Although cancer represents many heterogeneous diseases, some cancer types share common risk factors.1 For example, conclusive evidence links cancer at multiple sites with alcohol use, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, obesity, physical inactivity, and tobacco use.2–6
Because risk factor information is not routinely collected by cancer registries, estimates for risk factor-associated cancers often are based only on cancer type. Using these standard definitions for risk factor-associated cancers can help facilitate comparisons of cancer burden across states and communities. Keeping in mind that individual cancer cases may occur among persons who were or were not exposed to a risk factor, population-based risk factor-associated cancer rates can help identify communities with disproportionately high cancer rates, which reflect, in part, the population’s exposure to cancer risk factors. These exposures can be reduced through clinical preventive services and community-based approaches, the impact of which can be monitored with cancer surveillance data.
The following tables show which International Classification of Disease for Oncology (ICD-O)-3 site codes, histology codes, and additional restrictions were used to define and code the predefined SEER*Stat variables. Further restrictions may be made depending on the analysis. Refer to the SEER*Stat tutorial on merged variables for information on editing a merged variable.
Alcohol-Associated Cancers2, 7
Cancer |
ICD-O-3 site codes |
ICD-O-3 histology codes |
Additional restrictions |
Lip, oral cavity, pharynx |
C00.0–14.8 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Esophagus |
C15.0–15.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Colon and rectum |
C18.0–20.9, C26.0 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Liver |
C22.0 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Larynx |
C32.0–32.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Female breast |
C50.0–50.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
Restrict to females |
Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers3, 8–11
Cancer |
ICD-O-3 site codes |
ICD-O-3 histology codes |
Additional restrictions |
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma |
C01.9, 02.4, 02.8, 05.1–05.2, 09.0–09.1, 09.8–09.9, 10.0–10.4, 10.8–10.9, 14.0, 14.2, 14.8 |
8050–8086, 8120–8131 |
Restrict to microscopically confirmed |
Anal and rectal squamous cell carcinoma |
C21.0–21.8, 20.9 |
8050–8084, 8120–8131 |
Restrict to microscopically confirmed |
Vulvar squamous cell carcinoma |
C51.0–51.9 |
8050–8084, 8120–8131 |
Restrict to females and restrict to microscopically confirmed |
Vaginal squamous cell carcinoma |
C52.9 |
8050–8084, 8120–8131 |
Restrict to females and restrict to microscopically confirmed |
Cervical carcinoma |
C53.0–53.9 |
8010–8671, 8940–8941 |
Restrict to females and restrict to microscopically confirmed |
Penile squamous cell carcinoma |
C60.0–60.9 |
8050–8084, 8120–8131 |
Restrict to males and restrict to microscopically confirmed |
Obesity-Associated Cancers4, 5, 12
Cancer |
ICD-O-3 site codes |
ICD-O-3 histology codes |
Additional restrictions |
Esophageal adenocarcinoma |
C15.0–15.9 |
8140–8575 |
Restrict to microscopically confirmed |
Gastric cardia |
C16.0 |
8000-9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Colon and rectum |
C18.0–20.9, C26.0 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Liver |
C22.0 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Gallbladder |
C23.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Pancreas |
C25.0–25.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Multiple myeloma |
C42.1 |
9732 |
|
Postmenopausal female breast |
C50.0–50.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
Restrict to females and restrict to age ≥50 years |
Corpus and uterus, NOS (not otherwise specified) |
C54.0–54.9, C55.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
Restrict to females |
Ovary |
C56.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
Restrict to females |
Kidney |
C64.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Meningioma |
C70.0-70.1, 70.9 |
9530-9539 |
|
Thyroid |
C73.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Physical Inactivity-Associated Cancers5, 12
Cancer |
ICD-O-3 site codes |
ICD-O-3 histology codes |
Additional restrictions |
Colon |
C18.0–18.9, C26.0 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Postmenopausal female breast |
C50.0–50.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
Restrict to females and restrict to age ≥50 years |
Corpus and uterus, NOS (not otherwise specified) |
C54.0–54.9, C55.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
Restrict to females |
Tobacco-Associated Cancers6
Cancer |
ICD-O-3 site codes |
ICD-O-3 histology codes |
Additional restrictions |
Lip, oral cavity, pharynx |
C00.0–14.8 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Esophagus |
C15.0–15.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Stomach |
C16.0–16.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Colon and rectum |
C18.0–20.9, C26.0 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Liver |
C22.0 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Pancreas |
C25.0–25.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Larynx |
C32.0–32.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Trachea, lung, bronchus |
C33.9–34.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Cervix uteri |
C53.0–53.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
Restrict to females |
Kidney and renal pelvis |
C64.9–65.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Urinary bladder |
C67.0–67.9 |
8000–9049, 9056–9139, 9141–9589 |
|
Acute myeloid leukemia |
|
9840; 9861; 9865–9869; 9871–9874; 9895–9898; 9910–9911; 9920 |
|
References
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- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How Many Cancers Are Linked with HPV Each Year? Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
- Eheman C, Henley SJ, Ballard-Barbash R, Jacobs EJ, Schymura MJ, Noone AM, Pan L, Anderson RN, Fulton JE, Kohler BA, Jemal A, Ward E, Plescia M, Ries LA, Edwards BK. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2008, featuring cancers associated with excess weight and lack of sufficient physical activity. Cancer 2012;118:2338–2366.