Publications, Data, & Statistics

Below are publications, reports, recommendations, and other research that focus on global water, sanitation, and hygiene (GWASH) issues.

Publication Highlight

Berendes D, Martinsen A, Lozier M, et al. (2022) Improving water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), with a focus on hand hygiene, globally for community mitigation of COVID-19. PLOS Water 1(6): e0000027.

Lindmark M, Cherukumilli K, Crider Y, et al. (2022). Passive In-Line Chlorination for Drinking Water Disinfection: A Critical Review. Environmental Science & Technology. DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08580
World Health Organization. Water, sanitation and hygiene: Burden of disease data by country. 2013.
World Health Organization and UNICEF. Progress on household drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene 2000-2020: Five years into the SDGs [PDF – 164 pages]. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), 2021.
World Health Organization and UNICEF. Progress on drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in schools [PDF – 88 pages]. United States: United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2020.
World Health Organization and UNICEF. Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines. United States: UNICEF and WHO, Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2017.
Prüss-Ustün, A., Wolf, J., Bartram, J., Clasen, T., Cumming, O., Freeman, M. C., et al. (2019). Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: An updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 222(5), 765–777.
Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, Perin J, Scott S, Lawn JE, Rudan I, Campbell H, Cibulskis R, Li M, Mathers C, Black RE; Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group of WHO and UNICEF. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000. Lancet. 2012 Jun 9;379(9832):2151-61.
CDC. Ten Great Public Health Achievements — Worldwide, 2001–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60:814-8.

Adams, J, Bartram, J, Chartier, Y. (2008). Essential environmental health standards in health care. World Health Organization.
Bennett SD, Otieno R, Ayers TL, et al. (2015). Acceptability and use of portable drinking water and hand washing stations in health care facilities. PLoS ONE 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126916.
Cronk R, Bartram J. (2018). Environmental conditions in health care facilities in low- and middle-income countries: Coverage and inequalities. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 221(3), 409–422.
Davis, W.; Massa, K.; Kiberiti, S.; Mnzava, H.; Venczel, L.; Quick, R. Evaluation of an Inexpensive Handwashing and Water Treatment Program in Rural Health Care Facilities in Three Districts in Tanzania, 2017. Water 2020, 12, 1289.
Freedman M., Bennett SD, Rainey R, et al. (2017). Cost analysis of the implementation of portable handwashing and drinking water stations in rural Kenyan health facilities [PDF – 6 pages]. Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development.
Huttinger A, Dreibelbis R, Kayigamba F, et al. (2017). Water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and quality in rural healthcare facilities in Rwanda. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 1–11.
World Health Organization and UNICEF. (2018). WASH FIT Digital: Water and Sanitation for Health Facility Improvement Tool.
World Health Organization and UNICEF. (2019) WASH in health care facilities: global baseline report 2019. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO
World Health Organization. (2019). Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access. Geneva: License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Watson J, D’Mello-Guyett L, Flynn E, et al. (2019). Interventions to improve water supply and quality, sanitation and handwashing facilities in healthcare facilities, and their effect on healthcare-associated infections in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and supplementary scoping review. BMJ global health, 4(4), e001632. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001632

Kotloff KL, Nasrin D, Blackwelder W, et al. The incidence, aetiology, and adverse clinical consequences of less severe diarrhoeal episodes among infants and children residing in low-income and middle-income countries: a 12-month case-control study as a follow-on to the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). Lancet 2019.
GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators (2018). Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 18(11), 1211–1228.
Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, et al,. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study.external icon Lancet. 2013

CDC. Salmonella Typhi Infections Associated with Contaminated Water — Zimbabwe, October 2011–May 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(23):435-435.
CDC. Epidemic Typhoid Fever — Dushanbe, Tajikistan, 1997. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(36):752-6.
CDC. Epidemic Cholera — Burundi and Zimbabwe, 1992-1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42(21):407-9,415-6.
CDC. Update: Cholera — Western Hemisphere, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41(36).
CDC. Update: Cholera — Worldwide, 1989. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1990;39(21):365-7.
Obaro, S. K., Iroh Tam, P. Y., & Mintz, E. D. (2017). The unrecognized burden of typhoid fever. Expert review of vaccines, 16(3), 249–260.

CDC. A conceptual framework to evaluate the impacts of Water Safety Plans [PDF – 26 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2011.
World Health Organization. Guidelines to Drinking Water Quality (4th edition) – Chapter 4. Malta: Guttenberg; 2011.
Gelting R. Water safety plans: CDC’s role. [PDF – 2 pages] (commentary) J Environ Health. 2009;72(4):44-5.
World Health Organization and International Water Association. Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-step risk management for drinking-water suppliers [PDF – 108 pages]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
Caribbean Environmental Health Institute. Water Safety Plan: Linden, Guyana [PDF – 121 pages]. Castries, St. Lucia: Caribbean Environmental Health Institute; 2009.
CDC. A guide for conducting household surveys for Water Safety Plans [PDF – 52 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
CDC. Household water use and health assessment, Spanish Town, Jamaica Water Safety Plan [PDF – 18 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
CDC. Household water use and health survey for the Water Safety Plan, Linden, Guyana [PDF – 45 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
Environmental & Engineering Managers, LTD. Water Safety Plan: Spanish Town Water Supply, St. Catherine, Jamaica [PDF – 114 pages]. Kingston, Jamaica: Environmental & Engineering Managers, LTD; 2007.
Safe Water For the Community: A Guide for Establishing a Community-Based Safe Water System Program (2008) [PDF – 62 pages]
Safe Water Systems for the Developing World: A Handbook for Implementing Household-Based Water Treatment and Safe Storage Projects (2000)

Hubbard B, Sarisky J, Gelting R, Baffigo V, Seminario R, Centurion C. A community demand-driven approach for sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure development. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2011;214(4):326-34.
CDC. Evaluation of the sustainability of water and sanitation interventions in Central America after Hurricane Mitch, February 14 – March 5, 2009 [PDF – 78 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2010.
Sabogal R. Global Environmental Health: Sustainability. [PDF – 2 pages] (commentary) J Environ Health. 2010;73(3):26-7.
Institute of Medicine. Global environmental health: research gaps and barriers for providing sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene services: workshop summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009.
CDC. Evaluation of the sustainability of water and sanitation interventions in Central America after Hurricane Mitch, February 12 – 27, 2006 [PDF – 77 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2008.
Moll DM, McElroy RH, Sabogal R, Corrales LF, Gelting RJ. Health impact of water and sanitation infrastructure reconstruction programmes in eight Central American communities affected by Hurricane Mitch. J Wat Health. 2007;5(1):51-65.
CDC. Evaluation of the health impact of the American Red Cross-sponsored water and sanitation infrastructure reconstruction programs in communities affected by Hurricane Mitch: Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala – February 2002 [PDF – 98 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2002.
CDC. Mid-term survey and evaluation of American Red Cross-sponsored community reconstruction of water and sanitation: Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala – February 2001 [PDF – 207 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2002.
CDC. American Red Cross post-Hurricane Mitch community reconstruction water and sanitation baseline survey in Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Guatemala – February 2000 [PDF – 105 pages]. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2001.

Hubbard B. Working to build healthy communities: community environmental health assessments using PACE EH [PDF – 2 pages]. J Environ Health. 2006;69(3):32–3.
Hubbard B, Gelting R, Baffigo V, Sarisky J. Community environmental health assessment strengthens environmental public health services in the Peruvian Amazon. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2005;208(1–2):101–7.

CDC. Rapidly building global health security capacity — Uganda Demonstration Project, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:73–6
CDC. Strengthening global health security capacity — Vietnam Demonstration Project, 2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:77–80.

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