At a glance
Food service can use behavioral design strategies to create an environment where healthy options are the default for customers. Behavioral design strategies can also make healthier options affordable and easy for customers to select. This page lists the numbered citations from the Food Service Guidelines Implementation Toolkit.
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Works cited
These references are cited in Apply Behavioral Design Strategies and Evidence for Behavioral Design Strategies.
- National Collaborative on Childhood Obesity Research. Health, Behavioral Design, and the Built Environment White Paper. Accessed March 30, 2022. https://www.nccor.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/nccor-behavioral-design-whitepaper-final.pdf.
- Karpyn A, McCallops K, Wolgast H, Glanz K. Improving consumption and purchases of healthier foods in retail environments: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(20).
- Broers VJV, De Breucker C, Van den Broucke S, Luminet O. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of nudging to increase fruit and vegetable choice. Eur J Public Health. 2017;27(5):912–920.
- Adam A, Jensen JD. What is the effectiveness of obesity related interventions at retail grocery stores and supermarkets? A systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1247.
- Loewenstein G, Read D, Baumeister R. Time and Decision: Economic and Psychological Perspectives on Intertemporal Choice. Russell Sage Foundation; 2004:33.
- Baumeister RF, Masicampo EJ, Vohs KD. Do conscious thoughts cause behavior? Annu Rev Psychol. 2011;62(1):331–361.
- Metcalfe JJ, Ellison B, Hamdi N, Richardson R, Prescott MP. A systematic review of school meal nudge interventions to improve youth food behaviors. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):77.
- von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, et al. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and their effects on health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;6:CD012292.
- Hollands GJ, Carter P, Anwer S, et al. Altering the availability or proximity of food, alcohol, and tobacco products to change their selection and consumption. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;9:CD012573.
- Shaw SC, Ntani G, Baird J, Vogel CA. A systematic review of the influences of food store product placement on dietary-related outcomes. Nutr Rev. 2020;78(12):1030–1045.
- Haugaard P, Stancu CM, Brockhoff PB, Thorsdottir I, Lahteenmaki L. Determinants of meal satisfaction in a workplace environment. Appetite. 2016;105:195–203.
- Sela A, Berger J, Liu W. Variety, vice, and virtue: how assortment size influences option choice. J Consum Res. 2009;35(6):941–951.
- Hollands GJ, Shemilt I, Marteau TM, et al. Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(9):1–387.
- Cadario R, Chandon P. Which healthy eating nudges work best? A meta-analysis of field experiments. Marketing Science. 2019;39(3).
- Blumenthal-Barby JS, Burroughs H. Seeking better health care outcomes: the ethics of using the "nudge." Am J Bioethics. 2012;12:1–10.
- Sharma A, Moon J, Bailey-Davis L, Conklin M. Food choices and service evaluation under time constraints: the school lunch environment. Int J Contemp Hosp Manag. 2017;29(12):3191–3210.
- Glanz K, Basil M, Maibach E, Goldberg J, Snyder DAN. Why Americans eat what they do: taste, nutrition, cost, convenience, and weight control concerns as influences on food consumption. J Am Dietetic Assoc. 1998;98(10):1118–1126.
- Andreyeva T, Long MW, Brownell KD. The impact of food prices on consumption: a systematic review of research on the price elasticity of demand for food. Am J Public Health. 2010; 100(2):216–222.
- Blakely T, Ni Mhurchu C, Jiang Y, et al. Do effects of price discounts and nutrition education on food purchases vary by ethnicity, income and education? Results from a randomized, controlled trial. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65(10):902–908.
- Epstein LH, Jankowiak N, Nederkoorn C, Raynor HA, French SA, Finkelstein E. Experimental research on the relation between food price changes and food-purchasing patterns: a targeted review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(4):789–809.
- French S, Jeffery R, Story M, et al. Pricing and promotion effects on low-fat vending snack purchases: the CHIPS Study. Am J Public Health. 2001;91:112–117.
- Gittelsohn J, Rowan M, Gadhoke P. Interventions in small food stores to change the food environment, improve diet, and reduce risk of chronic disease. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:110015.
- Stuber JM, Hoenink JC, Beulens JWJ, Mackenbach JD, Lakerveld J. Shifting toward a healthier dietary pattern through nudging and pricing strategies: a secondary analysis of a randomized virtual supermarket experiment. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2)628–637.
- Afshin A, Penalvo JL, Del Gobbo L, et al. The prospective impact of food pricing on improving dietary consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS One. 2017;12(3):e0172277.
- Blondin K, Orta-Aleman D, Woodward-Lopez G, Gosliner W, Crawford P. Review of the Evidence: Health Promotion Strategies for Retail Food Shopping Venues. University of California; 2016.
- Velema E, Vyth EL, Hoekstra T, Steenhuis IHM. Nudging and social marketing techniques encourage employees to make healthier food choices: a randomized controlled trial in 30 worksite cafeterias in the Netherlands. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(2):236–246.
- Peter Herman C, Polivy J, Pliner P, Vartanian LR. Mechanisms underlying the portion-size effect. Physiol Behav. 2015;144:129–126.
- Zlatevska N, Dubelaar C, Holden SS. Sizing up the effect of portion size on consumption: a meta-analytic review. J Marketing. 2014;78(3):140–154.
- Gough T, Haynes A, Clarke K, et al. Out of the lab and into the wild: the influence of portion size on food intake in laboratory vs. real-world settings. Appetite. 2021;162:105160.
- Van Ittersum K, Wansink B. Plate size and color suggestibility: the Delboeuf illusion's bias on serving and eating behavior. J Consum Res. 2012;39(2):215–228.
- Almiron-Roig E, Forde CG, Hollands GJ, Vargas MA, Brunstrom JM. A review of evidence supporting current strategies, challenges, and opportunities to reduce portion sizes. Nutr Rev. 2020;78(2):91–114.
- Robinson E, Nolan S, Tudur-Smith C, et al. Will smaller plates lead to smaller waists? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect that experimental manipulation of dishware size has on energy consumption. Obes Rev. 2014;15(10):812–821.
- Robinson E, Kersbergen I. Portion size and later food intake: evidence on the "normalizing" effect of reducing food portion sizes. Am J Clinical Nutrition. 2018;107(4):640–646.
- Oostenbach LH, Slits E, Robinson E, Sacks G. Systematic review of the impact of nutrition claims related to fat, sugar and energy content on food choices and energy intake. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1296.
- Kaur A, Scarborough P, Rayner M. A systematic review, and meta-analyses, of the impact of health-related claims on dietary choices. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):93.
- Vaitkeviciute R, Ball LE, Harris N. The relationship between food literacy and dietary intake in adolescents: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2015;18(4):649–658.
- Bailey CJ, Drummond MJ, Ward PR. Food literacy programmes in secondary schools: a systematic literature review and narrative synthesis of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Public Health Nutr. 2019;22(15):2891–2913.
- Crockett RA, King SE, Marteau TM, et al. Nutritional labelling for healthier food or non-alcoholic drink purchasing and consumption. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;2(2):CD009315.
- Menozzi D, Nguyen TT, Sogari G, et al. Consumers' preferences and willingness to pay for fish products with health and environmental labels: evidence from five European countries. Nutrients. 2020;12(9).
- Thorndike AN, Gelsomin ED, McCurley JL, Levy DE. Calories purchased by hospital employees after implementation of a cafeteria traffic light–labeling and choice architecture program. JAMA Network Open. 2019;2(7):e196789–e196789.
- Shangguan S, Afshin A, Shulkin M, et al. A meta-analysis of food labeling effects on consumer diet behaviors and industry practices. Am J Prev Med. 2019;56(2):300–314.
- Hawley KL, Roberto CA, Bragg MA, Liu PJ, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. The science on front-of-package food labels. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(3):430–439.
- Deren K, Dembinski L, Wyszynska J, et al. Front-of-pack nutrition labelling: a position statement of the European Academy of Paediatrics and the European Childhood Obesity Group. Ann Nutr Metab. 2021;77(1):23–28.
- Keegan E, Kemps E, Prichard I, Polivy J, Herman CP, Tiggemann M. The effect of the spatial positioning of a healthy food cue on food choice from a pictorial-style menu. Eating Behaviors. 2019;34:101313.
- Dayan E, Bar-Hillel M. Nudge to nobesity II: menu positions influence food orders. Judgm Decis Mak. 2011;6(4):333–342.
- Ledderer L, Kjaer M, Madsen EK, Busch J, Fage-Butler A. Nudging in public health lifestyle interventions: a systematic literature review and metasynthesis. Health Educ Behav. 2020;47(5):749–764.
- Tonkin M, Kemps E, Prichard I, Polivy J, Herman CP, Tiggemann M. It's all in the timing: the effect of a healthy food cue on food choices from a pictorial menu. Appetite. 2019;139:105–109.
- Cullen T. Food literacy: definition and framework for action. Can J Diet Pract Res. 2015;76(3):140–145.
- Truman E, Lane D, Elliott C. Defining food literacy: a scoping review. Appetite. 2017;116:365–371.
- Thompson C, Adams J, Vidgen HA. Are we closer to international consensus on the term 'food literacy'? A systematic scoping review of its use in the academic literature (1998–2019). Nutrients. 2021;13(6).
- Stockli S, Stampfli AE, Messner C, Brunner TA. An (un)healthy poster: when environmental cues affect consumers' food choices at vending machines. Appetite. 2016;96:368–374.
- Schindler-Ruwisch J, Gordon M. Nudging healthy college dining hall choices using behavioral economics. J Am College Health. 2021;69(7):697–703. Epub 2020 Feb 6.
- Food and Drug Administration. Front-of-package nutrition labelling. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-labeling-nutrition/front-package-nutrition-labeling
- Adams J, Mytton O, White M, Monsivais P. Why are some population interventions for diet and obesity more equitable and effective than others? The role of individual agency. PloS Med. 2016;13(4):e1001990.
- Rosewarne E, Hoek AC, Sacks G, et al. A comprehensive overview and qualitative analysis of government-led nutrition policies in Australian institutions. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):1038.
- World Health Organization. Action Framework for Developing and Implementing Public Food Procurement and Service Policies for a Healthy Diet. World Health Organization; 2021.
- Fitzgerald S, Buckley L, Perry IJ, Geaney F. The impact of a complex workplace dietary intervention on Irish employees' off-duty dietary intakes. Health Promot Int. 2020;35(3):544–554.
- Roberto CA. How psychological insights can inform food policies to address unhealthy eating habits. Am Psychol. 2020;75(2):265–273.
- Just DR, Gabrielyan G. Food and consumer behavior: why the details matter. Agric Econ. 2016;47(S1):73–83.