Publications

Hoots BE, Li J, Hertz MF, Esser MB, Rico A, Zavala EY, Jones CM. Alcohol and other substance use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among high school students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2021. MMWR Suppl 2023;72(Suppl-1):84–92.

Alpert HR, Slater ME, Yoon YH, Chen CM, Winstanley N, Esser MB. Alcohol consumption and 15 causes of fatal injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med 2022;63:286–300.

Brener ND, Bohm MK, Jones CM, et al. Use of tobacco products, alcohol, and other substances among high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic — Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021. MMWR Suppl 2022;71(Suppl-3):8–15.

Esser MB, Idaikkadar N, Kite-Powell A, Thomas C, Greenlund KJ. Trends in emergency department visits related to acute alcohol consumption before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, 2018–2020. Drug Alcohol Depend Rep 2022;3:100049.

Esser MB, Leung G, Sherk A, Bohm MK, Liu Y, Lu H, Naimi TS. Estimated deaths attributable to excessive alcohol use among US adults aged 20 to 64 years, 2015 to 2019. JAMA Netw Open 2022;5:e2239485.

Esser MB, Sherk A, Subbaraman MS, et al. Improving estimates of alcohol-attributable deaths in the United States: Impact of adjusting for the underreporting of alcohol consumptionJ Stud Alcohol Drugs 2022;83:134–144.

Esser MB, Sherk A, Subbaraman MS, et al. With new methods, we can improve our ability to estimate deaths from excessive alcohol use. JSAD FastTakes 2022;12:10.15288.

Sherk A, Esser MB, Stockwell T, Naimi, TS. Estimating alcohol-attributable liver disease mortality: A comparison of methods. Drug Alcohol Rev 2022;41:1245–1253.

Bohm MK, Liu Y, Esser MB, Mesnick JB, Lu H, Pan Y, Greenlund KJ. Binge drinking among adults, by select characteristics and state — United States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1441–1446.

Crawford KA, Gardner JA, Meyer EA, Hall KE, Gary DS, Esser MB. Current marijuana use and alcohol consumption among adults following the legalization of nonmedical retail marijuana sales — Colorado, 2015–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1505–1508.

Esser MB, Pickens CM, Guy GP Jr, Evans ME. Binge drinking, other substance use, and concurrent use in the U.S., 2016-2018. Am J Prev Med 2021;60:169-178.

Frazier EL, Esser MB, McKnight-Eily LR, Zhou W, Chavez PR. Alcohol use among HIV-positive women of childbearing age, United States, 2013–2014. AIDS Care 2021;33:1024-1036.

Greene N, Esser MB, Vesselinov R, Auman KM, Kerns TJ, Lauerman MH. Variability in antemortem and postmortem blood alcohol concentration levels among fatally injured adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2021;47:84-91.

Greene N, Tomedi LE, Cox ME, Mello E, Esser MB. Alcohol testing and alcohol involvement among violent deaths by state, 2014-2016. Prev Med 2021;106527.

LeClercq J, Bernard JS, Mucciaccio F, Esser MB. Prospective analysis of minimum pricing policies to reduce excessive alcohol use and related harms in U.S. States. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021;82:710-719.

Uong S, Tomedi LE, Gloppen KM, Stahre M, Hindman P, Goodson VN, Crandall C, Sklar D, Brewer RD. Screening for excessive alcohol consumption in emergency departments: A nationwide assessment of emergency department physicians. J Public Health Manag Pract 2021; 33729185.

England LJ, Bennett C, Denny CH, Honein MA, Gilboa SM, Kim SY, Guy GP, Tran EL, Rose CE, Bohm MK, Boyle CA. Alcohol use and co-use of other substances among pregnant females aged 12–44 years — United States, 2015–2018. MMWR 2020;69:1009–1014.

Esser MB, Sacks JJ, Sherk A, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Greenfield, TK, Pierannunzi, C, Brewer, RD. Distribution of drinks consumed by U.S. adults by average daily alcohol consumption: A comparison of 2 nationwide surveys. Am J Prev Med 2020;59:669–677.

Esser MB, Sherk A, Liu Y, Naimi TS, Stockwell TR, Stahre M, Kanny D, Landen M, Saitz R, Brewer, RD. Deaths and years of potential life lost from excessive alcohol use — United States, 2011–2015. MMWR 2020;69:1428–1433.

Jones CM, Clayton HB, Deputy NP, Roehler, DR, Ko JY, Esser MB, Brookmeyer KA, Hertz MF. Prescription opioid misuse and use of alcohol and other substances among high school students — Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl 2020;69(Suppl-1):38–46.

Kanny D, Naimi TS, Liu Y, Brewer RD. Trends in total binge drinks per adult who reported binge drinking — United States, 2011–2017. MMWR 2020;69:30–34.

Sacks JJ, Brewer RD, Mesnick JB, Holt JB; Zhang X, Kanny, D, et al. Measuring alcohol outlet density: An overview of strategies for public health practitioners. J Public Health Manag Pract 2020;26:481–488.

Shockey TM, Esser MB. Binge drinking by occupation groups among currently employed U.S. adults in 32 states, 2013–2016. Subst Use Misuse 2020;55:1968–1979.

Esser MB, Guy GP, Zhang K, Brewer RD. Binge drinking and prescription opioid misuse in the U.S., 2012-2014. Am J Prev Med 2019;57,197–208.

Azofeifa A, Stroup DF, Lyerla R, Largo T, Gabella BA, Smith CK, et al. Evaluating behavioral health surveillance systems. Prev Chronic Dis 2018;15:170459.

Kanny D, Naimi TS, Liu Y, Lu H, Brewer RD. Annual total binge drinks consumed by U.S. adults, 2015. Am J Prev Med 2018;54:486–496.

Lu H, Zhang X, Holt JB, Kanny D, Croft JB. Quantifying spatial accessibility in public health practice and research: An application to on-premise alcohol outlets, United States, 2013Int J Health Geogr 2018;17:23.

Tomedi LE, Roeber J, Xuan Z, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Naimi TS. Enhanced enforcement of laws to reduce alcohol overservice among licensed establishments in New Mexico, 2004–2008. Prev Chronic Dis 2018;15:180067.

Esser MB, Clayton H, Demissie Z, Kanny D, Brewer RD. Current and binge drinking among high school students – United States, 1991–2015. MMWR 2017;66:474-478.

Matthews KA, Croft JB, Liu Y, Lu H, Kanny D, Wheaton AG, Cunningham TJ, Kettel Khan L, Caraballo RS, Holt JB, Eke PI, Giles WH. Health-related behaviors by urban-rural county classification — United States, 2013. MMWR 2017;66(SS-5):1-8.

McKnight-Eily LR, Okoro CA, Mejia R, Denny CH, Higgins-Biddle J, Hungerford D, Kanny D, Sniezek JE. Screening for excessive alcohol use and brief counseling of adults – 17 States and the District of Columbia, 2014. MMWR 2017:66:313-319.

White MC, Shoemaker ML, Park S, Neff LJ, Carlson SA, Brown DR, Kanny D. Prevalence of modifiable cancer risk factors among U.S. adults aged 18—44 years. Am J Prev Med 2017;53(3S1):S14–S20.

Liu Y, Croft JB, Wheaton AG, Kanny D, Cunningham TJ, Lu H et al. Clustering of five health-related behaviors for chronic disease prevention among adults—United States, 2013. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:160054.

Ross CS, Brewer RD, Jernigan DH. The potential impact of a “no-buy” list on youth exposure to alcohol advertising on cable television. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2016;77:7-16.

Tansil KA, Esser MB, Sandhu P, Reynolds JA, Elder RW, Williamson RS, et al. Alcohol electronic screening and brief intervention: a Community Guide systematic review [PDF-605KB]. Am J Prev Med 2016;51(5):801–11.

Gonzales KR, Largo TW, Miller C, Kanny D, Brewer RD. Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages and Liquor Consumption by Michigan High School Students, 2011. Prev Chronic Dis 2015;12:150290.

Hess KL, Chavez PR, Kanny D, DiNenno E, Lansky A, Paz-Bailey G for the NHBS Study Group. Binge drinking and risky sexual behavior among men who have sex with men, 20 U.S. cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2015;147:46–52.

Kanny D, Brewer RD, Mesnick JB, Paulozzi LJ, Naimi TS, Lu H. Vital Signs: Alcohol poisoning deaths — United States, 2010–2012. MMWR 2015;63:1238-1242.

Sacks JJ, Gonzales KR, Bouchery EE, Tomedi LE, Brewer RD. 2010 national and state costs of excessive alcohol consumption. Am J Prev Med 2015; 49(5):e73–e79.

Tan CH, Denny CH, Cheal NE, Sniezek JE, Kanny D. Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age — United States, 2011–2013MMWR 2015;64:1042-1046.

Zhang X, Hatcher B, Clarkson L, Holt J, Bagchi S, Kanny D, Brewer, RD. Changes in density of on-premises alcohol outlets and impact on violent crime, Atlanta, Georgia, 1997–2007. Prev Chronic Dis 2015;12:140317.

Esser MB, Hedden SL, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Gfroerer JC, Naimi TS. Prevalence of alcohol dependence among US adult drinkers, 2009–2011. Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:140329.

Gonzales K, Roeber J, Kanny D, Tran A, Saiki C, Johnson H, Yeoman K, Safranek T, Creppage K, Lepp A, Miller T, Tarkhashvili N, Lynch KE, Watson JR, Henderson D, Christenson M, Geiger SD. Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost – 11 states, 2006-2010. MMWR 2014;63:213-216.

Henley SJ, Kanny D, Roland KB, Grossman M, Peaker B, Liu Y, Gapstur SM, White MC, Plescia M. Alcohol control efforts in comprehensive cancer control plans and alcohol use among adults in the United States. Alcohol and Alcoholism 2014;49(6):661-7.

McKnight-Eily LR, Liu Y, Brewer RD, Kanny D, Lu H, Denny CH, Balluz L, Collins J. Vital Signs: Communication between health professionals and their patients about alcohol use — 44 states and the District of Columbia, 2011. MMWR 2014;63:16-22.

Stahre M, Roeber J, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Zhang X. Contribution of excessive alcohol consumption to deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States.  Prev Chronic Dis 2014;11:130293.

Jernigan DH, Ross CS, Ostroff J, McKnight-Eily LR, Brewer RD. Youth exposure to alcohol advertising on television — 25 markets, United States, 2010. MMWR 2013; 62:877-80.

Kanny D, Liu Y, Brewer RD, Eke PI, Cox SN, Cheal NE, Green Y. Vital Signs: Binge drinking among women and high school girls — United States, 2011. MMWR 2013;62:9-13.

Kanny D, Liu Y, Brewer RD, Lu H. Binge drinking — United States, 2011. MMWR 2013;62 (Suppl): 77-80.

Nelson TF, Xuan Z, Babor TF, Brewer RD, Chaloupka FJ, Gruenewald PJ, Holder H, Klitzner M, Mosher JF, Ramirez RL, Reynolds R, Toomey TL, Churchill V, Naimi TS. Efficacy and the strength of evidence of U.S. alcohol control policies. Am J Prev Med 2013;45:19-28.

Sacks JJ, Roeber J, Bouchery EE, Gonzales K, Chaloupka FJ, Brewer RD. State costs of excessive alcohol consumption, 2006. Am J Prev Med 2013;45:474-85.

Esser MB, Kanny D, Brewer RD, Naimi TS. Binge drinking intensity: A comparison of two measures. Am J Prev Med 2012;42:625–629.

Hahn RA, Middleton JC, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey TL, Chattopadhyay S, Lawrence B, Campbell CA, Community Preventive Services Task Force. Effects of alcohol retail privatization on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: a Community Guide systematic review [PDF-322KB]. Am J Prev Med 2012;42(4):418-27.

Kanny D, Liu Y, Brewer RD, Garvin WS, Balluz L. Vital signs: Binge drinking prevalence, frequency, and intensity among adults – United States, 2010. MMWR 2012;61:14–19.

Marchetta CM, Denny CH, Floyd RL, Cheal NE, Sniezek JE, McKnight-Eily LR. Alcohol use and binge drinking among women of childbearing age — United States, 2006–2010MMWR 2012;61:534-538.

Wen XJ, Kanny D, Thompson WW, Okoro CA, Town M, Balluz LS. Binge drinking intensity and health-related quality of life among US adult binge drinkers. Prev Chronic Dis 2012 Apr;9:E86.

Bouchery EE, Harwood HJ, Sacks JJ, Simon CJ, Brewer RD. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the United States, 2006. Am J Prev Med 2011;41:516–24.

Chavez PR, Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD. Impact of a new gender-specific definition for binge drinking on prevalence estimates for women. Am J Prev Med 2011;40(4):468-71.

Kanny D, Liu Y, Brewer RD. Binge Drinking – United States, 2009. MMWR 2011;60(Suppl):101-104.

Rammohan V, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey TL, Chattopadhyay SK, Zometa C, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Effects of dram shop liability and enhanced overservice law enforcement initiatives on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms: two Community Guide systematic review [PDF-569KB]. Am J Prev Med 2011;41(3):334-43.

Elder RW, Lawrence B, Ferguson A, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Chattopadhyay SK, Toomey TL, Fielding JE; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of tax policy interventions for reducing excessive alcohol consumption and related harms [PDF-665KB]. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):217–29.

Hahn RA, Kuzara JL, Elder R, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey T, Middleton JC, Lawrence B, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Effectiveness of policies restricting hours of alcohol sales in preventing excessive alcohol consumption and related harm [PDF-735KB]. Am J Prev Med 2010;39(6):590–604.

Kanny D, Liu Y, Brewer RD, Garvin W, Balluz L. Vital signs: Binge drinking among high school students and adults – United States, 2009. MMWR 2010;59:1274–9.

Middleton JC, Hahn RA, Kuzara JL, Elder R, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey T, Lawrence B, Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Effectiveness of policies maintaining or restricting days of alcohol sales on excessive alcohol consumption and related harms [PDF-674KB]. Am J Prev Med 2010;39(6):575–89.

Naimi TS, Nelson DE, Brewer RD. The intensity of binge alcohol consumption among U.S. adults. Am J Prev Med 2010;38(2):201–7.

Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Roeber J. US state alcohol sales compared to survey data, 1993–2006. Addiction 2010;105:1589–96.

Campbell CA, Hahn RA, Elder R, Brewer R, Chattopadhyay S, Fielding J, Naimi TS, Toomey T, Lawrence B, Middleton JC; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. The effectiveness of limiting alcohol outlet density as a means of reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms [PDF-445KB]. Am J Prev Med 2009;37(6):556–69.

Chavez PR, Cremeens JL, Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Pearson WS. Sociodemographic differences in binge drinking among adults−14 states, 2004. MMWR 2009;58:301–304.

Cremeens JL, Miller JW, Nelson DE, Brewer RD. Assessment of source and type of alcohol consumed by high school students: Analyses from four States. J Addict Med 2009;3:204-10.

Naimi TS, Nelson DE, Brewer RD. Driving after binge drinking. Am J Prev Med 2009;37(4):314–320.

Nelson DE, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Nelson HA. State alcohol-use estimates among youth and adults, 1993–2005. Am J Prev Med 2009;36(3):218–224

Pearson WS, Dube SR, Nelson DE, Caetano R. Differences in patterns of alcohol consumption among Hispanics in the United States, by survey language preference, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2005. Prev Chronic Dis 2009;6(2).

Stahre MA, Brewer RD, Fonesca VP, Naimi TS. Binge drinking among U.S. active-duty military personnel. Am J Prev Med 2009;36(3):208–217.

Fan A, Russel M, Naimi T, et al. Patterns of alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol and Metab 2008;93:3833–8.

Flowers NT, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Elder RW, Shults RA, Jiles R. Patterns of alcohol consumption and alcohol-impaired driving in the United States. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32(4):639–644.

Frank E, Elon L, Naimi T, Brewer RD. Alcohol consumption and alcohol counselling behaviour among U.S. medical students: Cohort study. BMJ 2008;337:a2155.

Jarman D, Naimi TS, Nelson DE, Brewer RD, et al. Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost among American Indians and Alaska Natives — United States, 2001–2005. MMWR 2008;57:938–941.

Elder RW, Lawrence B, Janes G, Brewer RD, Toomey TL, Hingson RW, Naimi TS, Wing SG, Fielding J. Enhanced enforcement of laws prohibiting sale of alcohol to minors: systematic review of effectiveness for reducing sales and underage drinking. Transportation Research E-Circular 2007;Issue E-C123:181-8. (Access full text article from the issue, Traffic safety and alcohol regulation: A symposium [PDF – 4.30MB].

Jarman D, Naimi TS, Daley R, Pickert S. Binge drinking and occupation, North Dakota 2004-2005. Prev Chron Dis 2007;4(4).

Jernigan DH, Ostroff J, Ross CS, Naimi TS, Brewer RD. Youth exposure to alcohol advertising in magazines – United States, 2001–2005. MMWR 2007;56(30):763–767.

Miller J, Naimi T, Brewer R, Everett Jones S. Binge drinking and associated health risk behaviors among high school students. Pediatrics 2007;119(1):76–84.

Miller JW, Naimi T, Brewer RD. Is the binge-drinking glass half full or half empty: In reply. Pediatrics 2007;119(6):1035–1036.

Mokdad AH, Brewer RD, Naimi T, Warner L. Binge drinking is a problem that cannot be ignored. Prev Med 2007;44(4):303–304.

Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Miller JW, Okoro C, Mehrotra C. What do binge drinkers drink? Implications for alcohol control policy. Am J Prev Med 2007;30(3):188–193.

Roeber J, Green DL, Meurer KM, Armitage JJ, Maas GM, McClinton RC, Courtney K, Cremeens, JL, Brewer RD, Miller JW, Eaton D. Types of alcoholic beverages usually consumed by students in 9th–12th grades — Four states, 2005. MMWR 2007;56(29):737–740.

Campbell KP, Naimi T. Alcohol misuse during pregnancy evidence-statement: screening and counseling. In: Campbell KP, Lanza A, Dixon R, Chattopadhyay S, Molinari N, Finch RA, editors. A Purchaser’s Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: Moving Science into Coverage. Washington, DC: National Business Group on Health; 2006.

Dube SR, Miller JW, Brown DW, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Anda RF. Adverse childhood experiences and the association with ever using alcohol and initiating alcohol use during adolescence. J Adolesc Health 2006;38(4): 444.e1–e10.

Holt JB, Miller JW, Naimi T, Sui DZ. Religious affiliation and alcohol consumption in the U.S. Geog Rev 2006; 96(4):523–42.

Jernigan D, Ostroff J, Ross CS, Naimi TS, Brewer RD. Youth exposure to alcohol advertising on radio—United States, June–August 2004. MMWR 2006;55(34):937–940.

Naimi T, Brewer RD, Campbell K. Alcohol misuse evidence-statement: screening and counseling. In: Campbell KP, Lanza A, Dixon R, Chattopadhyay S, Molinairi N, Finch RA, editors. A Purchaser’s Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: Moving Science into Coverage. Washington, DC: National Business Group on Health; 2006.

Stahre S, Naimi T, Brewer RD, Holt J. Measuring average alcohol consumption: the impact of including binge drinks in quantity-frequency calculations. Addiction 2006;101(12):1711–1718.

Town M, Naimi TS, Mokdad AH, Brewer RD. Health care access among U.S. adults who drink alcohol excessively: missed opportunities for prevention. Prev Chronic Dis 2006;3(2):05_0812.

Brewer RD, Swahn MH. Binge drinking and violence. JAMA 2005;294(5):616–618.

Naimi TS, Brown DW, Brewer RD, Giles WH, Mensah GA, Serdula MK et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and confounders among nondrinking and moderate-drinking US adults. Am J Prev Med 2005;28(4):369–373.

Naimi, TS, Brewer, RD. “Binge” drinking and blood alcohol concentration. J Stud Alcohol 2005;66(3):439–440.

Naimi T, Brewer RD, Brown D. In reply. Am J Prev Med 2005; 29:244

Nelson TF, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Weschler H. The state sets the rate: the relationship among state-specific college binge drinking, state binge drinking rates, and selected state alcohol control policies. Am J Public Health 2005;95(3):441–446.

Quinlan KP, Brewer RD, Siegel PZ, Sleet DA, Mokdad AH et al. Alcohol-impaired driving among US adults, 1993–2002. Am J Prev Med 2005;38(4):346–350.

Miller J, Brewer B, Naimi TS, et al. Letter on alcohol consumption patterns and farm related injuries among Colorado farm residents. Am J Prev Med 2004;26(3):255–256.

Miller J, Gfroerer J, Brewer RD, Naimi T, Mokdad A, Giles W. Prevalence of adult binge drinking: A comparison of two national surveys. Am J Prev Med 2004;27(3):197–204.

Nelson D, Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Bolen J, Wells H. Metropolitan-area estimates of binge drinking in the United States. Am J Public Health, 2004;94(4):663–671.

Okoro C, Mokdad A, Brewer R, Naimi TS, Moriarty D, Giles H. Binge drinking and health-related quality of life: do popular perceptions match reality? Am J Prev Med 2004;26(3): 230–233.

Ramsey L, Barry R, Edwards E, Pelletier A, Redmond A, Naimi TS, Brewer R, J Miller. Enhanced enforcement of laws to prevent alcohol sales to underage persons—New Hampshire, 1999–2004. MMWR 2004;53(21):452–454.

Redmond A, Horne J, Pelletier A, Porter J, Johnson J, St. Martin V, Brewer R, Miller J. Alcohol use among adolescents and adults—New Hampshire, 1991–2003. MMWR 2004;53(8):174–175.

Serdula M, Brewer RD, Gillespie C, Denny C, Mokdad AH. Trends in alcohol use and binge drinking 1985–1999, results of a multistate survey. Am J Prev Med 2004;26(4):294–298.

Stahre MA, Brewer RD, Naimi TS, Miller JW, et al. Alcohol-attributable deaths and years of potential life lost—United States, 2001. MMWR 2004;53(37):866–870.

Naimi TS, Brewer B, Mokdad AH, Serdula M, Denny C, Marks J. Binge drinking among U.S. adults. JAMA 2003;289(1):70–75.

Naimi TS, Brewer RD, Mokdad AH, Denny C, Serdula M, Marks JS. Definitions of binge drinking – reply. JAMA 2003;289(13):1636.

Naimi TS, Lipscomb L, Brewer B, Gilbert B. Binge drinking in the preconception period and the risk of unintended pregnancy: implications for women and their children. Pediatrics 2003;111(5 Part 2):1136–1141.

Terry-McElrath Y, Harwood E, Wagenaar A, Slater S, Chaloupka F, Brewer R, Naimi TS. Point of purchase alcohol marketing and promotion, by store type—United States, 2000–2001. MMWR 2003;52(14):310–312.