VAR2CSA Serology to Detect Plasmodium falciparum Transmission Patterns in Pregnancy
Ana Maria Fonseca, Raquel González, Azucena Bardají, Chenjerai Jairoce, Maria Rupérez, Alfons Jiménez, Llorenç Quintó, Pau Cisteró, Anifa Vala, Charfudin Sacoor, Himanshu Gupta, Jennifer Hegewisch-Taylor, Joe Brew, Nicaise Tuikue Ndam, Simon Kariuki, Marta López, Carlota Dobaño, Chetan E. Chitnis, Peter Ouma, Michael Ramharter, Salim Abdulla, John J. Aponte, Achille Massougbodji, Valerie Briand, Ghyslain Mombo-Ngoma, Meghna Desai, Michel Cot, Arsenio Nhacolo, Esperança Sevene, Eusebio Macete, Clara Menéndez, and Alfredo Mayor
Author affiliations: ISGlobal, Hospital Clinic–Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (A.M. Fonseca, R. González, A. Bardají, M. Rupérez, A. Jiménez, L. Quintó, P. Cisteró, H. Gupta, J. Hegewisch-Taylor, J. Brew, C. Dobaño, J.J. Aponte, C. Menéndez, A. Mayor); ICBAS–Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal (A.M. Fonseca); Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique (R. González, A. Bardají, C. Jairoce, M. Rupérez, A. Vala, C. Sacoor, C. Dobaño, J.J. Aponte, A. Nhacolo, E. Sevene, E. Macete, C. Menéndez, A. Mayor); Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo (E. Sevene); CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain (R. González, A. Jiménez, A. Mayor, A. Bardají); Université d’Aboméy Calavi, Cotonou, Benin (N.T. Ndam, A. Massougbodji); Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya (S. Kariuki, P. Ouma); BCNatal–Barcelona Center for Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine–Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona (M. López); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (J. Brew); MERIT, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Paris, France (N.T. Ndam, V. Briand, M. Cot); Institut Pasteur, Paris (C.E. Chitnis); Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (G. Mombo-Ngoma); Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany (M. Ramharter, G. Mombo-Ngoma); University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg (M. Ramharter); Ifakara Health Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (S. Abdulla); Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon (G. Mombo-Ngoma); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (M. Desai)
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Figure 3
Figure 3. IgG seroprevalence against VAR2CSA selected antigens according to study period, country, anemia status and intermittent preventive treatment group in the serological study of Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women. A) Pregnant women from Mozambique delivering during different periods. B) HIV-uninfected pregnant women from Benin, Gabon, Mozambique, and Tanzania. C) HIV-infected pregnant women from Kenya and Mozambique. D) Nonanemic (NA) and anemic (A) pregnant women. E) HIV-uninfected pregnant women receiving mefloquine (MQ) or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) as intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp). F) HIV-infected pregnant women receiving MQ or placebo (PL) as IPTp. Maternal microscopic infection was defined by the presence of P. falciparum parasites in peripheral blood or in placenta on microscopic or histologic examination, respectively. Maternal quantitative PCR (qPCR)–positive infection was defined by a positive result on qPCR of peripheral or placental blood. P-values were obtained from multivariate regression models adjusted for HIV, parity, age, IPTp, and country when applicable. T-bars represent 95% CIs. *Crude p<0.05; **adjusted p<0.05. B, Benin; G, Gabon; K, Kenya; M, Mozambique; OM, optical microscopy; T, Tanzania.
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