|
|
|||||||||
|
Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Update: Fatal and Severe Liver Injuries Associated With Rifampin and Pyrazinamide for Latent Tuberculosis Infection, and Revisions in American Thoracic Society/CDC Recommendations --- United States, 2001During February 12--August 24, 2001, a total of 21 cases of liver injury associated with a 2-month rifampin-pyrazinamide (RIF-PZA) regimen for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was reported to CDC. These 21 cases are in addition to two previously reported RIF-PZA--associated cases (1). Cases of liver injury have occurred each year since 1999. CDC also received reports of 10 cases associated with other LTBI treatment regimens; however, risk for liver injury cannot be compared among treatment regimens in part because the number of patients treated for LTBI with each treatment regimen is unknown. This report provides preliminary information about the 21 cases associated with RIF-PZA and the revised recommendations on selecting appropriate LTBI therapy for patients and monitoring the use of RIF-PZA to treat LTBI (2). In most instances, the 9-month isoniazid (INH) regimen is preferred for the treatment of patients with LTBI. RIF-PZA may be used in selected cases and requires more intensive clinical and laboratory monitoring than previously recommended. A case was defined as liver injury (i.e., clinical and laboratory findings consistent with hepatitis) leading to hospital admission or death of a patient being treated for LTBI with RIF-PZA. The median age of the 21 patients was 44 years (range: 28--73 years) and 12 were men. For patients in which the information was known, jaundice was reported in 15 of 18, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) test results were negative for all 11 who were tested. One patient had been diagnosed with hepatitis C disease at the start of RIF-PZA treatment. Three of the 21 RIF-PZA--associated cases occurred when patients received this regimen after recovering from INH-associated liver injury. One case was associated with a patient who received RIF-PZA after taking INH without problems. Of the 21 patients with RIF-PZA--associated liver injury, 16 recovered and five died of liver failure. No patient received a liver transplant. The five patients who died had LTBI diagnosed under the current recommendations, and each had indications for RIF-PZA treatment (2). Patient 1 was a 68-year-old man who had diabetes and a positive tuberculin skin test (TST) result, patient 2 was a 62-year-old woman who had a TST conversion detected by employee screening, and patient 3 was a 36-year-old man who had a TST conversion during incarceration. Patient 4 was a 32-year-old woman who had emigrated from a high-prevalence country to the United States in 2000 and had a positive TST result of 20 mm induration, and patient 5 was a 34-year-old man who had emigrated from a high-prevalence country to the United States in 1988 and had a positive TST result of 22 mm induration. Patient 3 had HIV risk factors but a negative serology result; the other four did not have HIV risk factors. Patients 2, 4, and 5 were tested and had negative serology results. Patients 2 and 3 received RIF-PZA after recovering from INH-associated liver injury. PZA dosages for the five patients were 19, 18, 23, 20, and 16 mg/kg/d (recommended dose: 15--20 mg/kg/d). After liver injury was diagnosed, all patients were tested for hepatitis A (acute), B (acute and chronic), and C. Patients 2 and 5 had serologic evidence of previous hepatitis A. Patient 5 had serologic evidence of past hepatitis B. Patient 1 had idiopathic nonalcoholic steatotic hepatitis confirmed by biopsy in 1997, and patient 3 used injection drugs and alcohol, although reportedly not during RIF-PZA treatment. Patient 2 had no risks for chronic liver disease and had neither a liver biopsy nor an autopsy. Patients 4 and 5 had autopsies; microscopic examination of the liver of patient 5 revealed acute hepatic necrosis, and results are pending for patient 4. Patients 1 and 2 were taking other medicines* that have been associated with idiosyncratic liver injury. All five patients had onset of liver injury during the second month of the 2-month course of treatment. Patients 1 and 3 continued RIF-PZA an estimated 3 days and 14 days, respectively, after symptom onset; the exact duration of RIF-PZA treatment could not be determined for patients 2 and 4. Patient 5 developed symptoms at the completion of treatment. Patients 1, 2, 4, and 5 received 30-day supplies of RIF-PZA. Patient 3 received directly observed therapy daily, but a language barrier possibly hampered patient education and communication about symptoms. Patient 4 also may have faced a language barrier. Reported by: State and territorial health depts. Div of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC. Editorial Note:During June, tuberculosis (TB) and liver disease specialists consulted by CDC analyzed case reports and assessed current guidelines on the use of RIF-PZA and noted that the 2-month RIF-PZA regimen was well tolerated in LTBI treatment trials among HIV-infected persons (3--5). Although clinical trials of RIF-PZA did not include HIV-uninfected persons, the number of reports of severe liver injury among persons presumed or known not to be infected with HIV was unexpected. CDC continues to investigate the rate and risk factors for liver injury. To reduce the risk for liver injury associated with RIF-PZA therapy, the American Thoracic Society and CDC, with the endorsement of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, have prepared recommendations that supercede previous guidelines (2).
The following considerations are crucial in deciding whom to test and treat for LTBI:
CDC is collecting reports of severe liver injury (i.e., leading to hospital admission or death) in persons receiving any regimen for LTBI. Reports are being analyzed to assess contributing factors. Report possible cases to the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination; telephone (404) 639-8125. References
* One patient was taking hydrochlorothiazide; and the other was taking lisinopril, metformin, and aspirin. All MMWR references are available on the Internet at <http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr>. Use the search function to find specific articles. Disclaimer All MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version. Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables. An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800. Contact GPO for current prices. **Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to mmwrq@cdc.gov.Page converted: 8/31/2001 |
|||||||||
This page last reviewed 8/31/2001
|