Commitment to Hypertension Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Million Hearts Initiative Exemplars

Amena Abbas, MPH^1,2; Judy Hannan, RN, MPH¹; Haley Stolp, MPH^1,3; Fátima Coronado, MD, MPH¹; Laurence S. Sperling, MD^1,4 (View author affiliations)

Suggested citation for this article: Abbas A, Hannan J, Stolp H, Coronado F, Sperling LS. Commitment to Hypertension Control During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Million Hearts Initiative Exemplars. Prev Chronic Dis 2022;19:210439. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd19.210439.

PEER REVIEWED

Abstract

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but 3 of 4 US adults do not have their blood pressure adequately controlled. Million Hearts (US Department of Health and Human Services) is a national initiative that promotes a set of priorities and interventions to optimize delivery of evidence-based strategies to manage cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has disrupted routine care and preventive service delivery. We identified examples of clinical and health organizations that adapted services and care processes to continue a focus on monitoring and controlling hypertension during the pandemic. Eight Hypertension Control Exemplars were identified and interviewed. They reported various adapted care strategies including telemedicine, engaging patients in self-measured blood pressure monitoring, adapting or implementing medication management services, activating partnerships to respond to patient needs or expand services, and implementing unique patient outreach approaches. Documenting these hypertension control strategies can help increase adoption of adaptive approaches during public health emergencies and routine care.

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Introduction

Hypertension is a major risk factor for several chronic diseases, including stroke, heart disease, and other CVDs (1). Blood pressure consistently at or above 130/80 mm Hg is considered hypertensive (1). It is also a significant primary or contributary cause of death in the US (2). Furthermore, estimates indicate that approximately 50% to 75% of adults with hypertension do not have their blood pressure adequately controlled (3).

Infections with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, has resulted in approximately 900,000 deaths to date and has had an enormous effect on health and health care in the US (4). In March 2020, shelter-in-place orders went into effect, and states declared a state of emergency as a result of considerable community transmission of COVID-19 (5). Disruptions in routine and nonemergent medical care were reported with substantial decreases in patient visits and restricted hours of operation (6). An estimated 41% of US adults initially avoided or delayed medical care because of COVID-19 concerns or were encouraged to postpone routine appointments with their health care team if determined to be at high risk for COVID-19 (7). Underlying serious health conditions, including hypertension, possibly increase the likelihood of severe COVID-19–related illness (8). Thus, it is imperative that, even during disruptions in care, hypertension control remains a priority.

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Purpose and Objectives

Million Hearts (MH), a national initiative to prevent 1 million heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular events within 5 years, focuses the attention of public health and health care partners on a small set of priorities to optimize delivery of evidence-based strategies to achieve specific targets in aspirin use, blood pressure control, cholesterol management, and smoking cessation. Since 2012, the MH Hypertension Control Challenge has recognized clinicians, care practices, and health systems that achieve blood pressure control rates of 70% through 2017 and 80% control through 2019 as Champions (9). The COVID-19 pandemic, however, has disrupted clinical care and preventive service delivery, altered quality improvement support programs, and stalled many public health program activities and initiatives (10). In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and because of the potential risk of infection during in-person visits, federal agencies relaxed telemedicine regulations and increased funding to support its implementation, which resulted in a substantial increase in the utilization of telemedicine (11). However, the use of patient-generated blood pressure measurements is not uniformly captured in the medical record or universally accepted for reporting data to certain blood pressure control clinical quality measures. Despite these disruptions in care and reporting practices, MH remained committed to recognizing those who continued to address hypertension control. This report identifies and describes lessons learned from clinicians and health care organizations that adapted routine practice or care to maintain a focus on hypertension control during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Evaluation Methods

MH queried its public and private sector partners to identify Hypertension Control Exemplars. Selection of Exemplars was based on the following criteria: 1) clinicians, medical centers, or health system support organizations that altered patient care or services or implemented new approaches in response to challenges presented by COVID-19 to prioritize hypertension control, 2) uniqueness of intervention, 3) community improvement individuals and organizations that served or prioritized under-resourced or patient populations who were disproportionately affected by COVID-19 or at risk for uncontrolled hypertension, and 4) community improvement individuals and organizations that demonstrated or documented qualitative or quantitative results of their hypertension control efforts and strategies (eg, percentage of patients with hypertension under control, number of patients reached, outcomes of implemented strategies, other benefits measured). A goal was to identify Exemplars across varied settings, including those delivering clinical care directly and organizations supporting health systems.

In addition to identifying eligible Exemplars, MH staff conducted virtual interviews by using a structured questionnaire to gather qualitative and quantitative data related to hypertension control efforts. The questionnaire gathered information on 1) general demographics and clinical information on the overall patient population and information specific to hypertensive patients, 2) adaptations to routine patient care or health services to monitor and control hypertension, and 3) outcomes and successes of hypertension control strategies, as well as challenges or barriers encountered during implementation. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reviewed this study for human subjects’ protection and determined it to be nonresearch.

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Results

A total of 8 Hypertension Control Exemplars were identified (Box). Four Exemplars were clinical practices (California Right Meds Collaborative, Community Health & Wellness Partners, Jessie Trice Community Health Center, and Philadelphia FIGHT), including 3 federally qualified health centers that provided direct patient care. Four were health system support organizations (Aledade, Inc, Missouri Hospital Association, Quality Insights, Inc, and YMCA of Central New York). Exemplars providing clinical services served a median population of 7,315 patients, mostly in geographically urban settings (urban service areas). Overall patient characteristics include a 58% racial and ethnic minority mean, 6% with English as second language, 32% with Medicaid coverage, and 26% uninsured. Among Exemplar clinical practices, the mean percentage of patients with a diagnosis of hypertension in 2020 was 31%. The mean blood pressure control rate reported was 65% in 2019, 60% in 2020, and 61% in July 2021. Clinical practices reported a decrease in blood pressure control rates between 2019 and 2020, but an increase or no change between reported rates in 2020 and 2021.

We detailed strategies and reported outcomes for each Exemplar (Table). The average percentage of patients with hypertension that Exemplars reported reaching through their various strategies and interventions was 45%. Exemplars also reported implementing hypertension control strategies that focused on specific characteristics or demographics of patients with hypertension. Exemplars providing clinical services reported using telehealth services, adapting self-measured blood pressure monitoring, establishing drive-thru or parking lot clinics to measure blood pressure, developing medication management strategies, partnering with community organizations, and creating strategies for patient outreach including using population health software to develop high-risk registries for outreach. Several Exemplars reported direct outreach to patients through methods such as delivery of prescription medications to those with comorbidities including hypertension, or phone calls to follow up and assess patient health.

Health system support organizations reported several approaches to respond to critical needs of clinical practices. Approaches included distributing home blood pressure measurement devices, adapting existing program activities to be delivered by using virtual platforms, and leveraging existing partnerships and innovative payment models to bolster and sustain hypertension activities. The organizations also worked to bolster remote blood pressure monitoring by providing resources to remove barriers or ease bureaucratic challenges for clinical practices to immediately access blood pressure monitoring devices for their patients. Others led efforts to focus on vulnerable patient populations, such as 1 Exemplar that leveraged statewide partnerships to focus on hypertension control among pregnant and postpartum women at highest risk for hypertension-related complications. Health system support organizations also provided resources to identify patients who were at increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events by encouraging participating clinical practices to use dashboards and other analytical software to target patients and monitor trends in blood pressure control.

Several Exemplars reported improved hypertension control rates resulting from supportive practice networks. Examples include a quality improvement network achieving blood pressure control rates of 83%, a medication therapy management pilot achieving a blood pressure control rate of over 85% in previously uncontrolled hypertensive patients, and a pilot delivered in a virtual format that improved control rates from 73% to 82% in its clinical sites in 6 months. Other highlighted outcomes include patient engagement resulting in positive feedback, results from expanded outreach efforts such as medication delivery to more than 600 patients, and blood pressure measurement device distribution. Collectively, Exemplars were successful in distributing over 4,000 devices for self-monitored blood pressure monitoring.

Exemplars reported several challenges and barriers to hypertension control, including limited available funds to meet the demand for blood pressure measurement devices for self-monitored blood pressure monitoring and in bringing public insurance programs to provide blood pressure cuffs to patients. Furthermore, although telehealth services were expanded considerably during the pandemic, many patients were unfamiliar with the technology or had limited access to high-speed internet for stable virtual visits. An ongoing need also exists for flexibility to better streamline processes and workflows to ensure smooth transitions in adapting services throughout the pandemic.

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Implications for Public Health

Our report summarizes hypertension control strategies that MH Exemplars implemented in response to the disruptions to routine medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data support the fact that frequent interactions with clinical staff are essential to chronic disease management and during temporary disruptions in access to health care for hypertensive patients when a natural disaster results in increased rates of uncontrolled hypertension (12). Identifying innovative strategies and sharing lessons learned from Exemplars might help inform future efforts to improve health care delivery related to hypertension control during and after a public health or environmental emergency.

Patients with existing medical conditions have experienced poor outcomes in the setting of an emergency, including difficulty accessing emergency services and routine care (13). People living with chronic diseases, including hypertension, are at an increased risk of adverse health outcomes in the face of public health emergencies, and this risk increases exponentially with a prolonged crisis (12). Many communities are not adequately prepared to meet the needs of people living with chronic diseases during a public health emergency. MH Exemplars have demonstrated resilience and tenacity in their mission to control hypertension by accelerating innovation and adaptation of their services, despite many challenges through strategies that may have otherwise taken years to integrate into the services and workflow of these clinics and organizations.

Disruptions in access to care as a result of the pandemic have exposed the need to have a more integrated health system with potentially expanded roles for care team members such as community pharmacists. For example, an Exemplar implemented an accelerated pilot program focused on comprehensive medication management using a network of community pharmacists, physicians, and health plans. Studies have demonstrated that pharmacy-delivered medication therapy management can improve health outcomes for hypertensive patients and those with other chronic conditions or comorbidities (14). The medication therapy management program drove collaboration between community pharmacists and primary care physicians, resulting in hypertension control rates of more than 85%.

Many health care organizations and primary care practices used new and adapted existing resources to rapidly move to virtual care. Emergency funds provided by the passage of the CARES (Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security) Act were allocated for “provider relief . . . related to expenses or lost revenues that are attributable to coronavirus” (15). Several Exemplars leveraged these emergency funds to immediately respond to the need of their patients and support expenses related to telehealth services, and to provide blood pressure measurement devices, other educational materials, and software for patient care. Moreover, Exemplars demonstrated that existing partnerships facilitated rapid implementation of their interventions and supported ongoing efforts. This activation of a ready network of partners contributed to a rapid response to gaps in care related to COVID-19 for health services and access.

The study is subject to limitations. First, data and outcomes were self-reported. Collecting data on patient outcomes or evaluating changes in blood pressure control rates as a result of the strategies implemented might have been useful. Second, a small number of Exemplars reported strategies focused on specific patient demographics; therefore, we were not able to examine or explicitly address the impact on health disparities. As there are disparities in hypertension control as well as COVID-19 infection and outcomes, it is crucial to document successful strategies for populations at higher risk. Lastly, as the data were obtained from a sample of a small number of clinics and organizations, the results and outcomes are not generalizable to the broader population of hypertension control program partners.

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented many challenges to hypertension control, including unprecedented disruptions to routine care and chronic disease management. The small-scale implementation of comprehensive interventions during a public health crisis allowed Exemplars to demonstrate promising results and sustainable impacts, captured the interest of relevant community members or organizations, and encouraged decision makers and partners to adopt and scale intervention models to their respective health systems. The examples presented demonstrate that even during a time of crisis, focusing on and achieving hypertension control is possible. Many of the adaptations made by these Exemplars can and will continue during noncrises and add important insights into creative solutions to long-standing problems, such as improving hypertension control.

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Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Million Hearts partners for assistance in the initial identification of potential candidates for the Hypertension Control Exemplars. We acknowledge the Hypertension Control Exemplars for their participation in interviews and sharing data to complete this project. We acknowledge Jessica Barnett, MPH, program management analyst and Jacqueline R. Strayer, MPH, of Million Hearts for health communications and for interviewing Hypertension Control Exemplars, among other contributions to the project. The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

This study was supported in part by an appointment to the Research Participation Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. No copyrighted materials or tools were used in this evaluation.

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Author Information

Corresponding Author: Amena Abbas, MPH, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, Mail Stop S107-1, Atlanta, GA 30341. Telephone: (404) 498-5090. Email: aabbas@cdc.gov.

Author Affiliations: ¹Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia. ²Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. ³ASRT Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. ⁴Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.

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References

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Table

Abbreviations: AMA MAP, American Medical Association Measure Accurately, Act Rapidly, Partner With Patients; blood pressure, blood pressure; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; self-measured blood pressure monitoring.

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