National and State Vaccination Coverage Among Adolescents Aged 13 Through 17 Years --- United States, 2010

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that adolescents routinely receive meningococcal conjugate (MenACWY, 2 doses); tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (Tdap, 1 dose); and human papillomavirus (HPV, 3 doses) vaccines (influenza vaccine is recommended annually for all persons aged 6 months and older) (1). CDC tracks vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years through the National Immunization Survey--Teen (NIS-Teen). To provide updated vaccination coverage estimates, CDC analyzed 2010 NIS-Teen data and compared results with 2009 NIS-Teen estimates (2). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which found that coverage increased for all three of the routinely administered adolescent vaccines: Tdap from 55.6% to 68.7%, MenACWY from 53.6% to 62.7%, (among females) ≥1 dose of HPV from 44.3% to 48.7%, and ≥3 doses of HPV from 26.7% to 32.0%. Vaccination coverage varied widely among states; three states (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Washington) had coverage of >65% for ≥1 dose of all three vaccines (Tdap, MenACWY, and HPV). Continued evaluation of vaccination-promoting initiatives, including state vaccination-financing policies, is needed to understand their impact on adolescent vaccination and to promote effective practices.

Since 2006, NIS-Teen has collected vaccination and sociodemographic information from parents or guardians regarding adolescents aged 13 through 17 years* in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, selected local areas,† and the U.S. Virgin Islands, using a random-digit--dialed sample of telephone numbers of households. After securing permission to contact vaccination providers, survey staff members mail questionnaires to obtain vaccination histories from the medical record. In 2010, the Council of American Survey Research Organizations (CASRO) response rate§ for NIS-Teen was 58.0%. A total of 19,488 adolescents with provider-verified vaccination records were included in this analysis, representing 59.2% of all adolescents with completed household interviews. A total of 19,257 adolescents (10,037 males and 9,220 females) were included in the national estimates; 231 adolescents from the U.S. Virgin Islands were excluded. NIS-Teen methods, including weighting procedures, have been described previously.¶ Differences in vaccination coverage were evaluated using t-tests and were considered statistically significant at p≤0.05.

Vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years has increased since 2006, although the rate of increase has differed among the three routinely administered vaccines. From 2007 to 2010, the average annual percentage-point increases for ≥1 dose of Tdap (12.8 points, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.1--13.4) and ≥1 dose of MenACWY (10.1 points, CI = 9.5--10.7) were significantly greater than that for ≥1 dose of HPV (7.9 points, CI = 7.0--8.7) (p≤0.05) (Figure).

From 2009 to 2010, vaccination coverage increased for all three vaccines. Tdap coverage increased from 55.6% to 68.7%, MenACWY from 53.6% to 62.7%, (among females) ≥1 dose of HPV from 44.3% to 48.7%, and ≥3 doses of HPV from 26.7% to 32.0% (Table 1). At least 24 weeks between the first and third doses of the HPV vaccine are needed to complete the series (1). Among females who initiated the HPV series, 94.3% met the minimum period needed to complete the series before the interview. Of these, 69.6% received ≥3 doses. Among adolescent males, 1.4% (CI =1.1--1.8) received ≥1 dose of HPV. Aside from vaccination with HPV, no significant differences in vaccination coverage were observed between males and females. Among vaccines either administered during childhood or as catch-up vaccinations, coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years with ≥2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella; ≥3 doses of hepatitis B; and ≥2 doses of varicella vaccine (in persons with no history of disease) increased from 2009 to 2010.

By race/ethnicity, no differences were observed in coverage with ≥1 dose of Tdap; however, differences were observed by poverty status (Table 2). For ≥1 dose of MenACWY, coverage was higher among Hispanics than among whites; however, no differences were observed in coverage by poverty status. For HPV, patterns differed by racial/ethnic group and poverty status depending on the measure of HPV vaccination coverage used. HPV initiation among whites was lower than among Hispanics and American Indian/Alaskan Natives; receipt of ≥3 HPV doses among those who initiated the series was lower among blacks and Hispanics than among whites. A difference was not observed in coverage by poverty status for ≥1 dose of HPV; however, coverage with ≥3 doses of HPV was lower among those living below the poverty level than those living at or above the poverty level.

Coverage estimates varied by state and reporting area (Table 3), with rates ranging from 29.0% (Mississippi) to 87.9% (New Hampshire) for ≥1 dose of Tdap and from 26.0% (Mississippi) to 89.5% (District of Columbia) for ≥1 dose of MenACWY. Among females, coverage estimates ranged from 28.8% (Idaho) to 73.0% (Rhode Island) for ≥1 dose of HPV and from 17.6% (Idaho) to 55.1% (Rhode Island) for ≥3 doses of HPV. Three states (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Washington) had coverage of >65% for ≥1 dose of all three routinely administered adolescent vaccines (Tdap, MenACWY, and HPV). Coverage for the three adolescent vaccines was significantly lower among adolescents living in the southeastern United States compared with adolescents living in other regions.

Reported by

Christina Dorell, MD, Shannon Stokley, MPH, David Yankey, MS, Immunization Svcs Div, Jennifer L. Liang, DVM, Div of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; Lauri Markowitz, MD, Div of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC. Corresponding contributor: Christina Dorell, cdorell@cdc.gov, 404-639-5198.

Editorial Note

In 2010, vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13 through 17 years increased from coverage in 2009; however, the percentage-point increase in ≥1 dose of HPV among females (4.4 points) was less than half the increase observed for ≥1 dose of Tdap (13.1) and ≥1 dose of MenACWY (9.1). As in previous years, coverage with ≥1 dose of HPV was higher among older compared with younger adolescent females. Among females with adequate time to complete the series, 30.4% had not done so. HPV completion rates were lower among certain populations (i.e., blacks, Hispanics, and those living below poverty) known to have higher cervical cancer rates (3). Although HPV vaccination is only universally recommended for females aged 9 through 26 years, 2009 ACIP guidance states that HPV vaccination may be administered to males aged 9 through 26 years. Only 1.4% of males aged 13 through 17 years received the vaccine in 2010.

As in previous years, adolescent vaccination coverage varied widely among states and other reporting areas, which could reflect differing vaccination-promotion initiatives among local health agencies and communities. Common initiatives among the three states with the highest vaccination coverage (Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Washington) included strong working relationships and communication between state immunization programs and vaccination providers, local professional organizations, and schools; school vaccination requirements; and promotion of the use of reminder/recall systems (CDC, unpublished data, 2011). Additional factors that might play an important role in vaccination coverage include vaccine financing, health-care infrastructure, local outbreaks, and communication efforts leading to increased consumer demand.

Analysis of 2009 NIS-Teen data found that middle school vaccination requirements for Tdap or MenACWY were associated with higher coverage for these vaccines; however, adolescents living in states with a middle school vaccination requirement for at least one adolescent vaccine did not have significantly higher coverage with all three recommended adolescent vaccines compared with adolescents living in states with no vaccination requirements (4). The number of states with middle school requirements increased from the 2009--10 to the 2010--11 school year (i.e., 37 required a tetanus booster, 31 specified Tdap, and 10 required MenACWY) and likely contributed to increases in Tdap and MenACWY coverage (5). The District of Columbia and Virginia are the only reporting areas with middle school HPV vaccination requirements (4), which might have contributed to the increase in HPV vaccination in those areas over the past 2 years. Missed vaccination opportunities occur when adolescents receive middle school--required vaccines but not other ACIP-recommended vaccines. Further study is needed to understand and address barriers to providing all recommended vaccines during the same visit.

The findings in this report are subject to at least four limitations. First, NIS-Teen is a landline telephone survey, although studies have shown no evidence of bias after adjusting sampling weights for noncoverage of households without landline telephones (6). During the fourth quarter of 2010, NIS-Teen sampled telephone numbers from a cellular-telephone sampling frame.** Differences between landline only and dual-frame coverage estimates ranged from -0.6 to 0.6 percentage points. Second, the household response rate was 58.0%, and only 59.2% of those with completed household interviews also had adequate provider data. Noncoverage and nonresponse bias might remain after weighting adjustments, leading to underestimation or overestimation of coverage rates. Third, underestimates of vaccination coverage might have resulted from the exclusive use of provider-verified vaccination histories because the completeness of these records is unknown. Finally, estimates for particular states and reporting areas and for racial/ethnic populations should be interpreted with caution because of smaller sample sizes and wider confidence intervals.

Healthy People 2020 targets for adolescents aged 13 through 15 years are as follows: 80% coverage for ≥1 dose of Tdap, ≥1 dose of MenACWY, and ≥3 doses of HPV (among females) and 90% coverage for ≥2 doses of varicella vaccine (among adolescents without a reported history of varicella disease); no target has been set for HepB (7). Although adolescent vaccination is increasing, additional strategies are needed to meet Healthy People 2020 vaccination objectives for adolescents, particularly for HPV vaccination, because the increase in HPV coverage significantly lags behind other adolescent vaccines. A new 2012 Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) measure requiring health plans to track the number of females who receive 3 HPV doses by age 13 years is expected to lead to increased HPV vaccination rates (8). Evaluation of vaccination policies and practices associated with higher coverage in certain states and areas can help characterize effective methods. Promoting provider recommendations and parental awareness of adolescent vaccines, urging consideration of every health visit as an opportunity for vaccination, reducing out-of-pocket costs, and using immunization information systems and reminder/recall systems can increase vaccination among adolescents (9,10). Providing additional and convenient access to adolescent vaccination services through pharmacies or school-associated programs might increase coverage in some communities. Finally, state and local immunization programs should make adolescent vaccination a priority to protect adolescents from vaccine-preventable diseases.

References

1. CDC. Recommended immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 years---United States, 2011. MMWR 2011;60(5).
2. CDC. National, state, and local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13--17 years---United States, 2009. MMWR 2010;59:1018--23.
3. Watson M, Saraiya M, Bernard V, et al. Burden of cervical cancer in the United States, 1998--2003. Cancer 2008;113(10 Suppl):2855--64.
4. Bugenske E, Stokley S, Kennedy A, et al. Middle school vaccination requirements and adolescent vaccination coverage. Presented at the 45th National Immunization Conference, March 28--31, 2011, Washington, DC.
5. Immunization Action Coalition. State mandates on immunization and vaccine-preventable diseases. St. Paul, MN: Immunization Action Coalition; 2011. Available at http://www.immunize.org/laws. Accessed August 19, 2011.
6. Copeland K, Dorell C, Khare M, Ormson AE, Wouhib A. Assessment of bias in the National Immunization Survey-Teen: an updated benchmark to the National Health Interview Survey. Presented at the 65th Annual American Association for Public Opinion Research Conference, May 13--16, 2010, Chicago, IL.
7. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2020. Objective IID-11: increase routine vaccination coverage levels for adolescents. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2011. Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/objectiveslist.aspx?topicid=23. Accessed August 19, 2011.
8. National Committee for Quality Assurance. Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) 2012 technical specifications for health plans. Volume 2. Washington, DC: National Committee for Assurance; 2011. Available at http://www.ncqa.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=O-31v4G27sU%3d&tabid=1415. Accessed August 20, 2011.
9. Hammer L, Curry E, Harlor A, et al. Increasing immunization coverage. Pediatrics 2010;125:1295--304.
10. Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Vaccinations to prevent diseases: universally recommended vaccinations. Atlanta, GA: Task Force on Community Preventive Services; 2011. Available at http://www.thecommunityguide.org/vaccines/universally/index.html. Accessed August 23, 2011.