2-Furaldehyde

RTECS #

LT7000000

CAS #

98-01-1
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods

Updated

December 2018

Molecular Weight

96.09

Molecular Formula

C₅H₄O₂

Synonyms

2-Formylfuran
2-Formylofuran (Polish)
2-Furanaldehyde
2-Furancarbonal
2-Furancarboxaldehyde
2-Furankarbaldehyd (Czech)
2-Furfural
2-Furil-metanale (Italian)
2-Furylaldehyde
2-Furylcarboxaldehyde
2-Furyl-methanal
alpha-Furole
Artificial ant oil
Artificial oil of ants
Fural
Furale
Furfural
Furfural (ACGIH:OSHA)
Furfuraldehyde
Furfurale (Italian)
Furfurol
Furfurole
Furole
NCI-C56177
Pyromucic aldehyde
RCRA waste number U125

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
eye /rabbit	100 mg/24H	moderate	85JCAE -,788,1986
skin /rabbit	20 mg/24H	moderate	85JCAE -,788,1986
skin /rabbit	500 mg/24H	mild	FCTXAV 16,759,1978

Mutation Data and Reference

System Test	Route/Organism/Tissue	Dose	Reference
Cytogenetic Analysis	lung/hamster	1 gm/L	MUREAV 227,117,1989
Cytogenetic Analysis	ovary/hamster	2500 µmol/L	CALEDQ 13,89,1981
DNA Damage	mammary gland/human	150 mg/L/24H (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 588,47,2005
DNA inhibition	HeLa cell/human	3 mmol/L	CRNGDP 13,2389,1992
DNA repair	/Bacillus subtilis	1700 µg/disc	DFSCDX 13,353,1986
mutation in mammalian somatic cells	lymphocyte/mouse	200 mg/L	EMMUEG 11,91,1988
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	8094 µg/plate (+/-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 58,205,1978
other mutation test systems	oral/mouse	100 mg/kg	MUREAV 343,157,1995
other mutation test systems	lung/hamster	1 gm/L	MUREAV 227,117,1989
other mutation test systems	other cell types/human	104 µmol/L	TIVIEQ 29,1425,2015
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	parenteral/Drosophila melanogaster	100 ppm	ENMUDM 7,677,1985
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	oral/Drosophila melanogaster	5000 ppm	MUREAV 280,75,1992
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	intraperitoneal/Drosophila melanogaster	5000 ppm	MUREAV 280,75,1992
sister chromatid exchange	lymphocyte/human	70 µmol/L	MUREAV 156,233,1985
sister chromatid exchange	ovary/hamster	11700 µg/L	NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990
specific locus test	oral/Drosophila melanogaster	5000 ppm	MUREAV 280,75,1992
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	liver/human	2 nmol/L/24H	FCTOD7 39,999,2001

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
intraperitoneal/rat	150 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	WDZAEK 6,290,1992
intraperitoneal/mouse	360 mg/kg (6D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)	WDZAEK 8,129,1994

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 90125 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors	NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 90125 mg/kg/103W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors	NTIS** PB91-108662
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 90125 mg/kg/103W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors	NTIS** PB91-108662
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 30900 mg/kg/103W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Liver: Angiosarcoma	NTIS** PB91-108662
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 30900 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors	NTPTR* NTP-TR,382,1990

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/Dog	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 370 ppm/6H		34ZIAG -,279,1969
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 310 µg/m³		GISAAA 26(6),3,1961
inhalation/mouse	Lowest published lethal concentration: 370 ppm/6H		34ZIAG -,279,1969
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 175 ppm/6H	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	AIHAAP 50,A359,1989
inhalation/rat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 640 mg/m³/6H		FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 12.2 gm/m³/2H	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory obstruction Vascular: Other changes	TPKVAL 10,35,1968
inhalation/rat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 184 mg/kg/3H		FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
intramuscular/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 78 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intraperitoneal/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 102 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intraperitoneal/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 20 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intravenous/Dog	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 250 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
intravenous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 152 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
oral/Dog	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 950 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting	34ZIAG -,279,1969
oral/guinea pig	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 541 mg/kg	Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Blood: Hemorrhage	HYSAAV 32(5),158,1967
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kg	Tumorigenic: Active as anti-cancer agent	BIJOAK 34,1196,1940
oral/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 800 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage) Eye: Mydriasis (pupilliary dilation) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation	JPETAB 21,65,1923
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 65 mg/kg		BCTKAG 13,371,1980
oral/rat	lowest published lethal dose: 192 mg/kg		FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
parenteral/frog	lowest published lethal dose: 23 gm/kg		JPETAB 21,65,1923
skin/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 620 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/Dog	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 214 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/guinea pig	lowest published lethal dose: 100 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 119 mg/kg		FCTXAV 16,759,1978
subcutaneous/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 500 mg/kg		HYSAAV 32(5),158,1967
subcutaneous/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 148 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold	34ZIAG -,279,1969

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 200 mg/m³/5H/12W- intermittent	Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathomimetic Endocrine: Other changes	BCTKAG 11,403,1978
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 10140 µg/m³/24H/60D- continuous	Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	GISAAA 26(6),3,1961
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 500 mg/m³/4H/4W- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli	AEHLAU 7,574,1963
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 20 mg/m³/6H/28D- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m³/6H/28D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression Liver: Changes in liver weight Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 80 mg/m³/6H/28D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 160 mg/m³/3H/28D- intermittent	Liver: Changes in liver weight	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 320 mg/m³/3H/28D- intermittent	Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 160 mg/m³/3H/28D- intermittent	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 4800 mg/kg/16D- intermittent	Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	NTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 4875 mg/kg/13W- intermittent	Liver: Changes in liver weight	NTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3672 mg/kg/28D- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 768 mg/kg/4D- intermittent	Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1632 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Behavioral: Sleep Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2688 mg/kg/28D- intermittent	Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight	FCTOD7 42,1389,2004
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 4190 mL/kg/17W- continuous	Liver: Hepatitis, fibrous (cirrhosis, post- necrotic scarring) Liver: Other changes Liver: Changes in liver weight	APJAAG 36,1027,1986
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 91 mg/kg/14D- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes	BCTKAG 15,241,1982
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/6W- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count	AEHLAU 7,574,1963
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 33 mg/kg/13W- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Blood: Normocytic anemia Blood: Luekopenia	AEHLAU 7,574,1963

Reviews

Organization	Standard	Reference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 2 ppm (skin)	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogen	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence	IMEMDT 63,409,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 63,409,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 543,201,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 564,179,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		EMMUEG 39,69,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,394,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,649,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXAPA9 243,180,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXCYAC 286,1,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 769,34,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 802,1,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 54,247,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 55,200,2009

Standards and Regulations

Organization	Standard	Reference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION		FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES	Cancelled	RBREV* -,184,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-air	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³) (skin)	DTLVS* 3,120,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA	time-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m³), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA	MAK-TMW 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), Skin, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK	time-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m³), skin, carc, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE	VLE 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), C3 Carcinogen, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY	time-weighted average 20 mg/m³, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND	time-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m³), skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN	Occupational Exposure Limit 2.5 ppm (9.8 mg/m³), skin, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), skin, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³);short term exposure limit 10 ppm (40 mg/m³) (skin), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND	time-weighted average 2 ppm (7.9 mg/m³), skin, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU	time-weighted average 2 ppm (7,9 mg/m³), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND	MAC(time-weighted average) 10 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 40 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA	short term exposure limit 10 mg/m³, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³);short term exposure limit 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), Skin, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND	MAK-week 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS	MAC-TGG 8 mg/m³, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³);short term exposure limit 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), skin, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)	8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³) (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)	8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³) (skin)	CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)	8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³) (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)	8H time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³) (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

Organization	Standard	Reference
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	Hazard Code 34120; Number of Industries 79; Total Number of Facilities 6447; Number of Occupations 66; Total Number of Employees Exposed 135914; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 6706
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	Hazard Code 34120; Number of Industries 11; Total Number of Facilities 333; Number of Occupations 30; Total Number of Employees Exposed 5904

Status in Federal Agencies

Organization	Reference
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);clear evidence:mouse
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);equivocal evidence:rat
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Aldehydes, screening, 2539
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Furfural, 2529
NTP Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);some evidence:rat NTPTR* NTP-TR-382,1990
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-72

Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018

Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health