Rabies Status: Assessment by Country

Travelers and importation

• CDC Travelers' Health establishes recommendations for international travelers by evaluating the risk of rabies exposure and access to high-quality postexposure prophylaxis (PEP, including rabies immunoglobulin and vaccine) in each destination country.
• CDC's animal and animal product Importation program maintains importation regulations. These include regulations that address the risk of reintroduction of canine (dog) rabies into the United States from imported dogs. While rabies is found in several wildlife species in the United States (including bats, foxes, raccoons, and skunks), the U.S. has been free of dog rabies since 2007. Importation regulations aim to prevent the reintroduction of this type of rabies.

2024 Rabies status information by country

Select a country from the dropdown to review rabies status information.

Notes on data

• Lyssavirus free: Rabies virus belongs to the Rhabdoviridae family, genus Lyssavirus, which includes 16 virus species. All Lyssavirus species have the potential to cause rabies disease in people, but rabies virus is by far the most common cause.
• Robust national rabies surveillance: Rabies surveillance is considered robust if formal surveillance reports (including methodologies and results) are available in the form of publications, government reports, or other submissions satisfying international reporting requirements. If data are not available, the country is not considered to have robust surveillance. Regional subject matter experts are encouraged to contact CDC (rabies@cdc.gov) to provide additional data for consideration in updating the reported status for their country.
• Robust national rabies control program implemented: A robust national canine rabies control program is evidenced by control measures (such as dog rabies vaccination coverage), significant reduction in cases, and/or transmission limited to focal areas as documented in publications or reports in the past 5 years. If data are not available, the country is not considered to have a robust control program. Regional subject matter experts are encouraged to contact CDC (rabies@cdc.gov) to provide additional data for consideration in updating the reported status for their country.
• Vaccine Availability/RIG Availability: Availability of high quality rabies vaccine and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) for human use is categorized as:
  • Available – Available for postexposure prophylaxis within 48 hours of patient presenting for care throughout most of the country
  • Limited Availability – Available for post-exposure prophylaxis within 48 hours of patient presenting for care only in major urban medical facilities
  • Not Readily Available – Not readily available within 48 hours of patient presenting for care in most of the country.

Methods

For this assessment, CDC subject matter experts review publicly available data, including: data from international organizations including the World Health Organization, World Health Organization Rabies Bulletin – Europe, Pan-American Health Organization, and the World Organization for Animal Health; government reports; scientific publications; and outbreak report alerts such as ProMED, as well as information provided by national and international rabies experts. The assessment considers the presence of wildlife rabies, canine rabies variant (dog rabies), and non-rabies lyssaviruses. The resulting programmatic recommendations and regulations consider factors such as:

• The quality of rabies surveillance systems and laboratory capacity in each country.
• Characterization of rabies virus genomes.
• The presence or prevalence of domestically acquired cases of rabies in humans and animals. In some cases, rabies surveillance is insufficient to characterize rabies reservoirs or rabies presence in a country.
• Efforts towards control of the disease in dogs (such as dog vaccination coverage, dog population management, and existence and enforcement of legal codes to limit rabies transmission in dogs).
• The availability of postexposure prophylaxis (human rabies immunoglobulin and vaccines) within 48 hours of a human patient presenting for care throughout most of the country.

For more information

If you would like more information about how a country's rabies status was assessed, including references to relevant publications and reports, please contact rabies@cdc.gov.