Ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-

RTECS #

KV9275000

CAS #

75-35-4
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods

Updated

December 2018

Molecular Weight

96.94

Molecular Formula

C₂H₂Cl₂

Synonyms

1,1-Dichloroethene
1,1-Dichloroethene (9CI)
1,1-Dichloroethylene
Chlorure de vinylidene (French)
Ethene, 1,1-dichloro-
NCI-C54262
RCRA waste number U078
VDC
Vinylidene chloride
Vinylidene chloride (ACGIH)
Vinylidene chloride (II)
Vinylidene dichloride
Vinylidine chloride

Mutation Data and Reference

System Test	Route/Organism/Tissue	Dose	Reference
Cytogenetic Analysis	lung/hamster	250 mg/L	MUREAV 187,157,1987
DNA Damage	inhalation/mouse	50 ppm	TXAPA9 53,357,1980
DNA Damage	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	75 mmol/L	MUREAV 206,209,1988
DNA Damage	inhalation/rat	10 ppm	TXAPA9 53,357,1980
gene conversion and mitotic recombination	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	30 mmol/L	MUREAV 89,179,1981
host-mediated assay	Saccharomyes cerevisiae/mouse	400 mg/kg	MUREAV 89,179,1981
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	20 µmol/L/3D (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 572,98,2005
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	5 pph (+enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 57,141,1978
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	3 pph/2H (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 58,183,1978
mutation in microorganisms	/Escherichia coli	2500 µmol/L (+enzymatic activation step)	BCPCA6 24,2013,1975
mutation in microorganisms	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	30 mmol/L (+enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 89,179,1981
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	50 mmol/L	MUREAV 206,209,1988
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	/Aspergillus nidulans	500 ppm	MUREAV 266,117,1992
sister chromatid exchange	lung/hamster	75 mg/L	MUREAV 187,157,1987
specific locus test	intraperitoneal/mouse	64990 µmol/L	MUREAV 608,29,2006
specific locus test	lymphocyte/mouse	160 ppm/48H-continuous	EMMUEG 17,122,1991
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	inhalation/mouse	50 ppm	TXAPA9 53,357,1980
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	oral/mouse	200 mg/kg	TXCYAC 36,199,1985

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/rat	80 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	TXAPA9 49,189,1979
inhalation/rat	55 ppm/6H (55D prior to copulation)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)	JTEHD6 3,965,1977
inhalation/rabbit	160 ppm/7H (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)	TXAPA9 49,189,1979
oral/rat	200 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)	TXAPA9 49,189,1979

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/4H/52W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Kidney tumors Blood: Leukemia	MELAAD 68,241,1977
inhalation/mouse	toxic concentration: 55 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors Liver: Tumors	JTEHD6 7,909,1981
inhalation/mouse	toxic concentration: 55 ppm/6H/52W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors	EVHPAZ 21,25,1977
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 220 mg/m³/40W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Angiosarcoma	VCVGH* -,432,1990
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration: 55 ppm/6H/52W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Tumors	EVHPAZ 21,25,1977
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration: 150 ppm/4H/52W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Gastrointestinal: Tumors Liver: Tumors	EVHPAZ 21,45,1977
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration: 55 ppm/6H/28W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Skin and Appendages: Tumors	JTEHD6 7,909,1981
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 55 ppm/6H/52W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Liver: Tumors Blood: Lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease	JTEHD6 4,15,1978
inhalation/rat	toxic concentration: 150 ppm/4H/52W- intermittent	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Blood: Leukemia Skin and Appendages: Tumors	MELAAD 68,241,1977
skin/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 4840 mg/kg	Tumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors Skin and Appendages: Tumors	JJIND8 63,1433,1979

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
In Vitro/Human, lymphocyte	Inhibitor Concentration (30 percent kill): >200 mg/L/45H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.	TIVIEQ 29,901,2015
In Vitro/Human, lymphocyte	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): >200 mg/L/45H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TIVIEQ 29,901,2015
inhalation/cat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 8000 mg/m³	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory obstruction	VCVGH* -,430,1990
inhalation/human	lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm	Behavioral: General anesthetic Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes	CHINAG (11),463,1976
inhalation/mouse	Lowest published lethal concentration: 2000 mg/m³/2H		VCVGH* -,430,1990
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 300 mg/m³	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	VCVGH* -,430,1990
inhalation/mouse	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 40 ppm/4H		ENTOX* -,440,2005
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10000 ppm/4H		ENTOX* -,440,2005
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10000 mg/m³		VCVGH* -,430,1990
inhalation/rat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 1300 mg/m³/4H		VCVGH* -,430,1990
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 6350 ppm/4H	Behavioral: Coma	TXAPA9 18,168,1971
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes	JPETAB 297,1193,2001
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function	TOXID9 44,467,2005
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 125 mg/kg	Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	TOXID9 78,402,2004
intravenous/Dog	lowest published lethal dose: 225 mg/kg		QJPPAL 7,205,1934
oral/Dog	lowest published lethal dose: 5750 mg/kg		QJPPAL 7,205,1934
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 194 mg/kg		BJCAAI 37,411,1978
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 200 mg/kg		NTIS** PB85-143766
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg	Liver: Other changes	TOXID9 60,38,2001
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg	Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins	CRTOEC 16,1306,2003
skin/rabbit	Lethal dose: >2426 mg/kg		NTIS** AD-A180-198
subcutaneous/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 3700 mg/kg		QJPPAL 7,205,1934
unreported route/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 125 mg/kg	Liver: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Increased immune response	TOXID9 72,194,2003
unreported route/rat	lowest published lethal dose: 400 mg/kg		VCVGH* -,430,1990

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/Dog	lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m³/90D- continuous	Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	TXAPA9 10,270,1967
inhalation/guinea pig	lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m³/90D- continuous	Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	TXAPA9 10,270,1967
inhalation/monkey	lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m³/90D- continuous	Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	TXAPA9 10,270,1967
inhalation/rabbit	lowest published toxic concentration: 101 mg/m³/90D- continuous	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	TXAPA9 10,270,1967
inhalation/rabbit	lowest published toxic concentration: 500 mg/m³/3H/16W- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Blood: Changes in spleen	VCVGH* -,433,1990
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 143 mg/m³/6H/1Y- intermittent	Behavioral: Muscle weakness Behavioral: Rigidity (includes catalepsy) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	VCVGH* -,432,1990
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 158 mg/m³/6H/5W- intermittent	Liver: Other changes	VCVGH* -,432,1990
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 189 mg/m³/90D- continuous	Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases	TXAPA9 10,270,1967
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 7 gm/kg/14D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	NTPTR* NTP-TR-228,1982
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 6500 mg/kg/13W- intermittent	Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Liver: Other changes Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	NTPTR* NTP-TR-228,1982
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1300 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Amino acids (including renal excretion)	JJATDK 3,90,1983
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 7 gm/kg/14D- intermittent	Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Blood: Hemorrhage Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	NTPTR* NTP-TR-228,1982

Reviews

Organization	Standard	Reference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 5 ppm	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-Not classifiable as a human carcinogen	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence	IMEMDT 39,195,1986
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Limited Evidence	IMEMDT 71,1163,1999
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 39,195,1986
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 71,1163,1999
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Group 3	IMEMDT 71,1163,1999
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CTOXAO 8,633,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CMTVAS 10(3),49,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NTIS** ORNL/TIRC-77/3
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		VHTODE 22,31,1980
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 539,77,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 127,111,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,347,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,440,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 721,27,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 802,1,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 59,364,2011

Standards and Regulations

Organization	Standard	Reference
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 20 ppm (79 mg/m³), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA	MAK-TMW 2 ppm (8 mg/m³);KZW 8 ppm (32 mg/m³), 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 20 ppm (80 mg/m³), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE	VME 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), C3 Carcinogen, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-GERMANY	MAK 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), 2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY	time-weighted average 8 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 32 mg/m³, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND	time-weighted average 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 20 ppm (80 mg/m³), 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³);short term exposure limit 20 ppm (80 mg/m³), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), short term exposure limit 20 ppm (79 mg/m³), JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND	MAC(time-weighted average) 50 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 80 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA	time-weighted average 50 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 100 mg/m³, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDEN	time-weighted average 5 ppm (20 mg/m³);short term exposure limit 10 ppm (40 mg/m³), JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND	MAK-week 2 ppm (8 mg/m³), KZG-week 4 ppm (16 mg/m³), carc 3, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS	MAC-TGG 20 mg/m³, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM	time-weighted average 10 ppm (40 mg/m³), OCT2007

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

Organization	Standard	Reference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE-air	Carcinogen lowest feasible conc.	NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	Hazard Code 83011; Number of Industries 2; Total Number of Facilities 97; Number of Occupations 13; Total Number of Employees Exposed 2679; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 291
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	Hazard Code 83011; Number of Industries 22; Total Number of Facilities 879; Number of Occupations 23; Total Number of Employees Exposed 10947

Status in Federal Agencies

Organization	Reference
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/95/100152/AS)
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Rodent dominant lethal
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive/limited: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NCI Carcinogenesis Studies (gavage);no evidence:mouse,rat
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Vinylidene chloride, 1015
NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 28, 1978
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #19

Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018

Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health