Benzene, 1-chloro-4-nitro-

RTECS #

CZ1050000

CAS #

100-00-5
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods

Updated

December 2018

Molecular Weight

157.56

Molecular Formula

C₆H₄ClNO₂

Synonyms

1-Chloor-4-nitrobenzeen (Dutch)
1-Chlor-4-nitrobenzol (German)
1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene
1-Cloro-4-nitrobenzene (Italian)
4-Chloro-1-nitrobenzene
4-Chloronitrobenzene
4-Nitro-1-chlorobenzene
p-Chloronitrobenzene
PNCB
p-Nitrochloorbenzeen (Dutch)
p-Nitrochlorobenzene
p-Nitrochlorobenzene (ACGIH:OSHA)
p-Nitrochlorobenzol (German)
p-Nitroclorobenzene (Italian)

Mutation Data and Reference

System Test	Route/Organism/Tissue	Dose	Reference
Cytogenetic Analysis	ovary/hamster	600 mg/L	EMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
DNA Damage	liver/rat	5 µmol/L	MUREAV 131,215,1984
DNA Damage	intraperitoneal/mouse	60 mg/kg	BSIBAC 56,1680,1980
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	819 µg/plate (+enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 116,217,1983
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	100 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step)	ENMUDM 5(Suppl 1),3,1983
sister chromatid exchange	ovary/hamster	250 mg/L	EMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/rat	24 ppm/6H (13W male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)	NTPTR* NIH-93-3382
oral/mouse	4.4 gm/kg (7D male/7D prior to copulation/21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse	58 gm/kg (15W male/15W prior to copulation/21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse	250 mg/kg (multigenerations)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse	250 mg/kg (multigenerations)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system	NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse	250 mg/kg (multigenerations)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system	NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse	4.4 gm/kg (1W male/1W prior to copulation/1-21D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse	40 gm/kg (70D male/70D pre-2W after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)	NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse	45.5 gm/kg (70D male/70D pre-2W after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse	45.5 gm/kg (70D male/70D pre-2W after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system	NTPTR* RACB-19077

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 194 gm/kg/78W- continuous	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Vascular: Tumors Liver: Tumors	JEPTDQ 2(2),325,1978
oral/mouse	toxic dose: 390 gm/kg/78W- continuous	Tumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria Vascular: Tumors Liver: Tumors	JEPTDQ 2(2),325,1978

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/cat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 25 ppm/7H		IMSUAI 19,317,1950
inhalation/rat	Lowest published lethal concentration: 16100 mg/m³/4H	Olfaction: Other olfaction effects Eye: Corneal damage Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cyanosis	NTIS** OTS0571644
intraperitoneal/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 420 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold Behavioral: Ataxia Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia	AGGHAR 17,217,1959
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 440 mg/kg		85GMAT -,92,1982
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 420 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Liver: Fatty liver degeneration Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia	AGGHAR 17,217,1959
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 530 mg/kg	Behavioral: Tremor Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes Liver: Other changes	HPV175 -,-,2003
skin/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3040 mg/kg		NTPTR* NIH-93-3382
skin/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 16 gm/kg	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia	AGGHAR 17,217,1959

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
inhalation/mouse	lowest published toxic concentration: 12 ppm/6H/13W- intermittent	Liver: Changes in liver weight Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight Blood: Changes in spleen	NTPTR* NIH-93-3382
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 46 mg/m³/6H/4W- intermittent	Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count	FAATDF 6,618,1986
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 3 ppm/6H/13W- continuous	Liver: Other changes Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia Blood: Changes in platelet count	NTPTR* NIH-93-3382
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 1.5 ppm/13W- intermittent	Blood: Normocytic anemia Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	HPV175 -,-,2003
inhalation/rat	lowest published toxic concentration: 24 ppm/13W- intermittent	Liver: Changes in liver weight Blood: Normocytic anemia Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	HPV175 -,-,2003
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 21000 mg/kg/12W- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cyanosis	NTIS** #RACB19077
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 8960 mg/kg/14D- intermittent	Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 4480 mg/kg/14D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cyanosis	NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 45500 mg/kg/175D- intermittent	Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cyanosis	NTPTR* RACB-19077
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 60014.5 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 77941.5 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 25489.1 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Liver: Other changes Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 30421.3 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Liver: Other changes Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 10965.5 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Blood: Other changes Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 3339.7 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Blood: Changes in spleen	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 309.4 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Blood: Changes in spleen Blood: Other changes Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 373.1 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Blood: Changes in spleen	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 127.4 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1255.8 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Liver: Other changes Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above Blood: Other changes	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1073.8 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Liver: Other changes Blood: Changes in bone marrow not included in above	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3530.8 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 4095 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 13195 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	JTSCDR 31,9,2006
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2200 mg/kg/20D- intermittent	Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	HPV175 -,-,2003
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1350 mg/kg/2W- intermittent	Liver: Hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis), zonal Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	NTIS** OTS0533716
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3640 mg/kg/2Y- intermittent	Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia Blood: Changes in spleen Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight	NTIS** OTS0526382
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1400 mg/kg/4W- intermittent	Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight Blood: Methemoglobinemia- Carboxhemoglobinemia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	NTIS** OTS0546099
subcutaneous/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg/10D- intermittent	Blood: Other changes	FATOAO 35,108,1972

Reviews

Organization	Standard	Reference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (skin)	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogen	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 65,263,1996
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Human Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 65,263,1996
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Group 3	IMEMDT 65,263,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		REPTED 31,392,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 769,34,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 802,1,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 55,43,2009

Standards and Regulations

Organization	Standard	Reference
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-air	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³ (skin)	DTLVS* 3,184,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m³), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA	MAK-TMW 0.075 ppm (0.5 mg/m³);KZW 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m³), skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.65 mg/m³), Skin, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m³), skin, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 3 mg/m³, skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY	time-weighted average 0.5 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 2 mg/m³, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m³), skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPAN	Occupational Exposure Limit 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m³), skin, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.6 mg/m³), skin, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³;short term exposure limit 2 mg/m³ (skin), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m³), skin, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAY	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.64 mg/m³), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND	MAC(time-weighted average) 1 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 3 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIA	time-weighted average 0.1 ppm, short term exposure limit 1 mg/m³, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND	MAK-week 0.075 ppm, carc 3, skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS	MAC-TGG 1 mg/m³, Skin, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³;short term exposure limit 2 mg/m³, skin, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)	8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)	8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)	8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)	8H time-weighted average 1 mg/m³ (skin)	CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

Organization	Standard	Reference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO p-NITROCHLOROBENZENE-air	Carcinogen lowest feasible conc. (Sk)	NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	Hazard Code 50775; Number of Industries 4; Total Number of Facilities 30; Number of Occupations 20; Total Number of Employees Exposed 2948; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 401

Status in Federal Agencies

Organization	Reference
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA Section 8(e) Risk Notification, 8EHQ-0892-9003;8EHQ-0892-9298
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Nitrobenzenes, 2005
NTP Toxicity studies, RPT# TOX-33, October 2000

Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018

Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health