4,4'-Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-, dichloride
RTECS #
DW2275000
CAS #
1910-42-5; 3765-78-4; 57593-74-5; 65982-50-5; 136338-65-3; 205105-68-6; 247050-57-3
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
December 2018
Molecular Weight
257.18
Molecular Formula
C12H14N2·2Cl
Synonyms
1,1'-Dimethyl-4
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridynium dichloride
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium-dichlorid (German)
4,4'-Dimethyldipyridyl dichloride
4'-bipyridilium dichloride
AH 501
Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-, dichloride
Cekuquat
Crisquat
Dextrone
Dextrone-X
Dexuron
Dimethyl viologen chloride
Dwuchlorek 1,1'-dwumetylo-4,4'-dwupirydyniowy (Polish)
Esgram
Galokson
Goldquat 276
Gramixel
Gramoxon
Gramoxone
Gramoxone D
Gramoxone dichloride
Gramoxone S
Gramoxone W
Gramuron
Herbaxon
Herboxone
Methyl viologen
Methyl viologen (reduced)
Methyl viologen dichloride
Methylviologen
N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride
OK 622
Ortho paraquat CL
Parakwat (Polish)
Paraquat (OSHA)
Paraquat chloride
Paraquat CL
Paraquat, dichloride
Pathclear
Pillarquat
Pillarxone
Praquat dichloride
Toxer total
Viologen, methyl-
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridynium dichloride
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-dipyridinium-dichlorid (German)
4,4'-Dimethyldipyridyl dichloride
4'-bipyridilium dichloride
AH 501
Bipyridinium, 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-, dichloride
Cekuquat
Crisquat
Dextrone
Dextrone-X
Dexuron
Dimethyl viologen chloride
Dwuchlorek 1,1'-dwumetylo-4,4'-dwupirydyniowy (Polish)
Esgram
Galokson
Goldquat 276
Gramixel
Gramoxon
Gramoxone
Gramoxone D
Gramoxone dichloride
Gramoxone S
Gramoxone W
Gramuron
Herbaxon
Herboxone
Methyl viologen
Methyl viologen (reduced)
Methyl viologen dichloride
Methylviologen
N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride
OK 622
Ortho paraquat CL
Parakwat (Polish)
Paraquat (OSHA)
Paraquat chloride
Paraquat CL
Paraquat, dichloride
Pathclear
Pillarquat
Pillarxone
Praquat dichloride
Toxer total
Viologen, methyl-
Skin and Eye Irritation and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| eye /rabbit | 25 mg | mild | BJIMAG 23,126,1966 |
| eye /rabbit | 12500 µg | severe | BECTA6 9,163,1973 |
Mutation Data and Reference
| System Test | Route/Organism/Tissue | Dose | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cytogenetic Analysis | lymphocyte/human | 7715 mg/L | MUREAV 319,89,1993 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | lung/hamster | 20 µmol/L | TIVIEQ 3,53,1989 |
| Cytogenetic Analysis | ovary/hamster | 100 mg/L | MUREAV 188,241,1987 |
| DNA Damage | lung/rat | 1 µmol/L | CRNGDP 19,809,1998 |
| DNA Damage | lymphocyte/human | 250 mg/L | MUREAV 344,41,1995 |
| DNA inhibition | other cell types/rat | 900 mg/L | ARTODN 45,101,1980 |
| DNA inhibition | oral/rat | 126 mg/kg | FCTXAV 13,47,1975 |
| DNA inhibition | lymphocyte/human | 900 mg/L | ARTODN 45,101,1980 |
| DNA repair | /Salmonella typhimurium | 100 µg/plate | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| gene conversion and mitotic recombination | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 100 ppm | MUREAV 21,83,1973 |
| mutation in mammalian somatic cells | lymphocyte/mouse | 60 mg/L | EMMUEG 12,85,1988 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 40 mg/L/16H | MUTAEX 20,105,2004 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 100 mg/L/18H (+/-enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 653,63,2008 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Aspergillus nidulans | 400 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Escherichia coli | 2 gm/L (-enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 163,15,1986 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 2500 ng/plate (+enzymatic activation step) | TOLED5 3,169,1979 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Salmonella typhimurium | 20 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step) | ABCHA6 45,327,1981 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Other microorganisms | 1000 ppm (-enzymatic activation step) | IJEBA6 11,114,1973 |
| mutation in microorganisms | /Saccharomyes cerevisiae | 12859 mg/L (-enzymatic activation step) | MUREAV 319,89,1993 |
| other mutation test systems | /Salmonella typhimurium | 1 gm/L | MUREAV 192,239,1987 |
| other mutation test systems | oral/rat | 126 mg/kg | FCTXAV 13,47,1975 |
| other mutation test systems | liver/chicken | 50 mg/L | EJTXAZ 8,226,1975 |
| phage inhibition capacity | /Escherichia coli | 2090 mmol/L | MUREAV 267,1,1992 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | oral/Drosophila melanogaster | 1929 mg/L | MUREAV 319,89,1993 |
| sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction | /Aspergillus nidulans | 20 gm/L | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| sister chromatid exchange | other cell types/rat | 1250 µg/L | MUREAV 188,311,1987 |
| sister chromatid exchange | fibroblast/hamster | 1 mmol/L | PAACA3 25,110,1984 |
| sister chromatid exchange | lung/hamster | 80 nmol/L | TIVIEQ 3,53,1989 |
| sister chromatid exchange | ovary/hamster | 100 mg/L | MUREAV 188,311,1987 |
| specific locus test | oral/Drosophila melanogaster | 2 mmol/L | MUREAV 280,291,1992 |
| specific locus test | multiple/Drosophila melanogaster | 4 mmol/L | MUREAV 440,139,1999 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | fibroblast/human | 20 mg/L | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
| Unscheduled DNA Synthesis | other cell types/human | 20 mg/L | MUREAV 68,183,1979 |
Reproductive Effects Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| intraperitoneal/rat | 6500 µg/kg (6D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system | 26UZAB 6,257,1968/1970 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 30150 µg/kg (8-16D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) | TXAPA9 33,450,1975 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | 30 mg/kg (2D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) | REPTED 20,239,2005 |
| oral/mouse | 1163 gm/kg (multigeneration) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated) | AECTCV 16,759,1987 |
| oral/mouse | 1785 gm/kg (multigeneration) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects | AECTCV 16,759,1987 |
| oral/rat | 149 mg/kg (7-17D pregnant) | Reproductive: Other effects on female | NNGADV 13,157,1988 |
| oral/rat | 14 mg/kg (1-3D pregnant) | Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility | MSCREJ 23,27,1995 |
| oral/rat | 300 mg/kg (1-3D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth) | MSCREJ 23,27,1995 |
| oral/rat | 14 mg/kg (1-3D pregnant) | Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth | MSCREJ 23,27,1995 |
| subcutaneous/rat | 7 mg/kg (21D pregnant) | Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Cardiovascular (circulatory) system | JTSCDR 19,151,1994 |
Acute Toxicity Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 336 µmol/L/21H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 47 µmol/L/21H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 127 µmol/L/20H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Chicken, neurons | Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 21 µmol/L/20H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 7,653,1993 |
| In Vitro/Human, colon tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1012 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TOLED5 232,271,2015 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.1 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 232 gm/L/3H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 45 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 20 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.2 mmol/L | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | FCTOD7 50,3206,2012 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.2 mmol/L | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | FCTOD7 50,3206,2012 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.3 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. | TIVIEQ 1,85,1987 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 9.2 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.1 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 200 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TOLED5 208,101,2012 |
| In Vitro/Human, lung tumor | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 300 µmol/L/12H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TOLED5 208,101,2012 |
| In Vitro/Human, melanoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 400 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc. In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro | NETOX* 32,586,2011 |
| In Vitro/Human, melanoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 400 µmol/L/6H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro | NETOX* 32,586,2011 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.5 mmol/L/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TOLED5 199,239,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.5 mmol/L/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TOLED5 199,239,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.5 mmol/L/36H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 199,239,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.5 mmol/L/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 199,239,2010 |
| In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 228,179,2014 |
| In Vitro/mga | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 257,11,2016 |
| In Vitro/mga | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/4H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 269,1,2017 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.8 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.1 gm/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 27,174,2013 |
| In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 94.5 µmol/L/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc. | TIVIEQ 27,1357,2013 |
| In Vitro/paa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/10D | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 230,188,2014 |
| In Vitro/paa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.5 µmol/L/10D | Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TOLED5 230,188,2014 |
| In Vitro/paa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 400 µmol/L/48H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TOLED5 213,316,2012 |
| In Vitro/paa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 600 µmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TOLED5 213,316,2012 |
| In Vitro/paa | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5.88 µmol/L/44H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays | TIVIEQ 27,1416,2013 |
| In Vitro/Rat, liver | Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 mmol/L/6H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TIVIEQ 2,275,1988 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.26 mmol/L/24H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell counting | TIVIEQ 18,79,2004 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2187.8 µmol/L/1H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc. | TIVIEQ 32,347,2016 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 15.8 mmol/L/1H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) | TIVIEQ 32,347,2016 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 63.1 mmol/L/1H | In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell protein synthesis | TIVIEQ 32,347,2016 |
| In Vitro/Rat, lung | Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 52.5 mmol/L/1H | Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TIVIEQ 32,347,2016 |
| inhalation/Dog | Lethal concentration: >4 mg/m3/3.4H | BJIMAG 25,304,1968 | |
| inhalation/guinea pig | Lowest published lethal concentration: 2200 µg/m3/2.5H | BJIMAG 25,304,1968 | |
| inhalation/mouse | Lethal concentration: >2200 µg/m3/2.5H | BJIMAG 25,304,1968 | |
| inhalation/rabbit | Lethal concentration: >2200 µg/m3/2.5H | BJIMAG 25,304,1968 | |
| inhalation/rat | lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 1 mg/m3/6H | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation Skin and Appendages: Other: Hair | BJIMAG 25,304,1968 |
| intracerebral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 32585 ng/kg | Vascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic section | NRTXDN 31,305,2010 |
| intraperitoneal/guinea pig | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3 mg/kg | BJIMAG 23,126,1966 | |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 20 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | JPTLAS 128,21,1979 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 45 mg/kg | Cardiac: Other changes | TOLED5 257,11,2016 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 45 mg/kg | Cardiac: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function | TOLED5 269,1,2017 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg | Cardiac: Change in rate Cardiac: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TXCYAC 312,115,2013 |
| intraperitoneal/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 18 mg/kg | Behavioral: Excitement Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | VHTODE 21,404,1979 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 19 mg/kg | Brain and Coverings: Recordings from specific areas of CNS Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory stimulation | BJIMAG 23,126,1966 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 35 mg/kg | Eye: Retinal changes pigmentary deposition, retinitis, other) | JTEHD6 60,477,2000 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis (interstitial) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Peptidases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | TXCYAC 216,181,2005 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Multiple effects Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases | TOXID9 227,73,2006 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 20 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | TXCYAC 225,157,2006 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 20 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes | FCTOD7 70,100,2014 |
| intraperitoneal/turkey | lowest published lethal dose: 20 mg/kg | Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea | POSCAL 52,1625,1973 |
| intravenous/Dog | lowest published lethal dose: 34500 µg/kg | Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea | FAATDF 2,261,1982 |
| intravenous/domestic animal | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1 mg/kg | JTCTDW 19,911,1983 | |
| intravenous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 180 mg/kg | CSLNX* NX#00224 | |
| intravenous/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 21 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea Skin and Appendages: Other: Hair | TXAPA9 22,241,1972 |
| intravenous/turkey | lowest published lethal dose: 12500 µg/kg | Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea | POSCAL 52,1625,1973 |
| multiple/woman | lowest published lethal dose: 12200 µg/kg/30D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) Blood: Changes in cell count (unspecified) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature increase | YJBMAU 50,481,1977 |
| ocular/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 100 mg/kg | BECTA6 9,163,1973 | |
| oral/cat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 35 mg/kg | IYKEDH 10,520,1979 | |
| oral/chicken | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 262 mg/kg | BJIMAG 23,126,1966 | |
| oral/child | lowest published toxic dose: 30 µL/kg | Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) | VHTODE 34,164,1992 |
| oral/Dog | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 25 mg/kg | IYKEDH 10,520,1979 | |
| oral/domestic animal | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 30 mg/kg | 85GYAV -,104,1971 | |
| oral/duck | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 199 mg/kg | TXAPA9 47,451,1979 | |
| oral/guinea pig | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 22 mg/kg | Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | EXMPA6 17,317,1972 |
| oral/human | lowest published lethal dose: 214 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes | YKYUA6 30,985,1979 |
| oral/man | lowest published toxic dose: 32 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Gastrointestinal: Other changes | BMJOAE 3,290,1968 |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 43 mg/kg | Liver: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume decreased or anuria | BMJOAE 2,396,1978 |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 1720 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Liver: Liver function tests impaired Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | CTOXAO 18,915,1981 |
| oral/man | lowest published toxic dose: 57 µg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Gastrointestinal: Other changes | BJCPAT 30,71,1976 |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 3380 µL/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Sputum | AJEMEN 6,509,1988 |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 857 µg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Liver: Jaundice, other or unclassified Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Urine volume decreased or anuria | NIBKAW 70,118,1981 |
| oral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 285.7 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | JFLME* 15,48,2008 |
| oral/monkey | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kg | Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Emphysema Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | EXMPA6 17,317,1972 |
| oral/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 120 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis (interstitial) Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | GEPHDP 12,225,1981 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published lethal dose: 175 mg/kg | TOLED5 143,51,2003 | |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation | FCTOD7 73,140,2014 |
| oral/pig | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 30 mg/kg | 85GYAV -,104,1971 | |
| oral/rabbit | lowest published lethal dose: 69030 µg/kg | Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | AIMJA9 23,599,1972 |
| oral/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 57 mg/kg | RREVAH 10,97,1965 | |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 58.27 mg/kg | Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects | RJENT* 2,53,2008 |
| oral/turkey | lowest published lethal dose: 250 mg/kg | Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea | POSCAL 52,1625,1973 |
| oral/woman | lowest published toxic dose: 0.7 mL/kg | Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Blood: Hemorrhage Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | JTCTDW 43,291,2005 |
| oral/woman | lowest published lethal dose: 111 mg/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Gastrointestinal: Ulceration or bleeding from stomach Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) | AIMDAP 146,681,1986 |
| oral/woman | lowest published lethal dose: 3 gm/kg | Behavioral: Headache Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting | FSIZAQ 27,494,1977 |
| parenteral/frog | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 260 mg/kg | ABHUE6 36,295,1985 | |
| parenteral/man | lowest published lethal dose: 57 µL/kg | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis, focal (pneumoconiosis) Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), diffuse Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes | FSINDR 49,215,1991 |
| skin/duck | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 600 mg/kg | TXAPA9 47,451,1979 | |
| skin/rabbit | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 325 mg/kg | Skin: After topical application: Cutaneous sensitization (experimental) | BJIMAG 23,126,1966 |
| skin/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 80 mg/kg | WRPCA2 9,119,1970 | |
| skin/turkey | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 375 mg/kg | Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea | POSCAL 52,1625,1973 |
| subcutaneous/man | lowest published lethal dose: 3 µL/kg | Autonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Liver: Jaundice, other or unclassified | BMJOAE 3,721,1967 |
| subcutaneous/mouse | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 37 mg/kg | NNGADV 13,157,1988 | |
| subcutaneous/rat | lethal dose (50 percent kill): 27 mg/kg | NNGADV 13,157,1988 |
Other Multiple Dose Data and References
| Route/Organism | Dose | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| inhalation/guinea pig | lowest published toxic concentration: 400 µg/m3/6H/3W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | FAATDF 10,717,1988 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 1100 µg/m3/4H/19W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases | KHZDAN 15,25,1972 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 750 µg/m3/6H/4D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | BJIMAG 25,304,1968 |
| inhalation/rat | lowest published toxic concentration: 650 µg/m3/1H/3W- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Blood: Hemorrhage | BJIMAG 25,304,1968 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 15 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in humoral immune response | FCTOD7 48,1627,2010 |
| intraperitoneal/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 0.15 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Immunological Including Allergic: Decrease in cellular immune response | FCTOD7 48,1627,2010 |
| intraperitoneal/rabbit | lowest published toxic dose: 64 mg/kg/14D- intermittent | Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | EESADV 17,47,1989 |
| intraperitoneal/rabbit | lowest published toxic dose: 21 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on cyclic nucleotides | EESADV 17,47,1989 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 70 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion Blood: Hemorrhage Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport | ARTODN 77,353,2003 |
| intraperitoneal/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 735 mg/kg/21D- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight | JTEHF8 59,477,2000 |
| oral/human | lowest published toxic dose: 0.575 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | JKMSEH 24,636,2009 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 74.76 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases | NRTXDN 31,310,2010 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 224 mg/kg/28D- intermittent | Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial function | NRTXDN 31,310,2010 |
| oral/mouse | lowest published toxic dose: 3276 mg/kg/13W- continuous | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | NNGADV 13,157,1988 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 608 mg/kg/19W- intermittent | Liver: Other changes Endocrine: Hypoglycemia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | KHZDAN 12,325,1969 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 1638 mg/kg/13W- continuous | Cardiac: Changes in heart weight Liver: Changes in liver weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | NNGADV 13,157,1988 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 187 mg/kg/30D- continuous | Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | EESADV 7,475,1983 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 232 mg/kg/15D- continuous | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins | JTEHD6 44,29,1995 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 13140 mg/kg/2Y- continuous | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | NNGADV 13,157,1988 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 160 mg/kg/8D- intermittent | Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | TXCYAC 236,199,2007 |
| oral/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/14D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis (interstitial) | TXCYAC 236,199,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 56 mg/kg/91D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis (interstitial) Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain | JTSCDR 31,345,2006 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 35 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Hepatic microsomal mixed oxidase (dealkylation, hydroxylation, etc.) | TOLED5 170,193,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 16 mg/kg/4D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression | TOLED5 170,193,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 24 mg/kg/6D- intermittent | Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay) Behavioral: Ataxia | TOLED5 170,193,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 42 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in pulmonary vascular resistance Liver: Liver function tests impaired Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | TOLED5 170,193,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 40 mg/kg/10D- intermittent | Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases | TOLED5 170,193,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 28 mg/kg/7D- intermittent | Liver: Other changes | TOLED5 170,193,2007 |
| subcutaneous/rat | lowest published toxic dose: 42 mg/kg/6D- intermittent | Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Fibrosis (interstitial) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field | JTSCDR 32,529,2007 |
Reviews
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FEPRA7 35,89,1976 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CNDQA8 10(3),43,1975 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CRTXB2 1(1),93,1971 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | DTTIAF 80,485,1973 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FNSCA6 2,67,1973 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | EVHPAZ 15,121,1976 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | AJHPA9 35,1368,1978 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | CTOXAO 14,1,1979 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 557,109,2004 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | ENTOX* -,329,2005 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FEREAC 71,52487,2006 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | NRTXDN 32,383,2011 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 767,67,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | FCTOD7 97,23,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | MUREAV 770,183,2016 | |
| TOXICOLOGY REVIEW | RTOPDW 58,395,2010 |
Standards and Regulations
| Organization | Standard | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION | FEREAC 54,7740,1989 | |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES | RED Completed | RBREV* -,140,1998 |
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV | ||
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA | time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3 (respirable), JUL2008 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA | MAK-TMW 0.1 mg/m3;KZW 0.1 mg/m3, inhal, skin, 2007 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK | time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3, skin, MAY2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-GERMANY | MAK 0.1 mg/m3, inhal, skin, 2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY | time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 0.1 mg/m3, Skin, SEP2000 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND | time-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3, skin, NOV2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU | time-weighted average 0,1 mg/m3, JUL2005 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND | ceiling concentration 0.1 mg/m3, inhal, skin, JAN2011 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS | MAC-TGG 0.1 mg/m3, 2003 | |
| Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM | time-weighted average 0.08 mg/m3 (resp. dust), OCT2007 | |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction) | 8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust | CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry) | 8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust | CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994 |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards) | 8H time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m3 (skin), respirable dust | CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993 |
NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance
Status in Federal Agencies
| Organization | Reference |
|---|---|
| EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae gene conversion | |
| On EPA IRIS database |
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018
Content
source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health