Volume
8: No. 5, September 2011
Gery P. Guy, Jr, PhD, MPH; Eric Tai, MD, MS; Lisa C. Richardson, MD, MPH
Suggested citation for this article: Guy GP Jr, Tai E, Richardson LC. Use of indoor tanning devices by high school students in the United States, 2009. Prev Chronic Dis 2011;8(5):A116.
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2011/sep/10_0261.htm. Accessed [date].
PEER REVIEWED
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to provide estimates of indoor tanning device use among US high school students and provide baseline data before implementation of a 10% excise tax on indoor tanning device use mandated by recent federal health care reform legislation. We examined the frequency of indoor tanning device use by using data from the 2009 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Overall, 15.6% of students used an indoor tanning device during the 12 months before the survey; almost
half of those students used an indoor tanning device 10 or more times. Reported use and frequency of use varied by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Given the high prevalence of indoor tanning device use among US high school students and the associated risk of melanoma, strategies to reduce exposure must be examined.
Back to top
Objective
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma, the most deadly form of skin cancer and one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers among adolescents, is increasing throughout the United States (1,2). Exposure to UV radiation through indoor tanning devices increases melanoma risk; exposure at an early age and frequency of use are both documented risk factors (3,4). The federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, passed in 2010, includes an excise tax on indoor tanning device
use. The objectives of this study were to provide estimates of indoor tanning
device use among US high school students and provide baseline data before
implementation of this tax.
Back to top
Methods
The 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a component of the Youth Risk
Behavior Surveillance System developed by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), was administered from February through May, 2009. YRBS uses a 3-stage cluster sample design to produce a nationally representative sample of public and private high school students in grades 9 through 12. Students completed the 98-item self-administered questionnaire during 1 class period and recorded their
responses directly in a computer-scannable questionnaire booklet. The school response rate was 81%, the student response rate was 88%, and the overall response rate was 71%. Data from 16,410 students in 158 schools were available for this analysis. Weights based on student sex, race/ethnicity, and grade were applied to adjust for school and student nonresponse and oversampling of black and Hispanic students (5).
We assessed indoor tanning device use with the question “During the past 12 months, how many times did you use an indoor tanning device such as a sunlamp, sunbed, or tanning booth? (Do not include getting a spray-on tan.)” Response choices were 0 times, 1 or 2 times, 3 to 9 times, 10 to 19 times, 20 to 39 times, or 40 or more times. We calculated prevalence estimates of using an indoor tanning device at all (ie, 1 or more times during the 12 months before the survey) and the
frequency of use (ie, 1-9 times, 10 or more times) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals overall and by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. We generated all point estimates and confidence intervals using weighted data, and used survey data commands (svy) in STATA (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas) to account for the complex survey design. We used the Pearson χ2 test to examine associations between indoor tanning device use and demographic characteristics.
Back to top
Results
Nationwide, 15.6% of students used an indoor tanning device 1 or more times during the 12 months before the survey
(Table 1). Overall, 7.9% of students used an indoor tanning device 1
to 9 times, and 7.7% used an indoor tanning device 10 or more times. Use of indoor tanning devices 1 or more times during the 12 months before the survey varied significantly by age, sex, and race/ethnicity; the prevalence was higher among older students, female students, and white students.
Among students reporting the use of indoor tanning devices during the 12 months before the survey, 49.1% did so 10 or more times
(Table 2). Frequency of use
in this group varied significantly by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. For example, among students who reported indoor tanning device use in the 12 months before the survey, female students and white students were more likely to use such services 10 or more times.
Back to top
Discussion
Our results indicate that indoor tanning device use is widespread among
US high school students, and the use of indoor tanning devices multiple times is common. This study is consistent with previous reports showing widespread use of indoor tanning devices among adolescents and a higher prevalence among older adolescents, females, and whites (6,7).
Given the known health risks associated with indoor tanning device use, many health-related organizations recommend regulations limiting minors’ access to these devices (8,9). In the United States, 26 states have laws restricting minors’ access to tanning facilities; statutory requirements include parental consent or accompaniment, physician authorization, and bans on tanning device use (10). However, the presence of state legislation restricting minors’ access to indoor
tanning devices has limited effectiveness (7). Our results suggest that additional strategies for reducing indoor tanning device use among US high school students need to be examined. Such efforts could include public education about the risks of indoor tanning device use, efforts aimed at changing the social norms regarding skin tanning, better enforcement of current restrictions, and more stringent legislative measures prohibiting the use of indoor tanning devices among minors.
This study is subject to certain limitations. The results from this study are generalizable
only to youths who attend high school and may not be representative of the entire youth population. Additionally, the use of an indoor tanning device was self-reported, and the degree of misreporting cannot be determined. Although reliability data are not available for the question about indoor tanning device use, a previous reliability study of the YRBS questionnaire demonstrated most items had
good test-retest reliability (11). An important strength of this study is that it provides a nationally representative estimate of indoor tanning device use among US high school students.
The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act includes a 10% excise tax on indoor tanning device use. This newly enacted tax may reduce the use of indoor tanning devices, especially among adolescents. A 10% increase in the price of tobacco led to an approximate 4% reduction in tobacco use prevalence among adolescents (12); thus, the newly imposed tax may reduce indoor tanning device use and UV radiation exposure, a documented risk factor for melanoma. Because this study provides nationally
representative estimates, it can serve as a baseline for continued monitoring of indoor tanning device use and evaluating the effect of the new excise tax and other interventions on reducing indoor tanning device use among US high school students.
Back to top
Acknowledgments
Gery P. Guy, Jr, was supported in part by CDC’s Research Participation Program, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the US Department of Energy and CDC.
Back to top
Author Information
Corresponding Author: Gery P. Guy, Jr, PhD, MPH, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, MS K-52, Atlanta, GA 30341. Telephone: 770-488-3279. E-mail:
GGuy@cdc.gov.
Author Affiliations: Eric Tai, Lisa C. Richardson, Division of Cancer
Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
Back to top
References
- Bleyer A, Viny A, Barr R.
Cancer in 15- to 29-year-olds by primary site. Oncologist 2006;11(6):590-601.
- Strouse JJ, Fears TR, Tucker MA, Wayne AS.
Pediatric melanoma: risk factor and survival analysis of the Surveillance,
Epidemiology and End Results database. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(21):4735.
- International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on
artificial ultraviolet light and skin cancer.
The
association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 2007;120(5):1116-22.
- Lazovich DK, Vogel R, Berwick M, Weinstock M, Anderson K, Warshaw E.
Indoor tanning and risk of melanoma: a case-control study in a highly exposed population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(6):1557.
- Eaton DK, Kann L, Kinchen S, Shanklin S, Ross J, Hawkins J, et al.
Youth
risk behavior surveillance — United States, 2009. MMWR Surveill Summ 2010;59(5):1-142.
- Geller AC, Colditz G, Oliveria S, Emmons K, Jorgensen C, Aweh GN, Frazier AL.
Use of sunscreen, sunburning rates, and tanning bed use among more than 10 000 US children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2002;109(6):1009.
- Cokkinides V, Weinstock M, Lazovich D, Ward E, Thun M.
Indoor tanning use among adolescents in the US, 1998 to 2004. Cancer 2009;115(1):190-8.
- Levine JA, Sorace M, Spencer J, Siegel DM.
The indoor UV tanning industry: a review of skin cancer risk, health benefit claims, and regulation. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53(6):1038-44.
- Sinclair C. Artificial tanning sunbeds: risk and guidance. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/uv/publications/sunbedpubl/en/. Accessed August 2, 2010.
- States with laws addressing minors’ access to tanning facilities. National Cancer Institute; 2007. http://www.scld-nci.net/linkdocs/products/factsheets91.pdf. Accessed July 27, 2010.
- Brener ND, Kann L, McManus T, Kinchen SA, Sundberg EC, Ross JG.
Reliability of the 1999 Youth Risk Behavior Survey questionnaire. J Adolesc
Health 2002;31(4):336-42.
- Zaza S, Briss P, Harris K. The guide to community preventive services: what works to promote health? New York (NY): Oxford University Press; 2005.
Back to top
