Wireless Substitution: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, July – December 2007

by Stephen J. Blumberg, Ph.D., and Julian V. Luke, Division of Health Interview Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics

PDF Version (331 KB)

Statcast

Overview

Preliminary results from the July-December 2007 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) indicate that nearly one out of every six American homes (15.8%) had only wireless telephones during the second half of 2007. In addition, more than one out of every eight American homes (13.1%) received all or almost all calls on wireless telephones despite having a landline telephone in the home. This report presents the most up-to-date estimates available from the federal government concerning the size and characteristics of these populations.

NHIS Early Release Program

This report is published as part of the NHIS Early Release Program. In May and December of each year, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) releases selected estimates of telephone coverage for the civilian noninstitutionalized U.S. population based on data from NHIS, along with comparable estimates from NHIS for the previous 3 years. The estimates are based on in-person interviews. NHIS interviews are conducted continuously throughout the year to collect information on health status, health-related behaviors, and health care utilization. The survey also includes information about household telephones and whether anyone in the household has a wireless telephone (also known as a cellular telephone, cell phone, or mobile phone).

Two additional reports are published as part of the Early Release Program. Early Release of Selected Estimates Based on Data from the National Health Interview Survey is published quarterly and provides estimates of 15 selected measures of health. Health Insurance Coverage: Early Release of Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey is also published quarterly and provides additional estimates of health insurance coverage.

Methods

For many years, NHIS has included questions on residential telephone numbers to permit re-contact of survey participants. Starting in 2003, additional questions determined whether the family’s telephone number was a landline telephone. All survey respondents were also asked whether “you or anyone in your family has a working cellular telephone.” A family can be an individual or a group of two or more related persons living together in the same housing unit. Thus, a family can consist of only one person, and more than one family can live in a household (including, for example, a household where there are multiple single-person families, as when unrelated roommates are living together).

In this report, families are identified as wireless families if anyone in the family had a working cellular telephone. Households are identified as wireless-only if they include at least one wireless family and if there are no working landline telephones inside the household. Persons are identified as wireless-only if they live in a wireless-only household. A similar approach is used to identify adults living in households with no telephone service (neither wireless nor landline). Household telephone status (rather than family telephone status) is used in this report because most telephone surveys draw samples of households rather than families.

From July through December 2007, household telephone status information was obtained for 13,083 households. These households included 24,514 adults aged 18 years and over and 9,122 children less than 18 years of age. Analyses of demographic characteristics are based on data from the NHIS Family file. Data for all civilian adults living in interviewed households were used in these analyses. Estimates stratified by poverty are based only on reported income. Income is unknown for nearly 18% of families.

Analyses of selected health measures are based on data from the NHIS Sample Adult file. Data for one civilian adult randomly selected from each family were used in these analyses. From July through December 2007, data on household telephone status and selected health measures were collected from 10,551 randomly selected adults.

Because NHIS is conducted throughout the year and the sample is designed to yield a nationally representative sample each week, data can be analyzed quarterly. Weights are created for each calendar quarter of the NHIS sample. NHIS data weighting procedures have been described in more detail in an NCHS published report (Series Report Number 2, Volume 130 [PDF – 300 KB]). The estimates using the July-December 2007 data are being released prior to final data editing and final weighting to provide access to the most recent information from NHIS. The resulting estimates should be considered preliminary and may differ slightly from estimates using the final data files.

Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using SUDAAN software to account for the complex sample design of NHIS. Differences between percentages were evaluated using two-sided significance tests at the 0.05 level. Terms such as “more likely” and “less likely” indicate a statistically significant difference. Lack of comments regarding the difference between any two estimates does not necessarily mean that the difference was tested and found to be not significant. Due to small sample sizes, estimates based on less than 1 year of data may have large variances, and caution should be used in interpreting these estimates.

Questionnaire Changes in 2007

From 2003 to 2006, families were considered to have landline telephone service if the survey respondent provided a telephone number, identified it as “the family’s phone number,” and said that it was not a cellular telephone number. If the family’s phone number was reported to be a cellular telephone number, the respondent was asked if there was “at least one phone inside your home that is currently working and is not a cell phone.”

In 2007, the questionnaire was changed so that all survey respondents were asked if there was “at least one phone inside your home that is currently working and is not a cell phone,” unless the respondent indicated not having any phone when asked for a telephone number.

From 2003 to 2006, the questions about cellular telephones were asked at the end of the survey. Because of incomplete interviews, more than 10% of households were not asked about wireless telephones. In 2007, these questions were moved earlier in the survey, resulting in fewer families with unknown wireless telephone status.

In 2007, a new question was added to the survey for persons living in families with both landline and cellular telephones. Respondents were asked to consider all of the telephone calls that their family receives and to report whether “all or almost all calls are received on cell phones, some are received on cell phones and some on regular phones, or very few or none are received on cell phones.” This new question permits the identification of persons living in “wireless-mostly” households, defined as households with both landline and cellular telephones in which all families receive all or almost all calls on cell phones.

Finally, in 2007, the questionnaire was redesigned to improve the collection of income information. Initial evaluations of the distribution of poverty among selected demographic variables suggest that poverty estimates are generally comparable to years 2006 and earlier. However, as a result of the changes, the poverty ratio variable has fewer missing values in 2007 compared with prior years. Analyses of the impact of this change have been published by the Early Release program (Impact of Income Bracketing on Poverty Measures Used in the National Health Interview Survey’s Early Release Program: Preliminary Data from the 2007 NHIS [PDF – 515 KB]).

Telephone Status

In the last 6 months of 2007, nearly one out of every six households (15.8%) did not have a landline telephone, but did have at least one wireless telephone (Table 1). Approximately 14.5% of all adults-more than 32 million adults-lived in households with only wireless telephones; 14.4% of all children-more than 10 million children-lived in households with only wireless telephones.

The percentage of adults living in wireless-only households has been steadily increasing (see Figure). During the last 6 months of 2007, more than one out of every seven adults lived in wireless-only households. One year before that (that is, during the last 6 months of 2006), fewer than one out of every eight adults lived in wireless-only households. And 2 years before that (that is, during the last 6 months of 2004), only 1 out of every 18 adults lived in wireless-only households.

The percentage of adults and the percentage of children living without any telephone service have remained relatively unchanged over the past 3 years. Approximately 2.2% of households had no telephone service (neither wireless nor landline). Approximately 4 million adults (1.9%) and 1.5 million children (2.1%) lived in these households.

Demographic Differences

The percentage of U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized adults living in wireless-only households is shown by selected demographic characteristics and by survey time period in Table 2. For the period July through December 2007:

More than one-half of all adults living with unrelated roommates (56.9%) lived in households with only wireless telephones. This is the highest prevalence rate among the population subgroups examined.
Adults renting their home (30.9%) were more likely than adults owning their home (7.3%) to be living in households with only wireless telephones.
More than one in three adults aged 25-29 years (34.5%) lived in households with only wireless telephones. Nearly 31% of adults aged 18-24 years lived in households with only wireless telephones.
As age increased, the percentage of adults living in households with only wireless telephones decreased: 15.5% for adults aged 30-44 years; 8.0% for adults aged 45-64 years; and 2.2% for adults aged 65 years and over.
Men (15.9%) were more likely than women (13.2%) to be living in households with only wireless telephones.
Adults living in poverty (27.4%) were more likely than higher income adults to be living in households with only wireless telephones.
Adults living in the South (17.1%) and Midwest (15.3%) were more likely than adults living in the Northeast (10.0%) to be living in households with only wireless telephones.
Non-Hispanic white adults (12.9%) were less likely than Hispanic adults (19.3%) or non-Hispanic black adults (18.3%) to be living in households with only wireless telephones.

Wireless-Mostly Households

Among households with both landline and cellular telephones, 22.3% received all or almost all calls on the cellular telephones, based on data for the period July through December 2007. These wireless-mostly households make up 13.1% of all households. Both of these estimates of the size of the wireless-mostly household population have increased since the first 6 months of 2007. During the first 6 months of 2007, the estimates were 20.5% and 12.1%, respectively. (These increases are statistically significant at the 0.10 level but not at the 0.05 level.)

Approximately 31 million adults (14.0%) lived in wireless-mostly households during the last 6 months of 2007, an increase from 28 million (12.6%) during the first 6 months of 2007. Table 3 presents the percentage of adults living in wireless-mostly households by selected demographic characteristics and by survey time period. For the period July through December 2007:

Non-Hispanic Asian adults (20.3%) were more likely than Hispanic adults (14.5%), non-Hispanic white adults (13.2%), or non-Hispanic black adults (15.1%) to be living in wireless-mostly households.
Adults with college degrees (16.2%) were more likely to be living in wireless-mostly households than were high school graduates (12.7%) or adults with less education (8.7%).
Adults living in poverty (8.6%) and adults living near poverty (11.4%) were less likely than higher income adults (15.9%) to be living in wireless-mostly households.
Adults living in metropolitan areas (14.7%) were more likely to be living in wireless-mostly households than were adults living in more rural areas (10.9%).

Selected Health Measures by Household Telephone Status

Most major survey research organizations, including NCHS, do not include wireless telephone numbers when conducting random-digit-dial telephone surveys. Therefore, the inability to reach households with only wireless telephones (or with no telephone service) has potential implications for results from health surveys, political polls, and other research conducted using random-digit-dial telephone surveys. Coverage bias may exist if there are differences between persons with and without landline telephones for the substantive variables of interest.

The NHIS Early Release program updates and releases estimates for 15 key adult health indicators every 3 months. Table 4 presents estimates by household telephone status (landline, wireless-only, or without any telephone service) for all but two of these measures. (“Pneumococcal vaccination” and “personal care needs” were not included because these indicators are limited to adults aged 65 years and over.) For the period July through December 2007:

The prevalence of binge drinking (i.e., having five or more alcoholic drinks in 1 day during the past year) among wireless-only adults (37.3%) was twice as high as the prevalence among adults living in landline households (17.7%). Wireless-only adults were also more likely to be current smokers.
Compared with adults living in landline households, wireless-only adults were more likely to report that their health status was excellent or very good, and they were more likely to engage in regular leisure-time physical activity.
The percentage without health insurance coverage at the time of the interview among wireless-only adults (28.7%) was twice as high as the percentage among adults living in landline households (13.7%).
Compared with adults living in landline households, wireless-only adults were more likely to have experienced financial barriers to obtaining needed health care, and they were less likely to have a usual place to go for medical care. Wireless-only adults were also less likely to have received an influenza vaccination during the previous year.
Wireless-only adults (47.6%) were more likely than adults living in landline households (34.7%) to have ever been tested for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

Conclusions

The potential for bias due to undercoverage remains a real and growing threat to surveys conducted only on landline telephones. For more information about the potential implications for health surveys based on landline telephone interviews, see:

Blumberg SJ, Luke JV. Coverage bias in traditional telephone surveys of low-income and young adults. Public Opinion Quarterly 71:734-749. 2007.
Blumberg SJ, Luke JV, Cynamon ML. Telephone coverage and health survey estimates: Evaluating the need for concern about wireless substitution. American Journal of Public Health 96:926-31. 2006.
Blumberg SJ, Luke JV, Cynamon ML, Frankel MR. Recent trends in household telephone coverage in the United States. In JM Lepkowski et al. (eds.), Advances in Telephone Survey Methodology (pp. 56-86). New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2008.

In addition, this report is the first to demonstrate that the number of adults living in wireless-mostly households in the U.S. is growing and is nearly equal to the number of adults living in wireless-only households. If the prevalence of wireless-mostly households continues to grow, and if adults living in wireless-mostly households rarely (if ever) answer their landline telephones, landline telephone surveys may experience increasing rates of nonresponse.

For More Information

For more information about the National Health Interview Survey or the Early Release program, or to find other Early Release reports, please see the following websites:

Suggested Citation

Blumberg SJ, Luke JV. Wireless substitution: Early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, July – December 2007. National Center for Health Statistics. Available from: /nchs/nhis.htm. May 13, 2008.

Figures

Figure is a line graph showing the percentage of adults and children by household telephone status from 2004 through 2007.