Acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-

RTECS #

AG6825000

CAS #

94-75-7
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods

Updated

December 2018

Molecular Weight

221.04

Molecular Formula

C₈H₆Cl₂O₃

Synonyms

(2,4-Dichloor-fenoxy)-azijnzuur (Dutch)
(2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy)-essigsaeure (German)
2,4-D
2,4-D (ACGIH:OSHA)
2,4-D acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dichlorphenoxyacetic acid
2,4-Dwuchlorofenoksyoctowy kwas (Polish)
Acide 2,4-dichloro phenoxyacetique (French)
Acido(2,4-dicloro-fenossi)-acetico (Italian)
Acme LV 4
Agrotect
Amidox
Amoxone
Aqua-Kleen
Barrage
BH 2,4-D
Brush-rhap
B-Selektonon
Chipco turf herbicide D
Chloroxone
Citrus fix
Crop rider
Debroussaillant 600
Deherban
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (OSHA)
Dicopur
DMA-4
Dormone
Emulsamine BK
Emulsamine E-3
ENT 8,538
Envert 171
Envert DT
Estone
Farmco
Fernimine
Fernoxone
Ferxone
Foredex 75
Hedonal (the herbicide)
Herbidal
Hivol-44
Ipaner
Kwas 2,4-dwuchlorofenoksyoctowy (Polish)
Kwasu 2,4-dwuchlorofenoksyoctowego (Polish)
Kyselina 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctova (Czech)
Lawn-keep
Macrondray
Miracle
Moxone
Netagrone
Netagrone 600
NSC 423
Pennamine
Pennamine D
Phenox
Pielik
Plantgard
RCRA waste number U240
Rhodia
Superormone concentre
U 46DP
U-5043
Vergemaster
Verton 2D
Vidon 638
Weed TOX
Weed-Ag-Bar
Weedar-64
Weedatul
Weedez Wonder BAR
Weedone LV4
Weed-rhap
Weedtrol

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
eye /rabbit	750 µg/24H	severe	28ZPAK -,279,1972
skin /rabbit	500 mg/24H	mild	28ZPAK -,279,1972

Mutation Data and Reference

System Test	Route/Organism/Tissue	Dose	Reference
Cytogenetic Analysis	lymphocyte/human	20 µg/L	CYGEDX 8(3),6,1974
Cytogenetic Analysis	intraperitoneal/rat	100 µg/kg	CYTOAN 52,275,1987
Cytogenetic Analysis	oral/mouse	100 mg/kg	CYGEDX 8(3),6,1974
Cytogenetic Analysis	ovary/hamster	2400 mg/L	EMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
Cytogenetic Analysis	kidney/cattle	1 ppm	ITCSAF 8,416,1973
Cytogenetic Analysis	oral/mouse	9.9 mg/kg/3D	MUREAV 494,1,2001
Cytogenetic Analysis	intraperitoneal/mouse	3.5 mg/kg	ARTODN 74,560,2000
Cytogenetic Analysis	lymphocyte/human	0.4 mg/L/24H (+/-enzymatic activation step)	TXAPA9 197,235,2004
Cytogenetic Analysis	lymphocyte/human	0.4 mg/L/48H (+/-enzymatic activation step)	TXCYAC 200,39,2004
DNA adduct	/Escherichia coli	20 µmol/L	MUREAV 89,95,1981
DNA Damage	sperm/salmon	1 mmol/L	PYTCAS 11,3135,1972
DNA Damage	Ascites tumor/human	4 mmol/L/36H	FCTOD7 41,385,2003
DNA Damage	oral/rat	0.14 mg/kg/2W- intermittent	TXAPA9 197,202,2004
DNA Damage	lymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)	1 mmol/L	PYTCAS 11,3135,1972
DNA Damage	fibroblast/human	10.9 mmol/L/1H	TOLED5 147,35,2004
DNA Damage	multiple/non-mammalian species	252 mg/L/48H-continuous	EESADV 128,222,2016
DNA inhibition	ovary/hamster	1 mmol/L	TOLED5 29,137,1985
DNA inhibition	oral/mouse	200 mg/kg	MUREAV 55,197,1978
DNA repair	/Bacillus subtilis	5 mg/disc	NTIS** PB80-133226
DNA repair	/Escherichia coli	5 mg/disc	NTIS** PB80-133226
gene conversion and mitotic recombination	/Aspergillus nidulans	4 µmol/L	MUREAV 204,615,1988
micronucleus test	lymphocyte/human	0.4 mg/L/48H (+/-enzymatic activation step)	TXCYAC 200,39,2004
micronucleus test	lymphocyte/human	5 µmol/L/48H	MUREAV 521,165,2002
mutation in mammalian somatic cells	lung/hamster	10 µmol/L	CBINA8 19,369,1977
mutation in microorganisms	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	4 mmol/L/4H	ARTODN 74,560,2000
mutation in microorganisms	/Saccharomyes cerevisiae	150 mg/L (-enzymatic activation step)	ECBUDQ 27,193,1978
mutation in microorganisms	/Salmonella typhimurium	250 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step)	MUREAV 204,615,1988
mutation in microorganisms	/Other microorganisms	1 gm/L (-enzymatic activation step)	MILEDM 5,103,1977
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	oral/Drosophila melanogaster	25 ppm	ECBUDQ 27,190,1978
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunction	unreported route/Drosophila melanogaster	1000 ppm/15D	ECBUDQ 27,182,1978
sister chromatid exchange	lymphocyte/human	10 mg/L	JOHEA8 73,224,1982
sister chromatid exchange	ovary/hamster	167 mg/L	EMMUEG 10(Suppl 10),1,1987
sister chromatid exchange	oral/mouse	100 mg/kg	FCTOD7 39,941,2001
specific locus test	oral/Drosophila melanogaster	5 mmol/L	MUREAV 319,237,1993
specific locus test	multiple/Drosophila melanogaster	10 ppb	EMMUEG 25,148,1995
sperm morphology	oral/mouse	33 mg/kg	MUREAV 494,1,2001
Unscheduled DNA Synthesis	fibroblast/human	1 µmol/L	MUREAV 42,161,1977

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
intraperitoneal/rat	1600 mg/kg (9-25D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	NETEEC 18,691,1996
intraperitoneal/rat	600 mg/kg (9-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	NETEEC 18,691,1996
intraperitoneal/rat	1 gm/kg (15-24D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	NETEEC 18,691,1996
intraperitoneal/rat	700 mg/kg (9-15D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	NETEEC 25,607,2003
intraperitoneal/rat	1700 mg/kg (9-25D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects	NETEEC 25,607,2003
intraperitoneal/rat	25 mg/kg (1D after birth)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy) Reproductive: Other effects on female Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
intraperitoneal/rat	2.5 mg/kg (1D after birth)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy) Reproductive: Other effects on female	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat	220 µg/kg (1-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)	GISAAA 50(10),76,1985
oral/rat	1 gm/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death	TXAPA9 22,14,1972
oral/rat	125 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	FCTXAV 9,801,1971
oral/rat	500 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system	FCTXAV 9,801,1971
oral/rat	80 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	CKSCDN 24,29,1998
oral/rat	240 mg/kg (16D after birth)	Reproductive: Other effects on female Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	FCTOD7 44,8,2006
oral/rat	750 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Weaning or lactation index (e.g., # alive at weaning per # alive at day 4)	FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/Dog	270 mg/kg (90D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct	FEREAC 70,43309,2005
oral/mouse	500 mg/kg (14-18D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)	EMMUEG 42,37,2003
oral/rat	6200 mg/kg (31D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands Reproductive: Other effects on male	TOXID9 -,18,2008
oral/rat	3000 mg/kg (30D male)	Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count) Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct Reproductive: Paternal effects: Prostate, seminal vesicle, Cowper's gland, accessory glands	FCLPH* 21(Suppl 1),92,2007
oral/rat	525 mg/kg (16-22D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	NETEEC 32,497,2010
oral/rat	35 mg/kg (7D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat	25 mg/kg (10D after birth)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat	32.5 mg/kg (13D after birth)	Reproductive: Maternal effects: Breasts, lactation (prior to or during pregnancy) Reproductive: Other effects on female Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/mouse	707 mg/kg (11-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue)	AECTCV 6,33,1977
oral/mouse	900 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth) Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear	NTIS** PB223-160
oral/mouse	438 mg/kg (8-12D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	TCMUD8 7,7,1987
oral/hamster	200 mg/kg (7-11D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)	BECTA6 6,559,1971
oral/mouse	715 mg/kg (6-16D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects	TXCYAC 165,39,2001
oral/mouse	7150 mg/kg (6-16D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Immune and reticuloendothelial system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain) Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Other postnatal measures or effects	TXCYAC 165,39,2001
oral/mammal (species unspecified)	20 mg/kg (multigenerations)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	FEREAC 67,10624,2002
oral/mammal (species unspecified)	750 mg/kg (6-15D pregnant)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system	FEREAC 67,10624,2002
oral/mouse	407 mg/kg (6-16D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)	VHTODE 42,129,2000
oral/rat	3150 mg/kg (16-22D preg/23D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	NRTXDN 24,149,2003
oral/rat	400 mg/kg (7-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus	GISAAA 40,102,1975
oral/rat	70 mg/kg (multigenerations)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic	NRTXDN 24,149,2003
oral/rat	2100 mg/kg (16-22D preg/23D after birth)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	NRTXDN 24,149,2003
oral/rat	70 mg/kg (multigeneration)	Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolic Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects	NRTXDN 24,149,2003
subcutaneous/mouse	882 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Extra embryonic structures (e.g., placenta, umbilical cord)	NTIS** PB223-160
subcutaneous/mouse	900 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus) Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Eye, ear Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Craniofacial (including nose and tongue)	NTIS** PB223-160
subcutaneous/mouse	900 mg/kg (6-14D pregnant)	Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea) Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)	NTIS** PB223-160

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 32850 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Tumorigenic: Equivocal tumorigenic agent by RTECS criteria Brain and Coverings: Tumors	FEREAC 67,10624,2002

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 21656 µmol/L/21H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 3188 µmol/L/21H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 11150 µmol/L/20H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Chicken, neurons	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 1211 µmol/L/20H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 7,653,1993
In Vitro/Human, kidney	Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >100 µmol/L/2H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.	TIVIEQ 40,66,2017
In Vitro/Human, kidney	Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): >100 µmol/L/2H	Endocrine: Other changes	TIVIEQ 40,66,2017
In Vitro/Human, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 3.53 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 5.83 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 2.44 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 8.45 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 589 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2630 mg/L	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2850 mg/L	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 190 µmol/L/4M	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currents	TXAPA9 245,191,2010
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 269 mg/L/48H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 674 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 1.05 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 4.25 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/paa	Inhibitor Concentration Low: 174 µmol/L/44H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays	TIVIEQ 27,1416,2013
In Vitro/Rat, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 900 mg/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Rat, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (10 percent kill): 0.65 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
In Vitro/Rat, liver	Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1.69 mmol/L/24H	In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.) In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.	TIVIEQ 8,47,1994
inhalation/mammal (species unspecified)	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 1.79 gm/m³/4H		FEREAC 67,10625,2002
inhalation/rabbit	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 1800 mg/m³		PESFO* -,253,1998
inhalation/rat	lethal concentration (50 percent kill): >1.8 gm/m³/4H		FEREAC 69,75066,2004
intraperitoneal/guinea pig	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 666 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change Behavioral: Muscle weakness Behavioral: Coma	JIHTAB 29,85,1947
intraperitoneal/mouse	lowest published lethal dose: 125 mg/kg		TXAPA9 23,288,1972
intraperitoneal/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change Behavioral: Muscle weakness Behavioral: Coma	JIHTAB 29,85,1947
intraperitoneal/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 666 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change Behavioral: Muscle weakness Behavioral: Coma	JIHTAB 29,85,1947
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2.5 mg/kg	Endocrine: Other changes	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
intraperitoneal/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Endocrine: Other changes Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
intravenous/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kg	Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change Behavioral: Muscle weakness Behavioral: Coma	JIHTAB 29,85,1947
oral/chicken	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 541 mg/kg	Gastrointestinal: Gastritis Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Liver: Fatty liver degeneration	AJVRAH 15,622,1954
oral/Dog	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 100 mg/kg	Behavioral: Stiffness Behavioral: Coma	AEHLAU 7,202,1963
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg	Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca	JTCTDW 38,747,2000
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg	Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity Gastrointestinal: Hypermotility, diarrhea Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Changes in: Ca	JTCTDW 38,747,2000
oral/Dog	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 100 mg/kg		ENTOX* -,569,2005
oral/guinea pig	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 469 mg/kg		AJVRAH 15,622,1954
oral/hamster	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 500 mg/kg		TXAPA9 48,A192,1979
oral/human	lowest published lethal dose: 80 mg/kg	Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting Behavioral: Coma Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)	ARPAAQ 94,270,1972
oral/human	lowest published toxic dose: 694.4 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	DRSAEA 5,,1990
oral/human	lowest published toxic dose: 66 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Behavioral: Coma Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	HBPTO* 1,60,2001
oral/human	lowest published toxic dose: 66 mg/kg		HBPTO* 1,60,2001
oral/mammal (species unspecified)	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 375 mg/kg		SCIEAS 165,465,1969
oral/man	lowest published lethal dose: 93 mg/kg	Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold	PAREAQ 14,225,1962
oral/man	lowest published toxic dose: 2 gm/kg	Behavioral: Coma Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	ARTODN 66,518,1992
oral/man	lowest published toxic dose: 5714 mg/kg	Behavioral: Coma Cardiac: Change in rate Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression	ARTODN 66,518,1992
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg	Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Body temperature decrease	FCTOD7 39,941,2001
oral/mouse	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 347 mg/kg		RPZHAW 31,373,1980
oral/rabbit	lowest published lethal dose: 800 mg/kg		AMPMAR 12,26,1951
oral/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 699 mg/kg		PESFO* -,253,1998
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): >300 mg/kg		ENTOX* -,569,2005
oral/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 3670 mg/kg/18H		TOIZAG 19,356,1972
oral/wild bird	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 200 mg/kg		PESFO* -,253,1998
skin/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): >2000 mg/kg		FEREAC 69,75066,2004
skin/rabbit	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1400 mg/kg	Behavioral: Ataxia Skin: After topical application: Primary irritation	AFDOAQ 16,3,1952
skin/rat	lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1500 mg/kg		WRPCA2 9,119,1970
Tank with water/other fish	toxic concentration: 252 mg/L/48H	Blood: Other changes	EESADV 128,222,2016
unreported route/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 227 mg/kg		FEREAC 70,43298,2005
unreported route/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 227 mg/kg	Behavioral: Muscle weakness	FEREAC 67,10624,2002

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/Organism	Dose	Effect	Reference
intravenous/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/6D- intermittent	Musculoskeletal: Changes in teeth and supporting structures Skin: After systemic exposure: Dermatitis, other Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	JIHTAB 29,85,1947
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 700 mg/kg/90D- intermittent	Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field	AMIHBC 7,61,1953
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 1820 mg/kg/52W- continuous	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Liver: Other changes Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	FAATDF 29,78,1996
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 270 mg/kg/90D- intermittent	Behavioral: Food intake (animal) Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight	FEREAC 70,43298,2005
oral/Dog	lowest published toxic dose: 270 mg/kg/90D- intermittent	Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)	FEREAC 70,43298,2005
oral/hamster	lowest published toxic dose: 50400 mg/kg/12W- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)	JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 23.4 mg/kg/9D- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	TXCYAC 177,143,2002
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 630 mg/kg/9D- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Interstitial nephritis Immunological Including Allergic: Increase in cellular immune response Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	TXCYAC 177,143,2002
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 10950 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight	FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 10950 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight	FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 18144 mg/kg/12W- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 91 gm/kg/2Y- continuous	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in bladder weight	FAATDF 33,166,1996
oral/mouse	lowest published toxic dose: 1000 mg/kg/10D- intermittent	Blood: Other changes Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation	TXCYAC 237,104,2007
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 930 mg/kg/31D- intermittent	Endocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction Endocrine: Other changes	TOXID9 -,18,2008
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 6200 mg/kg/31D- intermittent	Endocrine: Change in LH Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight	TOXID9 -,18,2008
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/5D- continuous	Behavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning	TXCYAC 247,73,2008
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 105 mg/kg/7D- continuous	Endocrine: Change in gonadotropins Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	TXCYAC 247,73,2008
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 175 mg/kg/7D- continuous	Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites	TXCYAC 247,73,2008
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3000 mg/kg/30D- intermittent	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain Related to Chronic Data: Changes in ovarian weight Related to Chronic Data: Changes in prostate weight	FCLPH* 21(Suppl 1),92,2007
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 32.5 mg/kg/13D- continuous	Endocrine: Other changes	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 800 mg/kg/16D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/16D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine at other sites	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 240 mg/kg/16D- continuous	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes	TXCYAC 271,13,2010
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 2500 mg/kg/25D- intermittent	Brain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other	ENTOX* -,721,2005
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 3780 mg/kg/12W- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis) Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in kidney weight	JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 418.3 mg/kg/12W- intermittent	Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)	JTPAE7 29,440,2001
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 54600 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Liver: Changes in liver weight Endocrine: Changes in thyroid weight Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases	FAATDF 33,166,1996
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 13650 mg/kg/13W- continuous	Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	FAATDF 9,423,1987
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg/5W- intermittent	Behavioral: Muscle weakness	NTOTDY 5,331,1983
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 54750 mg/kg/1Y- continuous	Eye: Retinal changes pigmentary deposition, retinitis, other) Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)	TOXID9 15,23,1995
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 54750 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Endocrine: Changes in thyroid weight Blood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol) Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects	FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 54750 mg/kg/2Y- continuous	Endocrine: Changes in thyroid weight Blood: Normocytic anemia Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	FEREAC 69,75066,2004
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 9000 mg/kg/90D- intermittent	Endocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction Blood: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	FEREAC 70,43298,2005
oral/rat	lowest published toxic dose: 9000 mg/kg/90D- intermittent	Liver: Multiple effects Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain	FEREAC 69,75066,2004

Reviews

Organization	Standard	Reference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 10 mg/m³ (inhal)	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)	Threshold Limit Value-Not classifiable as a human carcinogen	DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Human Limited Evidence	IMEMDT 41,357,1986
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)	Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate Evidence	IMEMDT 15,111,1977
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		CRTXB2 32,233,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 127,101,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RREVAH 56,107,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ECMAAI 14,141,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		BIOGAL 40(2),44,1974
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HYSAAV 31(7-9),383,1966
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JACTDZ 11,5,1992
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JTCTDW 38,111,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,227,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 567,109,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 21,93,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,721,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ENTOX* -,569,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JTEHD6 7,1,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JTEHD6 7,267,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FEREAC 73,6867,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FEREAC 72,52013,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FEREAC 72,31221,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		JTPAE7 19,1,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		ITODC* -,327,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HUTOX* -,551,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 543,251,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		HTOPA* 1,501,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 681,80,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FEREAC 73,53732,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FEREAC 74,30487,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		FEREAC 74,48408,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		NBREV* 5,1,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUTAEX 26,19,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 721,27,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TXCYAC 307,42,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		TOLED5 230,146,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		MUREAV 791-792,19,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEW		RTOPDW 58,395,2010

Standards and Regulations

Organization	Standard	Reference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATION		FEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDES	Supported	RBREV* -,70,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-air	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³	DTLVS* 3,67,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIA	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIA	MAK-TMW 1 mg/m³;KZW 4 mg/m³, inhal, skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUM	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARK	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³, skin, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLAND	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 20 mg/m³, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCE	VME 10 mg/m³, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-GERMANY	MAK 1 mg/m³, inhal, 2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARY	time-weighted average 1 mg/m³, short term exposure limit 4 mg/m³, Skin, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELAND	time-weighted average 5 mg/m³, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREA	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICO	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³;short term exposure limit 20 mg/m³, 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALAND	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERU	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLAND	MAC(time-weighted average) 7 mg/m³, MAC(short term exposure limit) 20 mg/m³, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLAND	MAK-week 1 mg/m³, KZG-week 8 mg/m³, inhal, skin, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THAILAND	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDS	MAC-TGG 10 mg/m³, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINES	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEY	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOM	time-weighted average 10 mg/m³;short term exposure limit 20 mg/m³, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)	8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m³	CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)	8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m³	CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)	8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m³	CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)	8H time-weighted average 10 mg/m³	CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

Organization	Standard	Reference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO 2,4-D-air	10H time-weighted average 10 mg/m³	NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983	Hazard Code 24270; Number of Industries 1; Total Number of Facilities 94; Number of Occupations 1; Total Number of Employees Exposed 471
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974	Hazard Code 24270; Number of Industries 6; Total Number of Facilities 1132; Number of Occupations 8; Total Number of Employees Exposed 6266

Status in Federal Agencies

Organization	Reference
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: Carcinogenicity-mouse/rat; Mammalian micronucleus
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster Sex-linked lethal
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster-nondisjunction
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: D melanogaster-whole sex chrom. loss
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: Histidine reversion-Ames test
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vitro UDS-human fibroblast; TRP reversion
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: S cerevisiae-homozygosis
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: B subtilis rec assay; E coli polA without S9
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: In vitro cytogenetics-human lymphocyte
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: In vivo cytogenetics-nonhuman bone marrow
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: S cerevisiae gene conversion
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: V79 cell culture-gene mutation
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: 2,4-D, 5001
NTP Carcinogenesis studies; test completed (peer review), October 2000
On EPA IRIS database

Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018

Content source: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health