|
|
Volume 4: No. 3, July 2007
COMMUNITY CASE STUDY
Healthy Hair Starts With a
Healthy Body: Hair Stylists as Lay Health Advisors to Prevent Chronic Kidney
Disease
Mary E. Madigan, Linda Smith-Wheelock, MBA, MSW, Sarah L. Krein, PhD, RN
Suggested citation for this article: Madigan ME, Smith-Wheelock L, Krein SL. Healthy Hair Starts with a Healthy Body: hair stylists as lay health advisors to prevent chronic kidney disease. Prev Chronic Dis [serial online] 2007 Jul [date cited] Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/
jul/06_0078.htm.
PEER REVIEWED
Abstract
Background
Chronic kidney disease affects one in nine Americans. Diabetes and hypertension account for nearly three quarters of all kidney failure cases. Disproportionate rates of chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and hypertension have been observed among African Americans.
More than 70% of all kidney failure cases caused by diabetes and hypertension could have been prevented or delayed with healthy
lifestyles and medications.
Context
Approximately 14% of the population living in Michigan is African American. Despite this small proportion, 47% of patients on dialysis and 45% of those on the kidney transplant waiting list are African American. Risk of end-stage kidney failure is 4 times greater among African Americans than among whites.
Methods
The National Kidney Foundation of Michigan developed the Healthy Hair Starts with a Healthy Body (Healthy Hair) campaign to educate African American men and women about their disease risks and to motivate prevention behaviors. The campaign trains African American hair stylists to promote healthy behaviors with their clients through a “health chat” and by providing diabetes and
hypertension risk assessment information and incentives.
Consequences
Since 1999, Healthy Hair has trained nearly 700 stylists and reached more than 14,000 clients in eight Michigan cities. Information collected through a client “Chat Form” suggests a number of positive behavioral results.
Interpretation
With nearly 60% of clients indicating that they have taken steps to prevent diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease or to seek a physician’s advice, the Healthy Hair program appears to be effective in the short term in prompting attention to healthy behaviors and increasing risk awareness.
Back to top
Background
Chronic kidney disease is serious, common, and costly. One in nine
individuals 20 years of age or older have chronic kidney disease (1), which if
left untreated usually leads to total kidney failure. Furthermore, an estimated
two-thirds of individuals with undiagnosed and untreated diabetes and
hypertension, both of which are associated with obesity (2), will develop
chronic kidney disease (3). Nationwide, diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes
affect approximately 17 million adults (4), and diagnosed and undiagnosed
hypertension, an estimated 65 million (5). In Michigan in 2004, the most recent
year for which data are available, diabetes and hypertension accounted for more
than 70% of all cases of kidney failure (6). African Americans, who are disproportionately affected by chronic kidney
disease, develop hypertension earlier in life than do whites, and their average blood pressure is higher. As a result, the rate of kidney failure is more than 4 times higher for African Americans than for whites (3), and the rate of end-stage kidney disease is 4 times higher (5). With early detection, many, if not most, cases of kidney failure caused by diabetes or hypertension can be prevented or
delayed (7). Educating and motivating the population at risk is vitally important. Lifestyle changes to prevent diabetes and hypertension and appropriate treatment of these conditions to reduce the risk of serious complications, such as chronic kidney disease, save both lives and money (8-10).
Numerous public health interventions exist to increase awareness of health
issues and to promote behavior change. One particularly promising intervention
is the use of lay health advisors (also known as community health workers, peer
educators, and lay health workers). One study found that using lay health
advisors in combination with a media education campaign was more effective than
a media campaign alone in promoting screening for cervical cancer (11). The use
of lay health advisors has also been shown to be effective in promoting cancer screening, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and smoking cessation among minorities and in immigrant communities (12-16). A study by Flax and Earp (17) suggests that lay health advisors influenced the individuals
they counseled because the clients knew the advisors well, felt comfortable talking with them about private issues, and considered them credible sources of information.
This article describes the implementation of a lay health advisor program by the National Kidney Foundation of Michigan (Michigan Kidney Foundation) to increase awareness, promote healthy living, and reduce diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease in the African American community.
Back to top
Context
Approximately 14% of the population living in Michigan is African American. Despite being a relatively small proportion of the population as a whole, African
Americans account for 47% of patients on dialysis and 40% of those on the kidney
transplant waiting list (6,18). At 354 cases per million people, the annual rate of new cases
of chronic kidney disease in Michigan is 5.4% higher than the national average
(3). In 2004, diabetes and hypertension, the two leading causes of chronic
kidney disease, accounted for more than 70% of all cases of kidney failure in Michigan (3).
Residents in low-income, minority communities have a particularly difficult
time engaging in behaviors that can prevent chronic disease. REACH 2010
Surveillance for Health Status in Minority Communities (REACH), which provided
data on risk behaviors in 21 communities including Detroit, Michigan, reported
that in 2001–2002 minorities were more likely than the general population to be
in fair or poor health but not seeing a doctor because of cost (19). REACH also
found that the prevalence of eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily and meeting recommendations for moderate or vigorous physical activity was lower for minority adults than for adults nationally.
The Michigan Surgeon General’s report states that as of 2002, approximately
62% of adults in the state were either overweight or obese, and Michigan ranked
third highest among the states for obesity (20). Obesity rates were highest for individuals
aged 35 to 74 years, African Americans, those with less than a college education, and those with a household income lower than $35,000.
African American women have consistently had the highest prevalence of obesity
in Michigan.
Back to top
Methods
To promote health and reduce diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease
in the African American community, the Michigan Kidney Foundation developed a
campaign called Healthy Hair Starts with a Healthy Body (Healthy Hair). The
Healthy Hair program began in Detroit in 1999 and relies on hair stylists to
educate African American men and women about their disease risks and to help
motivate them to adopt behaviors that can lower their risk. This intervention is
based on previous work suggesting that individuals, such as hair stylists, who
have an established rapport with their clients, can be effective lay educators.
Healthy Hair trains African American hair stylists to promote healthy behaviors
among their clients through a “health chat,” educational materials, and risk
assessment information. This project was conducted with approval by the
Institutional Review Boards of the University of Michigan Medical School.
The program recruits stylists through direct mailing and personal contact by program staff and current participants. Recruiters appeal to individual interest in improving personal and family health, to community-mindedness, and to the desire to improve business. In a two-part workshop, stylists learn to motivate their clients to make lifestyle changes that can prevent kidney disease,
diabetes, and hypertension and to seek medical advice. The workshop emphasizes techniques for motivating clients to improve health behavior and provides instruction on nutrition and exercise.
The workshop follows a curriculum (Appendix A)
developed by the Michigan Kidney Foundation in concert with a statewide
technical advisory committee, but the content is presented by experts, such as
physicians and nutritionists, recruited from each local community. Program
coordinators are allowed some latitude on content, and some have included a motivational
speaker or a hands-on cooking demonstration to further motivate trainees. The
training workshop lasts 4 hours each day and takes place on two consecutive Mondays, traditionally stylists’ day off. From there,
12-week campaigns are launched.
The centerpiece of the Healthy Hair salon intervention is the “health chat” offered by stylists (Appendix B). This motivational appeal highlights disease risk factors faced by African Americans and asks clients to take one or more prevention steps: improve diet, increase exercise, stop smoking, or take medication if the client has already been diagnosed
with diabetes or hypertension. Stylists also encourage clients to talk with a doctor about their risk for disease, to seek a blood glucose test and urinalysis, and to have their blood pressure measured, as warranted by existing risk factors. Clients complete a risk survey (e.g., the American Diabetes Association’s Take the Test and Know the Score) as part of the first health chat.
American Heart Association videos that reinforce the motivational content are shown at the discretion of the stylist and may not be used in all salons. Educational brochures, posters, and decals reinforce the stylist’s message.
At the end of the health chat, the client completes a self-administered survey instrument called a Chat Form, which asks about clients’ intentions regarding disease prevention and seeking the advice of a physician. The Chat Form serves as the primary tool for evaluating program outcomes. When the client returns approximately 1 month later, the stylist engages the
person in a second health chat, and the client reports successes to date on Part 2 of the Chat Form (Chat 2). Other collected data include disease risk factors, diagnoses, and numbers of clients approached with the campaign message. Six months after the intervention,
program staff conduct a telephone survey to identify the potential longer-term impact of the program.
Clients receive a healthy soul-food cookbook at their first visit, and upon completion of Chat
2, they receive a canvas bag containing beauty products and other incentives. Certified diabetes educators telephone clients scoring at high risk for diabetes to encourage them to see a doctor and to reinforce prevention
behaviors. Clients at moderate risk are contacted by mail and urged to practice healthy behaviors and to be tested for diabetes.
Stylists receive a $50 stipend for attending the workshop and $4 for each
completed Chat Form. They are also offered the opportunity to develop additional leadership skills by serving on a Partners Group, which advises on local campaign issues, including selecting training venues, recruiting volunteer trainers, and accessing local media and resources, and through occasional media and public
speaking opportunities. Some veteran stylists go on to assist with campaign training. The estimated cost of the Healthy Hair program, including both direct and indirect costs, is approximately $45 per client served.
Back to top
Consequences
Between 1999 and 2005, the Healthy Hair campaign trained nearly 700 stylists
and reached more than 14,000 clients in eight Michigan cities: Detroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Lansing,
Muskegon, Pontiac, Saginaw, and Southfield. General characteristics of clients who have participated in the Healthy Hair program are shown in the Table. Both clients and stylists report that the experience is effective and
rewarding. Furthermore, self-reported information collected through the Chat Form suggests a number of positive behavioral results. For example, descriptive analyses of data collected on 8148 clients show that of those who indicated at Chat 1 that they planned to eat healthier (n = 7715), 46% reported at Chat 2 that they had increased their fruit and vegetable consumption, were choosing low-fat
foods, or were limiting their salt intake. Of those who planned to exercise regularly (n = 6738) at Chat 1, 91% reported at Chat 2 that they continued to exercise at least 3 days per week or more; 32% reported that they had increased the number of days per week in which they exercised. Finally, of those at Chat 1 who indicated that they intended to either eat healthier or exercise regularly,
4545 (56%) reported at least one of the following lifestyle improvements at Chat
2: increased level of exercise, eating more fruits and vegetables, choosing
low-fat foods, or limiting salt intake. Besides taking prevention steps, more
than 2700 clients reported talking with their doctor during the campaign about their risk for diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease. Approximately
1750 clients were tested for at least one of these conditions, and 190 were diagnosed with one or a combination of these diseases.
The responses of 60 clients from two cities to a 6-month postintervention survey conducted in spring of 2003 were encouraging both in the number of days of exercise reported and in the number of servings of fruits and vegetables eaten per day. Approximately 60% of survey respondents reported exercising at least 3
to 4 days per week, whereas 41% of the entire cohort reported this behavior
at the completion of Chat 2. Eighteen percent reported eating at least five fruits and vegetables per day, a behavior reported by 8% at Chat 2. In one city, 89% of respondents reported limiting salt, and 70% reported limiting fat, rates that surpassed those reported
5 months earlier at Chat 2 and contrary to an expected dip in prevention commitment over time. Moreover, 50% of respondents in each of
the two cities reported that campaign information prompted them to change the way they cook for their families, and 70% cited improved shopping habits (e.g.,
reading labels, selecting lower sodium foods, buying more vegetables). Of note, 75% of those contacted referred to an enduring campaign message that reflected improved knowledge and skills or reinforcement of healthy behaviors. Survey
results also helped determine areas for improvement, such as the inclusion of educational brochures for clients to share with their families about healthy eating and cooking.
Many stylists also reported making personal changes in health behavior and said that their businesses have been helped in some way, including improved rapport with clients and a more positive salon atmosphere. In fact, because of the positive experience, several Detroit stylists suggested offering a second phase with different tools and methods. This appeal prompted discussions with statewide
technical advisors and funding agencies about appropriate protocols for a follow-up campaign, and a new campaign called Personal Guide to Leading a Healthier Lifestyle, or Phase 2, was generated. Although the original Healthy Hair program was designed primarily to target women, a number of male clients participated in the program. To better address the needs of African American men, we have
developed a program with barbers as lay educators. We are now pilot testing this program in several cities.
Back to top
Interpretation
Nearly 60% of clients reached by a stylist in the Healthy Hair program reported having taken steps to prevent the targeted diseases or to seek medical advice. Given this outcome, we believe that the intervention is effective in the short term in bringing attention to healthy behaviors and increasing risk awareness. Surveys taken 6 months after the intervention suggested that many clients maintained
some behavioral changes and remembered an enduring campaign message. Although these results may be somewhat overstated, considering that they are based on self-reports, they are nonetheless encouraging.
Even though the African American urban salon environment appears to be conducive
to rendering health advice, characteristics of the industry present challenges. Many stylists work
part-time and have other jobs. Because real estate is often inexpensive and plentiful in large cities such as Detroit, salon owners tend to change locations frequently, sometimes moving in the middle of a campaign. Other shops struggle and close before the campaign concludes. Stylists experience some of the same stresses in their lives as do their African American clients, and these have
consequences for the program. As a result, 23% of trained stylists fail to complete the campaign.
The advantages of salon-based programming, nonetheless, outweigh the disadvantages. Data gathered in focus groups during campaign development revealed that clients regarded their stylists as trusted advisors, had known them for an average of 8 years, and patronized their shops at least biweekly for an average of 90 minutes at a time. Client comments gathered in 6-month follow-up surveys
attest to the comfort level and receptivity many clients have for receiving health information in salons. Considering the many positive aspects of the Healthy Hair campaigns, we
have some lessons learned to share after several years of campaign experience:
Recruitment. Personal outreach by program staff and multipart marketing that included direct mail, peer-to-peer recruitment, and media blitzes
were invaluable in recruiting stylists. The role that financial incentives ($50 stipend for training, $4 per client Chat Form) play in attracting stylists is untested. We know anecdotally that many stylists
were drawn to the campaign because of
personal experience — either their own or a loved one’s — with diabetes, hypertension, or kidney disease.
Morale. Mid-campaign luncheons with participating stylists were an effective remedy for lagging commitment and seemed
to help in troubleshooting issues that stylists were not otherwise presenting to staff. Occasional gatherings of stylists to foster a shared commitment to improving the African American community through the Healthy Hair campaign also proved helpful.
Quality. Client phone surveys conducted 6 months after the campaign revealed a few instances of potential deception by stylists. The financial rewards combined with the complexity of the intervention may have compelled a few stylists to take shortcuts in their approach or, worse, to exploit the campaign. To help mitigate this problem, we stressed quality during training. We also included a
modeled Health Chat and one-on-one practice time to emphasize not rushing through the Health Chat. Staff also made
salon visits within 1 week of training to observe Health Chat techniques and to
correct problems. Monitoring by staff and discussion during training about
creating a system for managing client recruitment, Chat Form storage,
second-month re-approach, and incentive awards were also
useful ways to help maintain quality.
Support. Diverse, active, and committed groups of local partners that provided structural support for the campaign
were essential. Partners can include voluntary health agencies, hospitals, primary care centers, public health departments, and civic and church groups. Ways in which they
can assist include providing volunteer trainers, free training space, educational brochures, cookbooks,
videos, incentives, and marketing aid. Some Healthy Hair partners even provided nurses to conduct occasional blood pressure checks in salons. Others promoted the program in their corporate newsletters or featured campaign promotions in their employee cafeteria. We shared campaign results with partners along with information on how to apply local resources to improve behavior outcomes. The
identification of local partners with the campaign’s mission and success may well ensure long-term sustainability.
The Healthy Hair campaign develops community health resources that will last indefinitely while sustaining existing assets. The campaign turns salons into health information centers where owners and stylists provide knowledge that will stay in the community regardless of the long-term welfare of the campaign. During 2000 through 2005, each participating stylist reached an average of 31
clients, for a total of more than 14,000. Those clients, on average, talked to another
three people about what they learned. This ripple effect, coupled with the success in behavior change generated from the Healthy Hair Starts with a Healthy Body campaign, demonstrates the usefulness of reaching at-risk populations through hair salons.
Back to top
Acknowledgments
This project was conducted in part with a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation Local Initiative Funding Partners and the Michigan Department of
Community Health, and with support from the Department of Veterans Affairs,
Health Services Research and Development Service, DIB 98-001, and the Michigan
Diabetes Research and Training Center funded by NIH5P60DK20572 from the
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The
authors also thank the program coordinators and Healthy Hair
stylists and participants for their contributions to this work.
Back to top
Author Information
Corresponding Author: Sarah L. Krein, PhD, RN, Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Research, PO Box 130170, Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0170. Telephone: 734-769-7100, x6224. E-mail: skrein@umich.edu.
Author Affiliations: Mary E. Madigan, Linda Smith-Wheelock, National Kidney Foundation of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich; Sarah L. Krein, Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Research, Ann Arbor, Mich, and University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Back to top
References
- National Kidney Foundation.
K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation,
classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39(2 Suppl 1):S1-266.
- Thomas F, Bean K, Pannier B, Oppert JM, Guize L, Benetos A.
Cardiovascular mortality in overweight subjects: the key role of associated risk factors. Hypertension 2005;46(4):654-9.
- United States Renal Data System. 2004 annual data report: atlas of end stage renal disease in the United States. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2004.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults — United
States, 1999–2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52(35):833-7.
- Heart disease and stroke statistics — 2006 update. Dallas (TX): American Heart Association; 2006.
- 2004 annual data report. St. Paul (MN): Renal Network of the Upper Midwest, End Stage Renal Disease Network 11; 2004.
- Hostetter TH.
Prevention of the development and progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14(7
Suppl 2):S144-7.
- Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA,
et al.
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or
metformin. N Engl J Med 2002;346(6):393-403.
- Herman WH, Hoerger TJ, Brandle M, Hicks K, Sorensen S, Zhang P, et al.
The cost-effectiveness of lifestyle modification or metformin in preventing type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance. Ann Intern Med 2005;142(5):323-32.
- Vijan S, Stevens DL, Herman WH, Funnell MM, Standiford CJ.
Screening, prevention,
counseling, and treatment for the complications of type II diabetes mellitus.
Putting evidence into practice. J Gen Intern Med 1997;12(9):567-80.
- Lam TK, McPhee SJ, Mock J, Wong C, Doan HT, Nguyen T, et al.
Encouraging Vietnamese-American women to obtain
Pap tests through lay health worker outreach and media education. J Gen Intern Med 2003;18(7):516-24.
- Black ME, Yamada J, Mann V.
A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of community-based strategies to increase cervical cancer screening. Can J Public Health 2002;93(5):386-93.
- Curbow B, Bowie J, Garza MA, McDonnell K, Scott LB, Coyne CA, et al.
Community-based cancer screening programs
in older populations: making progress but can we do better? Prev Med 2004;38(6):676-93.
- Thomas JC, Eng E, Earp JA, Ellis H.
Trust and collaboration in the prevention of
sexually transmitted diseases. Public Health Rep 2001;116(6):540-7.
- Thomas JC, Earp JA, Eng E.
Evaluation and lessons learned from a lay health advisor programme to prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Inter J STD AIDS 2000;11(12):812-8.
- Martijn C, de Vries NK, Voorham T, Brandsma J, Meis M, Hospers HJ.
The effects of AIDS prevention programs by lay health advisors for migrants
in The Netherlands. Patient Educ Couns 2004;53(2):157-65.
- Flax VL, Earp JL.
Counseled women's perspectives on their interactions with lay health advisors: a feasibility study. Health Educ Res 1999;14(1):15-24.
- Michigan patients currently waiting for a transplant. Ann Arbor (MI): Gift of Life Michigan; 2005 [cited 2005 Dec 21]. Available from:
http://www.giftoflifemichigan.org/facts.htm *
- Liao Y, Tucker P, Okoro CA, Giles WH, Mokdad AH, Harris VB.
REACH 2010 surveillance for health status in minority communities — United
States, 2001–2002.
MMWR Surveill Summ 2004;53(6):1-36.
- Michigan Surgeon General’s health status report. Healthy Michigan 2010. Lansing (MI): Michigan Department of Community Health; 2004 [cited 2004
Apr 8]. Available from: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/Healthy_ Michigan_2010_1_88117_7.pdf
*
Back to top
|
|
