEROEW 24,350,2001
skin/human	lowest published toxic dose: 2.8 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, allergic	MFEPDX 11,223,1989
subcutaneous/guinea pig	lowest published toxic dose: 415 mg/kg/21D- continuous	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Amino acids (including renal excretion)	TOLED5 31,23,1986
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 5.6 mg/kg/14D- intermittent	Endocrine: Hypoglycemia	JPETAB 300,876,2002
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 8.4 mg/kg/21D- intermittent	Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of exocrine pancreas Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	JPETAB 300,876,2002
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 36.4 mg/kg/13W- intermittent	Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of exocrine pancreas Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	JPETAB 300,876,2002
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 22.4 mg/kg/7D- intermittent	Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Catecholamine levels in CNS	PSCHDL 153,327,2001
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 19.8 mg/kg/33D- intermittent	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	NETEEC 29,47,2007
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 336 mg/kg/14D- continuous	Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Tolerance	JPETAB 315,959,2005
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 8.3 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	JPETAB 317,30,2006
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 112 mg/kg/14D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Withdrawal Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	FCLPH* 18(Suppl 1),109,2004
subcutaneous/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1.2 mg/kg/4D- intermittent	Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	JTSCDR 33,555,2008
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 78 mg/kg/13D- continuous	Liver: Other changes Endocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction Endocrine: Other changes	FCTOD7 49,2068,2011
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 18 mg/kg/3D- continuous	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	JPETAB 324,331,2008
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes	FCLPH* 21,535,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg/8D- intermittent	Endocrine: Other changes Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	ETPAEK 59,245,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport	SIMEJ* 48,124,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg/30D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes	TXCYAC 239,60,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Conditioned vitamin deficiency Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	TXCYAC 238,90,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2.7 mg/kg/9D- intermittent	Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning	NRTXDN 28,562,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 9 mg/kg/9D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	NRTXDN 28,562,2007
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 275 mg/kg/22W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	TXCYAC 243,317,2008
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 10.5 mg/kg/5W- intermittent	Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	ANBEX* 65,125,2005
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 7 mg/kg/7D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cytochrome oxidases (indlucing oxidative phosphrylation)	BJPCBM 138,1376,2003
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.75 mg/kg/5D- intermittent	Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites	NEROEW 23,79,2000
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kg/30D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase	TOXID9 66,314,2002
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1.4 mg/kg/7D- intermittent	Behavioral: Alteration of operant conditioning	PSCHDL 168,216,2003
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 875 µg/kg/1W- intermittent	Behavioral: Tolerance Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests	TOXID9 72,74,2003
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1.4 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	PSCHDL 156,469,2001
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 0.4 mg/kg/21D- intermittent	Endocrine: Changes in adrenal weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	FATOAO 47,78,1984
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kg/21D- intermittent	Cardiac: Other changes Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	FATOAO 47,78,1984
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1.5 mg/kg/21D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea	FATOAO 47,78,1984
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 12600 µg/kg/3W- intermittent	Cardiac: Other changes Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases	TOLED5 116,61,2000

Reviews

Organization	Standard	Reference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³ (skin)	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CLPTAT 5,480,1964
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CLCHAU 19,361,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ADVPA3 4,263,1966
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FNSCA6 2,67,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NETEEC 24,3,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		EURNE* 12,287,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 559,11,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 127,207,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		LIFSAK 71,2807,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 488,151,2001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 23,130,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 23,78,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 23,225,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 23,475,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 24,41,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 24,172,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 24,493,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CLDER* 16,617,1998
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JPETAB 312,875,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 19,251,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NRTXDN 27,525,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JOPSEQ 20,143,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,225,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,197,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOPADD 33,517,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ARPTDI 47,564,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 23,428,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		EMCNA* 25,375,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 659,221,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ITODC* -,327,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,335,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NETEEC 30,1,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TPHSDY 29,151,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 674,62,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 636,144,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		PTPAD4 116,306,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		BPBLEO 3,341,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 667,142,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		AGVBE* 8,155,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		DERCL* 27,289,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CEXPB9 35,458,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NEUCL* 23,321,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NBREV* 9,479,1985
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		PHTHDT 122,125,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		PHMREP 60,361,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NTAPM* -,265,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 31,319,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 31,327,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NRTXDN 31,562,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 717,46,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 33,269,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 38,1,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NRTXDN 33,530,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FCTOD7 50,2049,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 763,36,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 764-765,46,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NETEEC 33,608,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 203,20,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		EMMUEG 54,468,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXCYAC 307,3,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 776,118,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXCYAC 325,74,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FCTOD7 92,38,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FCTOD7 94,93,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FTRPAE 115,155,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NETEEC 52,25,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NETEEC 52,68,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NETEEC 52,109,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JOETD7 172,297,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 773,104,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 791-792,19,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 58,222,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 36,12,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 61,120,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TIVIEQ 36,105,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 81,140,2018
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 56,197,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 58,395,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 777,19,2018
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 60,268,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 61,210,2011

Standards and Regulations

Organization	Standard	Reference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION		FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES	Supported	RBREV* -,194,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-air	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³ (skin)	DTLVS* 3,181,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypt	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA	MAK-TMW 0.07 ppm (0.5 mg/m³);KZW 0.28 ppm (2 mg/m³), skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, Skin, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, skin, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-EC	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, skin, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE	VME 0.5 mg/m³, Skin, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 2 mg/m³, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, skin, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³;short term exposure limit 1.5 mg/m³ (skin), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, skin, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU	time-weighted average 0,5 mg/m³, JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND	MAC(time-weighted average) 0.5 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 1.5 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND	MAK-week 0.07 ppm (0.5 mg/m³), KZG-week 0.14 ppm (1 mg/m³), skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILAND	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS	MAC-TGG 0.5 mg/m³, Skin, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³;short term exposure limit 1.5 mg/m³, skin, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)	8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)	8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)	8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)	8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

Organization	Standard	Reference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO NICOTINE-air	10H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³ (Sk)	NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	Hazard Code 50570; Number of Industries 1; Total Number of Facilities 43; Number of Occupations 1; Total Number of Employees Exposed 4737; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 861
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	Hazard Code 50570; Number of Industries 3; Total Number of Facilities 83; Number of Occupations 4; Total Number of Employees Exposed 161

Status in Federal Agencies

Organization	Reference
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: N crassa-aneuploidy; Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Nicotine, 2544

Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018

Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health