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Carbon dioxide

RTECS #
FF6400000
CAS #
124-38-9
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
March 2019
Molecular Weight
44.01
Molecular Formula
CO2
Synonyms
Anhydride carbonique (French)
Carbon dioxide (ACGIH:OSHA)
Carbon oxide
Carbonic acid anhydride
Carbonic acid gas
Carbonic anhydride
Dry ice
Khladon 744
Kohlendioxyd (German)
Kohlensaure (German)
R 744

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/rat 6 pph/24H (10D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Respiratory system
CIRUAL 8,1218,1960
inhalation/rat 6 pph/24H (10D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)CIRUAL 8,1218,1960
inhalation/mouse 55 pph/2H (3D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)JRPFA4 13,165,1967
inhalation/mouse 55 pph/4H (6D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)JRPFA4 13,165,1967
inhalation/mouse 2 pph/8H (10D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system
TJADAB 30,187,1984
inhalation/rabbit 13 pph/4H (9-12D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemZMOAAN 56,165,1965

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 5 pphCardiac: Changes in coronary arteries

Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP

Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section
VCVN1* -,327,1988
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 10 pphLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea

Autonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic
VCVN1* -,327,1988
inhalation/human Lowest published lethal concentration: 11 pphVCVN1* -,328,1988
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 0.25 pphLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea

Vascular: Other changes
VCVN1* -,328,1988
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 2.5 pphCardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP

Behavioral: Headache

Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section
VCVN1* -,328,1988
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 7 pphBehavioral: Irritability

Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease
VCVN1* -,328,1988
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 7 pph/20MBehavioral: Excitement

Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests
JOPSEQ 19,494,2005
inhalation/human lowest published toxic dose: 7.5 pph/20MBehavioral: ExcitementJOPSEQ 21,42,2007
inhalation/human Lowest published lethal concentration: 9 pph/5MTABIA2 3,231,1933
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) Lowest published lethal concentration: 90000 ppm/5MAEPPAE 138,65,1928
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) lowest published toxic concentration: 11 pph/2HBlood: Normocytic anemiaVCVN1* -,327,1988
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) lowest published toxic concentration: 70 pphCardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: K
VCVN1* -,327,1988
inhalation/man Lowest published lethal concentration: 40 pph/20MCardiac: Other changesJEMME* 36,353,2009
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 20 pphLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edemaVCVN1* -,327,1988
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 361 gm/m3/2HTPKVAL 9,7,1967
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 200000 ppm/2HTPKVAL 9,7,1967
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 0.1 pph/20MBlood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Cabonic anhydrase
CEXPB9 27,95,2000
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 5 pph/5HBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects
VCVN1* -,327,1988
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 3 pph/7DBlood: Normocytic anemiaVCVN1* -,327,1988
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 21 pph/1HCardiac: Other changes

Cardiac: Pulse rate decreased with fall in BP

Cardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)
VCVN1* -,327,1988

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 4 pph/1H/7D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
TOXID9 72,296,2003
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 3 pph/5H/4W- intermittentOlfaction: Change in sensation of smell

Olfaction: Other olfaction effects
TOLED5 188,251,2009
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 3 pph/12H/4W- intermittentOlfaction: Change in sensation of smell

Olfaction: Other olfaction effects
TOLED5 188,251,2009
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 27000 ppm/24H/30D- continuousBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)JPETAB 78,11,1943
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 10000 ppm/24H/30D- continuousBlood: Other changesJPETAB 78,11,1943

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 5000 ppm;short term exposure limit 30000 ppmDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEVHPAZ 11,163,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 140-141,239,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 140-141,125,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJEADV* 13,14,1999
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,639,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHUTOX* -,661,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 29,1,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNBREV* 5,1,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,689,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 28,485,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 762,76,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 262,142,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWVETODR ,215,2018

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATIONFEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDESRED CompletedRBREV* -,299,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)DTLVS* 3,39,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 12500 ppm (22500 mg/m3) (in coal mines), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAshort term exposure limit 30000 ppm (54000 mg/m3) (in coal mines), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 30000 ppm (54000 mg/m3), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIAMAK-TMW 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3);KZW 10000 ppm (18000 mg/m3), 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9131 mg/m3), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMshort term exposure limit 30000 ppm (54784 mg/m3), Asphyxiant, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-ECtime-weighted average 9000 mg/m3 (5000 ppm), FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9100 mg/m3), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-GERMANYMAK 5000 ppm (9.1 gm/m3), 2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYtime-weighted average 9 gm/m3, short term exposure limit 18 gm/m3, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPANOccupational Exposure Limit 5000 ppm (9 gm/m3), MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 30000 ppm (54000 mg/m3), 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 15000 ppm, 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3); short term exposure limit 30000 ppm (54000 mg/m3), JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAYtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3); short term exposure limit 30000 ppm (54000 mg/m3), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDMAC(time-weighted average) 9000 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 27000 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIAtime-weighted average 5000 ppm, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDENtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 10000 ppm (18000 mg/m3), JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILANDtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 9000 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEYtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 5000 ppm (9.15 gm/m3);short term exposure limit 15000 ppm (27.4 gm/m3), OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO CARBON DIOXIDE-air10H time-weighted average 5000 ppm;short term exposure limit 30000 ppmNIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code X8532; Number of Industries 110; Total Number of Facilities 12913; Number of Occupations 95; Total Number of Employees Exposed 192401; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 17538
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 17367; Number of Industries 310; Total Number of Facilities 70119; Number of Occupations 186; Total Number of Employees Exposed 1121046; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 222613
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 17367; Number of Industries 239; Total Number of Facilities 35989; Number of Occupations 150; Total Number of Employees Exposed 447416

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Carbon dioxide, 6603
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #ID-172
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018