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Acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-

RTECS #
AG6825000
CAS #
94-75-7
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
December 2018
Molecular Weight
221.04
Molecular Formula
C8H6Cl2O3
Synonyms
(2,4-Dichloor-fenoxy)-azijnzuur (Dutch)
(2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy)-essigsaeure (German)
2,4-D
2,4-D (ACGIH:OSHA)
2,4-D acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorphenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dwuchlorofenoksyoctowy kwas (Polish)
Acide 2,4-dichloro phenoxyacetique (French)
Acido(2,4-dicloro-fenossi)-acetico (Italian)
Acme LV 4
Agrotect
Amidox
Amoxone
Aqua-Kleen
Barrage
BH 2,4-D
Brush-rhap
B-Selektonon
Chipco turf herbicide D
Chloroxone
Citrus fix
Crop rider
Debroussaillant 600
Deherban
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (OSHA)
Dicopur
DMA-4
Dormone
Emulsamine BK
Emulsamine E-3
ENT 8,538
Envert 171
Envert DT
Estone
Farmco
Fernimine
Fernoxone
Ferxone
Foredex 75
Hedonal (the herbicide)
Herbidal
Hivol-44
Ipaner
Kwas 2,4-dwuchlorofenoksyoctowy (Polish)
Kwasu 2,4-dwuchlorofenoksyoctowego (Polish)
Kyselina 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctova (Czech)
Lawn-keep
Macrondray
Miracle
Moxone
Netagrone
Netagrone 600
NSC 423
Pennamine
Pennamine D
Phenox
Pielik
Plantgard
RCRA waste number U240
Rhodia
Superormone concentre
U 46DP
U-5043
Vergemaster
Verton 2D
Vidon 638
Weed TOX
Weed-Ag-Bar
Weedar-64
Weedatul
Weedez Wonder BAR
Weedone LV4
Weed-rhap
Weedtrol

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
eye /rabbit 750 µg/24H severe28ZPAK -,279,1972
skin /rabbit 500 mg/24H mild28ZPAK -,279,1972

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
Cytogenetic Analysislymphocyte/human20 µg/LCYGEDX 8(3),6,1974
Cytogenetic Analysisintraperitoneal/rat100 µg/kgCYTOAN 52,275,1987
Cytogenetic Analysisoral/mouse100 mg/kgCYGEDX 8(3),6,1974
Cytogenetic Analysisovary/hamster2400 mg/LEMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
Cytogenetic Analysiskidney/cattle1 ppmITCSAF 8,416,1973
Cytogenetic Analysisoral/mouse9.9 mg/kg/3DMUREAV 494,1,2001
Cytogenetic Analysisintraperitoneal/mouse3.5 mg/kgARTODN 74,560,2000
Cytogenetic Analysislymphocyte/human0.4 mg/L/24H (+/-enzymatic activation step)TXAPA9 197,235,2004
Cytogenetic Analysislymphocyte/human0.4 mg/L/48H (+/-enzymatic activation step)TXCYAC 200,39,2004
DNA adduct/Escherichia coli20 µmol/LMUREAV 89,95,1981
DNA Damagesperm/salmon1 mmol/LPYTCAS 11,3135,1972
DNA DamageAscites tumor/human4 mmol/L/36HFCTOD7 41,385,2003
DNA Damageoral/rat0.14 mg/kg/2W- intermittentTXAPA9 197,202,2004
DNA Damagelymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)1 mmol/LPYTCAS 11,3135,1972
DNA Damagefibroblast/human10.9 mmol/L/1HTOLED5 147,35,2004
DNA Damagemultiple/non-mammalian species252 mg/L/48H-continuousEESADV 128,222,2016
DNA inhibitionovary/hamster1 mmol/LTOLED5 29,137,1985
DNA inhibitionoral/mouse200 mg/kgMUREAV 55,197,1978
DNA repair/Bacillus subtilis5 mg/discNTIS** PB80-133226
DNA repair/Escherichia coli5 mg/discNTIS** PB80-133226
gene conversion and mitotic recombination/Aspergillus nidulans4 µmol/LMUREAV 204,615,1988
micronucleus testlymphocyte/human0.4 mg/L/48H (+/-enzymatic activation step)TXCYAC 200,39,2004
micronucleus testlymphocyte/human5 µmol/L/48HMUREAV 521,165,2002
mutation in mammalian somatic cellslung/hamster10 µmol/LCBINA8 19,369,1977
mutation in microorganisms/Saccharomyes cerevisiae4 mmol/L/4HARTODN 74,560,2000
mutation in microorganisms/Saccharomyes cerevisiae150 mg/L (-enzymatic activation step)ECBUDQ 27,193,1978
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium250 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 204,615,1988
mutation in microorganisms/Other microorganisms1 gm/L (-enzymatic activation step)MILEDM 5,103,1977
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionoral/Drosophila melanogaster25 ppmECBUDQ 27,190,1978
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionunreported route/Drosophila melanogaster1000 ppm/15DECBUDQ 27,182,1978
sister chromatid exchangelymphocyte/human10 mg/LJOHEA8 73,224,1982
sister chromatid exchangeovary/hamster167 mg/LEMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
sister chromatid exchangeoral/mouse100 mg/kgFCTOD7 39,941,2001
specific locus testoral/Drosophila melanogaster5 mmol/LMUREAV 319,237,1993
specific locus testmultiple/Drosophila melanogaster10 ppbEMMUEG 25,148,1995
sperm morphologyoral/mouse33 mg/kgMUREAV 494,1,2001
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisfibroblast/human1 µmol/LMUREAV 42,161,1977

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intraperitoneal/rat 1600 mg/kg (9-25D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic
NETEEC 18,691,1996
intraperitoneal/rat 600 mg/kg (9-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic
NETEEC 18,691,1996
intraperitoneal/rat 1 gm/kg (15-24D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolicNETEEC 18,691,1996
intraperitoneal/rat 700 mg/kg (9-15D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)NETEEC 25,607,2003
intraperitoneal/rat 1700 mg/kg (9-25D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects
NETEEC 25,607,2003
intraperitoneal/rat 25 mg/kg (1D after birth)Reproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy)

Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
TXCYAC 271,13,2010
intraperitoneal/rat 2.5 mg/kg (1D after birth)Reproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy)

Reproductive: Other effects on female
TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat 220 µg/kg (1-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)GISAAA 50(10),76,1985
oral/rat 1 gm/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death
TXAPA9 22,14,1972
oral/rat 125 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemFCTXAV 9,801,1971
oral/rat 500 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system
FCTXAV 9,801,1971
oral/rat 80 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemCKSCDN 24,29,1998
oral/rat 240 mg/kg (16D after birth)Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic
FCTOD7 44,8,2006
oral/rat 750 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/Dog 270 mg/kg (90D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm ductFEREAC 70,43309,2005
oral/mouse 500 mg/kg (14-18D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)EMMUEG 42,37,2003
oral/rat 6200 mg/kg (31D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands

Reproductive: Other effects on male
TOXID9 -,18,2008
oral/rat 3000 mg/kg (30D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands
FCLPH* 21(Suppl 1),92,2007
oral/rat 525 mg/kg (16-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)NETEEC 32,497,2010
oral/rat 35 mg/kg (7D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat 25 mg/kg (10D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat 32.5 mg/kg (13D after birth)Reproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy)

Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/mouse 707 mg/kg (11-14D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
AECTCV 6,33,1977
oral/mouse 900 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear
NTIS** PB223-160
oral/mouse 438 mg/kg (8-12D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)TCMUD8 7,7,1987
oral/hamster 200 mg/kg (7-11D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)BECTA6 6,559,1971
oral/mouse 715 mg/kg (6-16D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects
TXCYAC 165,39,2001
oral/mouse 7150 mg/kg (6-16D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Immune and reticuloendothelial system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects
TXCYAC 165,39,2001
oral/mammal (species unspecified) 20 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)FEREAC 67,10624,2002
oral/mammal (species unspecified) 750 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemFEREAC 67,10624,2002
oral/mouse 407 mg/kg (6-16D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)VHTODE 42,129,2000
oral/rat 3150 mg/kg (16-22D preg/23D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic
NRTXDN 24,149,2003
oral/rat 400 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus
GISAAA 40,102,1975
oral/rat 70 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic
NRTXDN 24,149,2003
oral/rat 2100 mg/kg (16-22D preg/23D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects
NRTXDN 24,149,2003
oral/rat 70 mg/kg (multigeneration)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects
NRTXDN 24,149,2003
subcutaneous/mouse 882 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)
NTIS** PB223-160
subcutaneous/mouse 900 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue)
NTIS** PB223-160
subcutaneous/mouse 900 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
NTIS** PB223-160

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 32850 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria

Brain and Coverings: Tumors
FEREAC 67,10624,2002

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 21656 µmol/L/21HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 3188 µmol/L/21HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 11150 µmol/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 1211 µmol/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Human, kidney Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >100 µmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 40,66,2017
In Vitro/Human, kidney Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >100 µmol/L/2HEndocrine: Other changesTIVIEQ 40,66,2017
In Vitro/Human, liver Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 3.53 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 5.83 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 2.44 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 8.45 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 589 mg/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2630 mg/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2850 mg/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 190 µmol/L/4MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currentsTXAPA9 245,191,2010
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 269 mg/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 674 mg/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 1.05 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 4.25 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/paaInhibitor Concentration Low: 174 µmol/L/44HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 27,1416,2013
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 900 mg/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 0.65 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1.69 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified) lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 1.79 gm/m3/4HFEREAC 67,10625,2002
inhalation/rabbit lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 1800 mg/m3PESFO* -,253,1998
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): >1.8 gm/m3/4HFEREAC 69,75066,2004
intraperitoneal/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 666 mg/kgPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Coma
JIHTAB 29,85,1947
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published lethal dose: 125 mg/kgTXAPA9 23,288,1972
intraperitoneal/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kgPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Coma
JIHTAB 29,85,1947
intraperitoneal/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 666 mg/kgPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Coma
JIHTAB 29,85,1947
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 2.5 mg/kgEndocrine: Other changesTXCYAC 271,13,2010
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kgBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Other changes

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites
TXCYAC 271,13,2010
intravenous/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kgPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Coma
JIHTAB 29,85,1947
oral/chicken lethal dose (50 percent kill): 541 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Gastritis

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration
AJVRAH 15,622,1954
oral/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 100 mg/kgBehavioral: Stiffness

Behavioral: Coma
AEHLAU 7,202,1963
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca
JTCTDW 38,747,2000
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kgBehavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca
JTCTDW 38,747,2000
oral/Dog lethal dose (50 percent kill): 100 mg/kgENTOX* -,569,2005
oral/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 469 mg/kgAJVRAH 15,622,1954
oral/hamster lethal dose (50 percent kill): 500 mg/kgTXAPA9 48,A192,1979
oral/human lowest published lethal dose: 80 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting

Behavioral: Coma

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)
ARPAAQ 94,270,1972
oral/human lowest published toxic dose: 694.4 mg/kgBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects
DRSAEA 5,,1990
oral/human lowest published toxic dose: 66 mg/kgBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Coma

Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning
HBPTO* 1,60,2001
oral/human lowest published toxic dose: 66 mg/kgHBPTO* 1,60,2001
oral/mammal (species unspecified) lethal dose (50 percent kill): 375 mg/kgSCIEAS 165,465,1969
oral/man lowest published lethal dose: 93 mg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure thresholdPAREAQ 14,225,1962
oral/man lowest published toxic dose: 2 gm/kgBehavioral: Coma

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
ARTODN 66,518,1992
oral/man lowest published toxic dose: 5714 mg/kgBehavioral: Coma

Cardiac: Change in rate

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
ARTODN 66,518,1992
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kgBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease
FCTOD7 39,941,2001
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 347 mg/kgRPZHAW 31,373,1980
oral/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 800 mg/kgAMPMAR 12,26,1951
oral/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 699 mg/kgPESFO* -,253,1998
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): >300 mg/kgENTOX* -,569,2005
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3670 mg/kg/18HTOIZAG 19,356,1972
oral/wild bird lethal dose (50 percent kill): 200 mg/kgPESFO* -,253,1998
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): >2000 mg/kgFEREAC 69,75066,2004
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1400 mg/kgBehavioral: Ataxia

Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation
AFDOAQ 16,3,1952
skin/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1500 mg/kgWRPCA2 9,119,1970
Tank with water/other fish toxic concentration: 252 mg/L/48HBlood: Other changesEESADV 128,222,2016
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 227 mg/kgFEREAC 70,43298,2005
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 227 mg/kgBehavioral: Muscle weaknessFEREAC 67,10624,2002

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intravenous/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/6D- intermittentMusculoskeletal: Changes in teeth and supporting structures

Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, other

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
JIHTAB 29,85,1947
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 700 mg/kg/90D- intermittentBlood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
AMIHBC 7,61,1953
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 1820 mg/kg/52W- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Liver: Other changes

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)
FAATDF 29,78,1996
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 270 mg/kg/90D- intermittentBehavioral: Food intake (animal)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight
FEREAC 70,43298,2005
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 270 mg/kg/90D- intermittentBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)FEREAC 70,43298,2005
oral/hamster lowest published toxic dose: 50400 mg/kg/12W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 23.4 mg/kg/9D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TXCYAC 177,143,2002
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 630 mg/kg/9D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Interstitial nephritis

Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TXCYAC 177,143,2002
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 10950 mg/kg/2Y- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight
FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 10950 mg/kg/2Y- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weightFEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 18144 mg/kg/12W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 91 gm/kg/2Y- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight
FAATDF 33,166,1996
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kg/10D- intermittentBlood: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TXCYAC 237,104,2007
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 930 mg/kg/31D- intermittentEndocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction

Endocrine: Other changes
TOXID9 -,18,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 6200 mg/kg/31D- intermittentEndocrine: Change in LH

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight
TOXID9 -,18,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/5D- continuousBehavioral: Alteration of classical conditioningTXCYAC 247,73,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 105 mg/kg/7D- continuousEndocrine: Change in gonadotropins

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other
TXCYAC 247,73,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 175 mg/kg/7D- continuousBiochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sitesTXCYAC 247,73,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3000 mg/kg/30D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in ovarian weight

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight
FCLPH* 21(Suppl 1),92,2007
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 32.5 mg/kg/13D- continuousEndocrine: Other changesTXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 800 mg/kg/16D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases
TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/16D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites
TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 240 mg/kg/16D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesTXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 2500 mg/kg/25D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other
ENTOX* -,721,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3780 mg/kg/12W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight
JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 418.3 mg/kg/12W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 54600 mg/kg/2Y- continuousLiver: Changes in liver weight

Endocrine: Changes in thyroid weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases
FAATDF 33,166,1996
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 13650 mg/kg/13W- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainFAATDF 9,423,1987
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg/5W- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weaknessNTOTDY 5,331,1983
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 54750 mg/kg/1Y- continuousEye: Retinal changes pigmentary deposition, retinitis, other)

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
TOXID9 15,23,1995
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 54750 mg/kg/2Y- continuousEndocrine: Changes in thyroid weight

Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects
FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 54750 mg/kg/2Y- continuousEndocrine: Changes in thyroid weight

Blood: Normocytic anemia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 9000 mg/kg/90D- intermittentEndocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction

Blood: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
FEREAC 70,43298,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 9000 mg/kg/90D- intermittentLiver: Multiple effects

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
FEREAC 69,75066,2004

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 10 mg/m3 (inhal)DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Not classifiable as a human carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Limited EvidenceIMEMDT 41,357,1986
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 15,111,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCRTXB2 32,233,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 127,101,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRREVAH 56,107,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWECMAAI 14,141,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBIOGAL 40(2),44,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHYSAAV 31(7-9),383,1966
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJACTDZ 11,5,1992
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTCTDW 38,111,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,227,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 21,93,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,721,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,569,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTEHD6 7,1,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTEHD6 7,267,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFEREAC 73,6867,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFEREAC 72,52013,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFEREAC 72,31221,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTPAE7 19,1,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWITODC* -,327,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHUTOX* -,551,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 543,251,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHTOPA* 1,501,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 681,80,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFEREAC 73,53732,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFEREAC 74,30487,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFEREAC 74,48408,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNBREV* 5,1,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 26,19,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 721,27,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXCYAC 307,42,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 230,146,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 791-792,19,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 58,395,2010

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATIONFEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDESSupportedRBREV* -,70,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3DTLVS* 3,67,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIAMAK-TMW 1 mg/m3;KZW 4 mg/m3, inhal, skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3, skin, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 20 mg/m3, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCEVME 10 mg/m3, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-GERMANYMAK 1 mg/m3, inhal, 2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYtime-weighted average 1 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 4 mg/m3, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 5 mg/m3, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 20 mg/m3, 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDMAC(time-weighted average) 7 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 20 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 1 mg/m3, KZG-week 8 mg/m3, inhal, skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILANDtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 10 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEYtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 10 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 20 mg/m3, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m3CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m3CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m3CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m3CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO 2,4-D-air10H time-weighted average 10 mg/m3NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 24270; Number of Industries 1; Total Number of Facilities 94; Number of Occupations 1; Total Number of Employees Exposed 471
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 24270; Number of Industries 6; Total Number of Facilities 1132; Number of Occupations 8; Total Number of Employees Exposed 6266

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat; Mammalian micronucleus
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster-nondisjunction
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster-whole sex chrom. loss
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro UDS-human fibroblast; TRP reversion
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: S cerevisiae-homozygosis
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: B subtilis rec assay; E coli polA without S9
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: In vitro cytogenetics-human lymphocyte
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: In vivo cytogenetics-nonhuman bone marrow
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae gene conversion
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: V79 cell culture-gene mutation
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: 2,4-D, 5001
NTP Carcinogenesis studies; test completed (peer review), October 2000
On EPA IRIS database
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018