Skip Navigation LinksSkip Navigation Links
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Safer Healthier People
Blue White
Blue White
bottom curve
 CDC Home Search Health Topics A-Z spacer spacer
spacer
Blue curve MMWR spacer
spacer
spacer

Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.

Awareness of Stroke Warning Symptoms --- 13 States and the District of Columbia, 2005

Although the number of deaths from stroke has declined substantially since the 1960s (1,2), in 2004, stroke remained the third leading cause of death in the United States, after heart disease and cancer (3). Approximately 54% of U.S. stroke deaths in 2004 occurred outside of a hospital (4). Intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator has clinical benefits for patients with acute ischemic stroke; however, treatment should begin within 3 hours of symptom onset for these benefits to be realized (5). For hemorrhagic stroke, immediate surgery (e.g., aneurysm repair) is crucial to prevent rebleeding that results in serious impairment or death in 40% to 60% of cases (6). A revised objective of Healthy People 2010 is to increase to 83% the proportion of persons who are aware of the warning symptoms of stroke and the need to telephone 9-1-1 immediately if someone appears to be having a stroke (objective no. 12-8) (7). To assess public awareness of stroke warning symptoms and the importance of seeking emergency care, CDC analyzed data from an optional module of the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey that was used in 13 states and the District of Columbia (DC). The results indicated that the percentages of respondents who recognized all five correct symptoms, identified an incorrect symptom, and recognized the need to telephone 9-1-1 was low; the percentage who met all three measures was 16.4%. In addition, disparities were observed by race/ethnicity, sex, and education level. Public health agencies, clinicians, and educators should continue to stress the importance of learning to recognize stroke symptoms and the need to telephone 9-1-1 when someone appears to be having a stroke.

BRFSS is a state-based, random-digit--dialed telephone survey of the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged >18 years and is conducted in all 50 states, DC, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. However, in 2005, the optional heart attack and stroke module was included in the BRFSS surveys of 13 states* and DC. A total of 71,994 respondents answered questions regarding symptoms of stroke.† An incorrect symptom was included in another question ("Do you think sudden chest pain or discomfort is a symptom of stroke?") to assess the possibility that respondents might answer "yes" to all of the questions in the series without actually considering them. Respondents also were asked to select the one action they would do first, from the following list of actions, if they thought that someone was having a heart attack or stroke: take the person to the hospital, advise the person to call a doctor, call 9-1-1, call a spouse or family member, or do something else. Median response rate for the 13 states and DC, based on Council of American Survey and Research Organizations (CASRO) guidelines, was 54.5% (range: 45.1%--61.3%). Data were weighted to 2005 state population estimates. Age-adjusted prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated; statistically significant differences between characteristics were determined by nonoverlapping CIs.

Respondent awareness of stroke warning symptoms was 92.6% for sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side; 86.5% for sudden confusion or trouble speaking; 83.4% for sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance; 68.8% for sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; and 60.4% for a severe headache with no known cause. In addition, 85.9% of respondents said they would call 9-1-1 if they thought someone was having a heart attack or stroke. However, 39.5% of respondents incorrectly identified sudden chest pain or discomfort (which is a warning symptom of a heart attack) as a warning symptom of stroke (Table 1).

Awareness of individual stroke warning symptoms varied by race/ethnicity, sex, and level of education. Whites, women, and persons at higher education levels were more likely to be aware of individual stroke warning symptoms and more likely to call 9-1-1 if they thought that someone was having a heart attack or stroke than were blacks, Hispanics, men, and persons at lower levels of education (Table 1).

Awareness of individual stroke warning symptoms also varied by area. Respondent awareness ranged from 87.2% (Louisiana) to 96.4% (Minnesota) for sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side; from 79.0% (Louisiana) to 92.9% (West Virginia) for sudden confusion or trouble speaking; from 77.1% (Louisiana) to 91.4% (Minnesota) for sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance; from 62.0% (Oklahoma) to 76.5% (Minnesota) for sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; and from 51.8% (DC) to 68.8% (Minnesota) for severe headache with no known cause. The percentage of respondents who reported that they would call 9-1-1 if they thought someone was having a heart attack or stroke ranged from 77.7% (Mississippi) to 89.0% (Minnesota) (Table 1).

All five stroke warning symptoms were identified by 43.6% of respondents; 18.6% were aware of all stroke warning symptoms and knew that sudden chest pain is not a stroke warning sign; 38.1% were aware of all stroke warning symptoms and would first call 9-1-1 if they thought that someone was having a heart attack or stroke, and 16.4% were aware of all five stroke warning symptoms, knew that sudden chest pain is not a stroke warning symptom, and would call 9-1-1 if they thought that someone was having a heart attack or stroke (Table 2). Awareness of all five stroke warning symptoms and calling 9-1-1 was higher among whites (41.3%), women (41.5%), and persons at higher education levels (47.6% for persons with a college degree or more) than among blacks and Hispanics (29.5% and 26.8%, respectively), men (34.5%), and persons at lower education levels (22.5% for those who had not received a high school diploma). Among states, the same measure ranged from 27.9% (Oklahoma) to 49.7% (Minnesota).

Reported by: J Fang, MD, NL Keenan, PhD, C Ayala, PhD, S Dai, MD, PhD, R Merritt, MA, Div for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; CH Denny, PhD, Div of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC.

Editorial Note:

Immediate emergency transportation to a hospital to receive timely urgent care can reduce disability and even death associated with stroke. The American Stroke Association and National Stroke Association are working with state and local health departments to increase public recognition of stroke warning symptoms and 9-1-1 calls that prioritize these symptoms as "possible stroke." In addition, some states with heart disease and stroke prevention programs are conducting activities to increase public awareness of the symptoms of heart attack and stroke and the importance of calling 9-1-1 (8).

The 2005 results in this report indicate no improvement in awareness of stroke warning symptoms from the 2001 survey (9), although direct comparisons cannot be made because the areas participating in the optional heart attack and stroke module differed in 2005 (13 states and DC) from 2001 (17 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands). In both surveys, few respondents (17.2% in 2001 and 16.4% in 2005) recognized all five stroke warning symptoms, knew that sudden chest pain is not a stroke symptom, and said they would call 9-1-1 immediately if they thought someone was having a stroke or heart attack. Urgent public health efforts are needed to increase the percentage of respondents who meet these measures and should focus on those symptoms with the least awareness (i.e., severe headache with no known cause and sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes).

Disparities in awareness of stroke warning symptoms and knowing the importance of telephoning 9-1-1 suggest that public health efforts should be targeted to blacks, Hispanics, men, and persons with less education. A 2006 study determined that Hispanics who only spoke Spanish were less likely than Hispanics who also spoke English to be aware of stroke warning symptoms and what action to take if they thought someone was having a stroke or heart attack (10). In areas in which awareness of stroke warning symptoms is lower, state and local health departments should consider working together to implement general public awareness campaigns.

The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, BRFSS excludes households without landline telephones, including those households with only cellular telephones. Second, only 13 states and DC participated in the heart attack and stroke module in 2005; therefore, the results might not be generalizable to the entire population of the United States. Third, the finding in this report regarding the percentage of respondents who identified all five stroke warning symptoms (43.6%) differed substantially from the previously reported estimate of 78% from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which was used as the initial baseline for objective 12-8 in Healthy People 2010 (7). However, the two results are not directly comparable. NHIS results are representative of the U.S. population, whereas the 2005 BRFSS respondents represented a population with landline telephones in 13 states and DC. Questioning in the two surveys also was structured differently. The NHIS questions did not cover the need to call 9-1-1 and also did not include an incorrect symptom as a check against persons who might answer "yes" to all the stroke symptom awareness questions without actually considering them. Finally, the data collected did not enable determination of whether participants who misidentified the incorrect stroke symptom did not know the correct answer or did not consider the question.

Receiving treatment quickly after a stroke is critical to lowering the risk for disability and even death. Rapid treatment requires that persons 1) recognize the warning symptoms of stroke and 2) call 9-1-1 immediately. These findings indicate a need to increase awareness of stroke warning symptoms in the entire population, and particularly among blacks, Hispanics, men, and persons at lower education levels. In addition, increased education efforts in multiple languages might help improve awareness among non-English-speaking Hispanics and others.

References

  1. Thom TJ, Epstein FH. Heart disease, cancer, and stroke mortality trends and their interrelations: an international perspective. Circulation 1994;90:574--82.
  2. Lanska DJ, Peterson PM. Geographic variation in the decline of stroke mortality in the United States. Stroke 1995;26:1159--65.
  3. Heron MP. Deaths: leading causes for 2004. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2007;56(5).
  4. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Furie K, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics---2008 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 2008;117:e25--146.
  5. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004;363:768--74.
  6. Kowalski RG, Claassen J, Kreiter KT, et al. Initial misdiagnosis and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. JAMA 2004;291:866--9.
  7. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010 midcourse review. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2006. Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/data/midcourse.
  8. CDC. State Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention Program. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2007. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/state_program/index.htm.
  9. CDC. Awareness of stroke warning signs---17 states and the U.S. Virgin Islands, 2001. MMWR 2004;53:359--62.
  10. DuBard Ca, Garrett J, Gizlice A. Effect of language on heart attack and stroke awareness among U.S. Hispanics. Am J Prev Med 2006;30:189--96.

* Alabama, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.

† "Do you think sudden confusion or trouble speaking are symptoms of stroke?" "Do you think sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg, especially on one side, are symptoms of stroke?" "Do you think sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes is a symptom of stroke?" "Do you think sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance are symptoms of stroke?" "Do you think a severe headache with no known cause is a symptom of stroke?"

Table 1

TABLE 1. Age-adjusted percentage of respondents who recognized stroke warning symptoms, misidentified an incorrect symptom,* and said they would first call 9-1-1 if someone appeared to be having a stroke or heart attack, by symptom, selected characteristics, and area — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 13 states and the District of Columbia (DC), 2005 Sudden Would first numbness or call 9-1-1 weakness Sudden trouble if someone of face, walking, A severe was possibly Sudden arm, or leg, Sudden trouble dizziness, headache Sudden chest having confusion or especially seeing in one or loss with no pain or a stroke or Characteristic/ No. of trouble speaking on one side or both eyes of balance known cause discomfort heart attack Area respondents % (95% CI†) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) Total 71,994 86.5 (86.0–87.0) 92.6 (92.2–93.0) 68.8 (68.2–69.4) 83.4 (82.9–83.9) 60.4 (59.8–61.1) 39.5 (38.8–40.1) 85.9 (85.4–86.4) Race/Ethnicity White 57,761 90.1 (89.6–90.5) 94.9 (94.5–95.3) 72.2 (71.5–72.8) 86.2 (85.7–86.7) 61.9 (59.9–63.2) 37.3 (36.6–38.0) 86.8 (86.3–87.3) Black 7,673 79.0 (77.4–80.5) 88.0 (86.6–89.2) 58.8 (56.6–60.3) 75.8 (74.1–77.5) 55.8 (53.8–57.7) 47.9 (40.6–49.8) 83.7 (82.3–85.1) Hispanic 2,548 67.8 (64.5–70.9) 79.2 (76.1–81.9) 53.8 (50.8–56.9) 70.0 (66.9–70.3) 57.9 (54.7–61.1) 43.6 (40.5–46.8) 83.1 (80.3–85.6) Other 3,351 76.0 (72.4–79.3) 87.1 (84.1–89.5) 61.3 (57.7–64.9) 76.4 (73.0–79.5) 53.1 (49.3–56.8) 46.2 (42.5–50.0) 83.1 (79.9–85.9) Sex Men 27,163 83.2 (82.3–84.0) 91.0 (90.3–91.7) 67.7 (66.7–68.7) 82.3 (81.4–83.1) 57.3 (56.3–58.4) 41.1 (40.1–42.1) 83.7 (82.9–84.5) Women 44,831 89.5 (88.9–90.0) 94.1 (93.7–94.5) 69.8 (69.0–70.5) 84.3 (83.7–84.9) 63.2 (62.4–64.0) 38.0 (37.2–38.8) 87.9 (87.4–88.4) Education Less than high school diploma 8,744 71.1 (68.9–73.1) 83.2 (81.4–84.9) 52.6 (50.5–54.8) 69.1 (67.0–71.2) 50.6 (48.5–52.8) 43.7 (41.6–45.9) 82.7 (81.0–84.3) High school diploma 23,728 83.6 (82.6–84.6) 91.3 (90.5–92.1) 62.9 (61.7–64.0) 80.4 (79.4–81.3) 55.6 (54.4–56.8) 43.9 (42.7–45.1) 85.1 (84.2–86.0) Some college 18,505 90.0 (89.1–90.8) 94.8 (94.1–95.4) 72.7 (71.5–73.8) 86.5 (85.6–87.4) 62.6 (61.4–63.8) 39.9 (38.7–41.2) 86.5 (85.6–87.3) College degree or more 20,839 92.2 (91.5–92.9) 95.9 (95.4–96.5) 77.9 (76.9–78.9) 89.3 (88.5–90.1) 67.3 (66.1–68.4) 33.5 (32.4–34.6) 87.4 (86.6–88.2) Area Alabama 3,197 87.6 (85.7–89.3) 95.3 (94.4–96.0) 70.0 (67.8–72.1) 81.8 (80.0–83.5) 60.8 (58.5–63.0) 35.8 (33.6–38.1) 86.2 (84.4–87.9) DC 3,743 82.0 (80.0–83.8) 90.0 (88.5–91.3) 62.8 (60.7–64.9) 79.1 (77.1–81.9) 51.8 (49.6–53.9) 39.9 (37.7–42.1) 86.4 (84.8–87.9) Florida 8,190 84.0 (82.6–85.3) 91.1 (89.9–92.1) 67.6 (66.0–69.2) 82.0 (80.6–83.3) 60.3 (58.6–61.9) 40.8 (39.2–42.5) 87.0 (85.7–88.2) Iowa 5,051 90.3 (89.1–91.3) 94.6 (93.7–95.3) 71.1 (69.5–72.7) 88.7 (87.5–89.4) 61.7 (60.0–63.4) 38.0 (36.4–39.7) 86.9 (85.6–88.0) Louisiana 2,936 79.0 (77.0–80.8) 87.2 (85.7–88.6) 62.9 (60.7–65.0) 77.1 (75.2–79.0) 60.0 (57.8–62.1) 44.6 (42.4–46.8) 80.4 (78.5–82.1) Maine 3,960 87.8 (86.3–89.2) 93.2 (91.9–94.2) 67.9 (66.0–69.8) 84.6 (83.2–86.0) 54.6 (52.6–56.6) 36.3 (34.4–38.3) 88.2 (86.8–89.5) Minnesota 2,829 91.7 (90.2–92.9) 96.4 (95.5–97.1) 76.5 (74.5–78.4) 91.4 (90.2–92.6) 68.8 (66.6–70.8) 37.0 (34.8–39.2) 89.0 (87.6–90.3) Mississippi 4,439 87.1 (85.8–88.3) 93.0 (92.0–93.9) 65.2 (63.3–67.0) 80.3 (78.8–81.8) 59.9 (58.0–61.8) 38.1 (36.2–40.0) 77.7 (76.0–79.3) Missouri 5,164 86.8 (85.1–88.4) 93.6 (91.7–95.2) 66.1 (64.0–68.2) 83.1 (81.4–84.8) 53.6 (51.4–55.8) 33.9 (31.8–36.1) 85.9 (84.4–87.2) Montana 4,983 89.0 (87.5–90.3) 94.7 (93.6–95.6) 70.7 (68.8–72.5) 87.6 (86.2–88.9) 57.8 (55.8–59.8) 34.6 (32.7–36.6) 83.8 (82.1–85.3) Oklahoma 13,707 83.7 (82.4–85.0) 90.2 (89.1–91.3) 62.0 (60.5–63.4) 79.4 (78.1–80.7) 50.9 (49.3–52.4) 34.7 (33.3–36.1) 80.6 (79.4–81.8) Tennessee 4,749 86.1 (84.4–87.5) 90.6 (89.2–91.9) 72.3 (70.4–74.1) 80.8 (79.0–82.5) 64.5 (62.4–66.6) 49.3 (47.2–51.5) 87.1 (85.5–88.4) Virginia 5,493 88.4 (87.0–89.6) 94.2 (93.1–95.0) 69.3 (67.5–71.1) 84.8 (83.4–86.1) 60.7 (58.8–62.6) 36.9 (35.0–38.8) 87.8 (86.5–89.0) West Virginia 3,553 92.9 (91.7–93.9) 95.6 (94.7–96.3) 75.1 (73.4–76.7) 89.4 (88.2–90.5) 67.6 (65.7–69.5) 46.5 (44.5–48.5) 85.4 (84.0–86.7) * Sudden chest pain or discomfort, which is a symptom for heart attack but not for stroke. † Confidence interval.
Return to top.
Table 2

TABLE 2. Age-adjusted percentage of respondents who recognized five correct stroke warning symptoms, identified one incorrect symptom,* and said they would first call 9-1-1 if someone appeared to be having a stroke or heart attack, by selected characteristics and area — Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 13 states and the District of Columbia (DC), 2005 All five correct symptoms, All five correct one incorrect All symptoms and All five correct symptom, five correct one incorrect symptoms and and would Characteristic/ No. of symptoms† symptomΆ would call 9-1-1 first call 9-1-1 Area Respondents % (95% CI§) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) % (95% CI) Total 71,994 43.6 (42.9–44.2) 18.6 (18.1–19.1) 38.1 (37.5–38.7) 16.4 (16.0–16.9) Race/Ethnicity White 57,761 46.9 (46.2–47.6) 21.1 (20.6–21.7) 41.3 (40.7–42.0) 18.7 (18.2–19.3) Black 7,673 33.9 (32.2–35.7) 10.2 (9.1–11.4) 29.5 (27.8–31.2) 8.8 (7.8–9.9) Hispanic 2,548 30.1 (27.4–34.9) 10.7 (9.1–12.6) 26.8 (24.2–29.6) 9.5 (8.0–11.3) Other 3,351 34.8 (31.4–38.4) 12.0 (9.9–14.4) 28.7 (25.6–32.0) 10.2 (8.3–12.6) Sex Men 27,163 40.2 (39.2–41.2) 17.3 (16.6–18.1) 34.5 (33.5–35.4) 15.0 (14.3–15.7) Women 44,831 46.4 (45.7–47.2) 19.7 (19.1–20.3) 41.5 (40.7–42.2) 17.7 (17.1–18.3) Education Less than high school diploma 8,744 26.0 (24.3–27.8) 7.7 (6.7–8.9) 22.5 (20.9–24.3) 6.9 (6.0–8.1) High school diploma 23,728 36.4 (35.3–37.5) 12.6 (12.6–13.3) 31.8 (30.7–32.8) 11.1 (10.5–11.8) Some college 18,505 47.7 (46.5–48.9) 20.1 (19.2–21.1) 41.8 (40.6–43.0) 17.9 (17.0–18.8) College degree or more 20,839 54.0 (52.9–55.1) 27.4 (26.4–28.4) 47.6 (46.5–48.8) 24.1 (23.2–25.1) Area Alabama 3,197 42.0 (39.9–42.2) 19.5 (17.9–21.3) 37.1 (35.0–39.2) 17.0 (15.5–18.7) DC 3,743 34.8 (32.9–36.7) 15.9 (14.6–17.4) 30.5 (28.7–32.4) 13.7 (12.5–15.1) Florida 8,190 41.8 (40.2–43.3) 18.7 (17.5–19.9) 37.4 (35.9–38.9) 16.9 (15.8–18.0) Iowa 5,051 47.2 (45.5–48.8) 20.7 (19.4–22.1) 41.3 (39.6–42.9) 18.6 (17.4–19.9) Louisiana 2,936 39.1 (37.0–41.2) 13.7 (12.4–15.3) 32.1 (30.1–34.1) 11.5 (10.2–12.9) Maine 3,960 40.2 (38.3–42.1) 18.2 (16.8–19.7) 36.2 (34.4–38.1) 16.6 (15.2–18.1) Minnesota 2,829 55.7 (53.7–57.9) 25.5 (23.6–27.4) 49.7 (47.5–52.0) 22.9 (21.1–24.8) Mississippi 4,439 40.4 (38.6–42.3) 15.5 (14.2–16.8) 31.6 (29.9–33.3) 12.2 (11.1–13.5) Missouri 5,164 39.1 (37.1–41.1) 18.2 (16.7–19.8) 34.1 (32.1–36.1) 15.8 (14.4–17.3) Montana 4,983 43.1 (41.2–44.9) 21.1 (19.6–22.7) 36.6 (34.8–38.4) 18.4 (17.0–19.9) Oklahoma 13,707 34.4 (33.1–35.8) 14.3 (13.3–15.4) 27.9 (26.6–29.1) 11.8 (10.9–12.8) Tennessee 4,749 48.4 (46.4–50.5) 15.4 (14.0–16.9) 43.6 (41.6–45.7) 13.9 (12.6–15.3) Virginia 5,493 43.5 (41.6–45.4) 20.5 (19.0–22.0) 38.9 (37.0–40.7) 18.2 (16.8–19.7) West Virginia 3,553 53.3 (51.3–55.3) 16.7 (15.3–18.2) 45.4 (43.4–47.4) 14.4 (13.1–15.8) * Sudden chest pain or discomfort, which is a symptom for heart attack but not for stroke. † Sudden confusion or trouble speaking; sudden numbness or weakness of face, arm, or leg, especially on one side; sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes; sudden trouble walking, dizziness, or loss of balance; and a severe headache with no known cause. § Confidence interval. Ά Aware of all five warning symptoms and knew that chest pain was not a warning symptom of stroke.
Return to top.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of the date of publication.

Disclaimer   All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices.

**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.

Date last reviewed: 5/8/2008

HOME  |  ABOUT MMWR  |  MMWR SEARCH  |  DOWNLOADS  |  RSS |  CONTACT
POLICY  |  DISCLAIMER  |  ACCESSIBILITY

Safer, Healthier People

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd, MailStop E-90, Atlanta, GA 30333, U.S.A

 USA.GovDHHS

Department of Health
and Human Services