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Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail. Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Levels Among Adults Aged greater than or equal to 65 Years -- United StatesIn 1996, influenza and pneumonia were the fifth leading cause of death among persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years in the United States (1). A national health objective for 2000 is to increase influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels to greater than or equal to 60% among persons at high risk for complications, including those aged greater than or equal to 65 years (2). To monitor states' progress toward achieving this objective, data from the 1997 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) were analyzed. This report summarizes the BRFSS findings, which indicate the influenza vaccination objective was exceeded by 45 states and by the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC) combined, but the pneumococcal vaccination objective was not reached by any state. The BRFSS is an ongoing, state-based, random-digit-dialed telephone survey of U.S. noninstitutionalized civilian adults aged greater than or equal to 18 years. In 1997, 52 reporting areas (50 states, DC, and Puerto Rico) participated in the survey. Overall vaccination level estimates were based on combined data from the 51 reporting areas that included the 50 states and DC. Data from Puerto Rico were included in the area-specific analysis. Responses for two questions related to adult vaccination were analyzed: "During the past 12 months, have you had a flu shot?" and "Have you ever had a pneumonia vaccination?" Of all 133,321 participants, 26,469 were aged greater than or equal to 65 years. Respondents who did not report or did not know their vaccination status were excluded from the analysis (2% of respondents for the influenza vaccination question and 5% of respondents for the pneumococcal vaccination question). Previously published vaccination data from the 1995 BRFSS included in the denominator those respondents who did not report or did not know their vaccination status (3); for comparisons in this study, this group was excluded from the 1995 data. Data for racial/ethnic groups other than non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanics were too small for analysis. Data were weighted by age and sex to reflect each state's most recent adult population estimate. SUDAAN was used to calculate point estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). During 1997, among persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years, 65.5% (95% CI=64.6%-66.4%) reported receiving influenza vaccine during the preceding year, and 45.4% (95% CI=44.4%-46.3%) reported ever receiving pneumococcal vaccine (Table_1). Both percentages were higher than in 1995, when 58.7% (95% CI=57.6%-59.7%) and 36.9% (95% CI=35.9%-38.0%) reported receiving influenza and pneumococcal vaccine, respectively. Among the 52 reporting areas, 45 had influenza vaccination levels greater than or equal to 60%, and nine had levels greater than or equal to 70% (range: 41.5% in Puerto Rico to 74.4% in Colorado) (Table_2). From 1995 to 1997, 48 of 50 states showed improvement in influenza vaccination levels (median percentage point difference: 6.1; range: -4.1 to 23.2). Although all states reported pneumococcal vaccination levels less than 60% among persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years, levels were greater than or equal to 50% in 17 states; levels ranged from 32.2% in Louisiana to 59.4% in Arizona. All but four states showed improvement in the levels of pneumococcal vaccination from 1995 to 1997 (median percentage point difference: 8.8; range: -6.7 to 20.9). Overall, persons aged 65-74 years were significantly less likely than persons aged greater than or equal to 75 years to report receipt of influenza (63.2% compared with 69.1%) or pneumococcal (41.7% compared with 51.3%) vaccines (Table_1). Among persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years in different racial/ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites were more likely to report receipt of influenza (67.2%) and pneumococcal (47.3%) vaccines than Hispanics (57.9% and 34.1%, respectively) and non-Hispanic blacks (50.2% and 29.7%, respectively). Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels in all racial/ethnic groups increased from 1995 to 1997 (for influenza, 6.6 percentage points for non-Hispanic whites, 7.0 for Hispanics, and 10.4 for non-Hispanic blacks, and for pneumococcal, 8.3 for Hispanics, 8.5 for non-Hispanic whites, and 9.1 for non-Hispanic blacks). Men had slightly higher coverage levels than women for influenza vaccine; pneumococcal vaccination levels did not differ by sex. Other factors correlated with vaccination levels were level of education, length of time since last check-up, and self-reported index of health (Table_1). As level of education increased and as self-reported health declined, vaccination levels increased for both vaccines. Persons reporting having had a routine check-up within the previous 12 months (86.3% of all respondents aged greater than or equal to 65 years) were more likely to report receipt of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines than persons reporting a longer interval since their last check-up. Reported by the following BRFSS coordinators: J Cook, MBA, Alabama; P Owen, Alaska; B Bender, Arizona; J Senner, PhD, Arkansas; B Davis, PhD, California; M Leff, MSPH, Colorado; M Adams, MPH, Connecticut; F Breukelman, Delaware; C Mitchell, District of Columbia; S Hoecherl, Florida; LM Martin, MS, Georgia; A Onaka, PhD, Hawaii; J Aydelotte, MA, Idaho; B Steiner, MS, Illinois; K Horvath, Indiana; A Wineski, Iowa; M Perry, Kansas; K Asher, Kentucky; RB Jiles, PhD, Louisiana; D Maines, Maine; A Weinstein, MA, Maryland; D Brooks, MPH, Massachusetts; H McGee, MPH, Michigan; N Salem, PhD, Minnesota; D Johnson, Mississippi; T Murayi, PhD, Missouri; P Feigley, PhD, Montana; M Metroka, Nebraska; E DeJan, MPH, Nevada; L Powers, MA, New Hampshire; G Boeselager, MS, New Jersey; W Honey, MPH, New Mexico; TA Melnick, DrPH, New York; K Passaro, PhD, North Carolina; J Kaske, MPH, North Dakota; P Pullen, Ohio; N Hann, MPH, Oklahoma; J Grant-Worley, MS, Oregon; L Mann, Pennsylvania; Y Cintron, MPH, Puerto Rico; J Hesser, PhD, Rhode Island; D Shepard, South Carolina; M Gildmaster, South Dakota; D Ridings, Tennessee; K Condon, Texas; R Giles, Utah; C Roe, MS, Vermont; L Redman, MPH, Virginia; K Wynkoop-Simmons, PhD, Washington; F King, West Virginia; P Imm, MS, Wisconsin; M Futa, MA, Wyoming. SM Greby, DVM, Association of Schools of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia. Adult Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Br, Epidemiology and Surveillance Div, and Statistical Analysis Br, Data Management Div, National Immunization Program; Behavioral Surveillance Br, Div of Adult and Community Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, CDC. Editorial NoteEditorial Note: The findings in this report indicate that in 1997, influenza and pneumococcal vaccination rates overall, by state, and by racial/ethnic group continued to increase from levels in 1995. The national health objective for influenza vaccination was exceeded by 45 states and by the 50 states and DC combined. No state met the national health objective for pneumococcal vaccination, but if state-specific coverage continues to increase at rates observed from 1995 to 1997, 28 states would reach or exceed the 60% coverage goal by 2000. Vaccination rates varied substantially by state. Possible reasons for these differences include state differences in demographic distribution, provision of adult vaccination programs, physician practice patterns, and patient attitudes. In the 50 states and DC combined, several factors were independently associated with self-reported receipt of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. Racial/ethnic disparities in vaccination levels among Hispanics and non-Hispanic blacks continued and were not explained by differences in age, sex, education level, health-care access, or perceived health status. To understand reasons for disparity in vaccination by race/ethnicity, CDC and other federal agencies have implemented a national Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities Initiative, with the goal of eliminating by 2010 disparities in infant mortality, diabetes, cancer screening and management, heart disease, human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and child and adult vaccinations. Persons aged 65-74 years were less likely than persons aged greater than or equal to 75 years to report receipt of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, and this was not explained by differences in race/ethnicity, sex, education level, health-care access, or perceived health status. Increasing age may represent increased opportunity for encounters with the health-care system by patients, increased offers for vaccination by providers, and increased perception of need for vaccination by both patients and providers. Awareness of the need for routine vaccination should be increased among all persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years. Although most persons aged greater than or equal to 65 years had had a routine check-up during the previous year, many were not vaccinated against influenza and pneumococcal disease. Routine check-ups provide an ideal opportunity to review a patient's need for clinical preventive services and
The findings in this study are subject to at least two limitations. First, self-reports about vaccination status were not validated. However, in one study, the predictive value and accuracy of self-report of influenza vaccination within the previous year was up to 91% when vaccination status was validated by record review (7). Accuracy of recall of pneumococcal vaccination is under investigation by CDC. Second, persons residing in nursing homes and in households without telephones are not included in this survey, therefore results may not reflect vaccination levels in these groups. Although the BRFSS was not designed to produce national estimates, overall vaccination levels from previous years have been similar to estimates from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) (in 1995, the BRFSS estimate was 0.8 percentage points higher for influenza vaccination and 4.5 percentage points higher for pneumococcal vaccine) (8). The NHIS is used to monitor progress toward the national 2000 objective. To assist local planners in targeting public health programs to reach undervaccinated groups, states can expand the BRFSS survey or use local surveys to capture information on reasons for vaccination and nonvaccination, provider recommendations for vaccination, and accessibility of vaccination services. Because older adults have a high rate of reported routine medical care and because provider recommendation can influence a patient's decision to be vaccinated, strategies to improve vaccination directed at practitioners can have a large impact (9). Interventions, such as standing orders for vaccination, using provider and patient recalls and reminders, and feedback on vaccination levels, have been effective in increasing adult vaccination levels (9). Guidelines and tools for implementing these interventions are available through Put Prevention Into Practice, a national campaign to improve delivery of clinical preventive services (10). In addition, opportunities for vaccination outside of traditional health-care settings should be increased to reach healthy elderly persons who do not routinely access traditional health-care settings. References
Table_1 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size. TABLE 1. Percentage of persons aged >=65 years in the 50 states and the District of Columbia who reported receiving influenza or pneumococcal vaccine, by selected characteristics -- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1997 ======================================================================================================== Influenza Pneumococcal ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------ % point % point difference difference from 2000 from 2000 Characteristic % (95% CI*) objective % (95% CI) objective ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Mean 65.5 (64.6-66.4) 5.5 45.4 (44.4-46.3) -14.6 Age group (yrs) 65-74 63.2 (62.0-64.3) 3.2 41.7 (40.4-42.9) -18.3 >=75 69.1 (67.8-70.5) 9.1 51.3 (49.8-52.8) - 8.7 Race/Ethnicity Non-Hispanic white 67.2 (66.3-68.1) 7.2 47.3 (46.3-48.3) -12.7 Non-Hispanic black 50.2 (46.5-53.9) - 9.8 29.7 (26.2-33.2) -30.3 Hispanic 57.9 (52.0-63.8) - 2.1 34.1 (28.6-39.6) -25.9 Other+ 64.2 (56.8-71.7) 4.2 42.6 (34.3-50.9) -17.4 Sex Men 67.0 (65.6-68.4) 7.0 45.1 (43.5-46.6) -14.9 Women 64.4 (63.3-65.6) 4.4 45.6 (44.4-46.8) -14.4 Education level Less than high school 60.1 (58.4-61.9) 0.1 40.1 (38.3-41.9) -19.9 High school 65.0 (63.5-66.5) 5.0 45.0 (43.5-46.6) -15.0 More than high school 69.5 (68.1-70.9) 9.5 49.1 (47.6-50.7) -10.9 Time since last checkup 1-12 months 68.8 (67.9-69.8) 8.8 48.3 (47.3-49.3) -11.7 >1 year 47.2 (44.6-49.7) -12.8 29.3 (26.9-31.7) -30.7 Self-reported health Poor 71.0 (68.3-73.6) 11.0 54.5 (51.4-57.6) - 5.5 Fair 66.7 (64.7-68.7) 6.7 48.3 (46.2-50.5) -11.7 Good 66.4 (64.9-67.9) 6.4 44.9 (43.3-46.5) -15.1 Very good or excellent 62.9 (61.5-64.4) 2.9 42.2 (40.7-43.8) -17.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ * Confidence interval. + Numbers from other racial/ethnic groups were too small for meaningful analysis. ======================================================================================================== Return to top. Table_2 Note: To print large tables and graphs users may have to change their printer settings to landscape and use a small font size. TABLE 2. Percentage of persons aged >=65 years in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico who reported receiving influenza or pneumococcal vaccine, by reporting area -- Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), 1997 =============================================================================================================================== Influenza Pneumococcal --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- % Point difference % Point difference --------------------- --------------------- 1997 to 1997 to 1995 to 2000 1995 to 2000 Reporting area % (95% CI*) 1997+ objective % (95% CI) 1997+ objective ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alabama 62.6 (57.6-67.5) 17.5 2.6 47.5 (42.3-52.6) 14.3 -12.5 Alaska 58.3 (46.9-69.7) 8.5 - 1.7 39.2 (28.2-50.3) -6.7 -20.8 Arizona 72.9 (67.5-78.3) 7.6 12.9 59.4 (53.4-65.5) 10.2 - 0.6 Arkansas 61.1 (55.8-66.3) 0.1 1.1 39.1 (33.7-44.4) 1.9 -20.9 California 65.5 (61.7-69.3) 5.5 5.5 49.8 (45.8-53.9) 5.5 -10.2 Colorado 74.4 (69.0-79.9) 7.7 14.4 53.3 (47.2-59.5) 6.7 - 6.7 Connecticut 67.2 (62.2-72.3) 4.7 7.2 43.0 (37.6-48.4) 4.8 -17.0 Delaware 68.6 (64.4-72.8) 11.4 8.6 52.6 (47.9-57.3) 11.1 - 7.4 District of Columbia 54.3 (47.2-61.3) NA& - 5.7 32.3 (25.6-38.9) NA -27.7 Florida 62.3 (58.9-65.8) 0.7 2.3 45.5 (42.0-49.0) 6.0 -14.5 Georgia 58.5 (52.7-64.3) 11.5 - 1.5 48.5 (42.8-54.2) 8.9 -11.5 Hawaii 71.1 (65.9-76.3) 8.8 11.1 51.7 (45.8-57.7) 8.8 - 8.3 Idaho 66.4 (62.9-69.9) 2.3 6.4 50.2 (46.5-54.0) 10.0 - 9.8 Illinois 67.8 (61.3-74.3) 9.9 7.8 44.7 (38.1-51.3) 15.8 -15.3 Indiana 62.5 (57.3-67.8) 3.3 2.5 38.0 (32.7-43.4) 3.9 -22.0 Iowa 69.7 (66.3-73.1) 6.1 9.7 51.5 (47.6-55.3) 6.6 - 8.5 Kansas 61.5 (56.3-66.7) -0.7 1.5 43.7 (38.4-49.0) -1.0 -16.3 Kentucky 61.2 (57.5-64.9) 7.8 1.2 38.6 (34.8-42.3) 13.3 -21.4 Louisiana 58.4 (52.3-64.5) 6.2 - 1.6 32.2 (26.4-38.1) 6.3 -27.8 Maine 72.1 (66.7-77.4) 7.5 12.1 50.0 (44.3-55.7) 14.5 -10.0 Maryland 63.4 (59.0-67.8) 5.2 3.4 41.0 (36.6-45.4) 7.4 -19.0 Massachusetts 66.0 (60.1-72.0) 6.7 6.0 52.7 (46.4-59.0) 20.3 - 7.3 Michigan 63.6 (58.5-68.6) 6.8 3.6 45.6 (40.4-50.8) 5.7 -14.4 Minnesota 69.0 (65.7-72.2) 5.7 9.0 48.3 (44.8-51.8) 8.2 -11.7 Mississippi 61.1 (55.6-66.6) 4.1 1.1 45.9 (39.9-51.9) 6.5 -14.1 Missouri 70.3 (65.3-75.3) 3.7 10.3 44.3 (38.6-50.0) 12.1 -15.7 Montana 68.4 (63.0-73.7) 4.4 8.4 50.8 (45.0-56.7) 15.9 - 9.2 Nebraska 65.8 (61.7-69.9) 1.4 5.8 49.8 (45.4-54.2) 13.8 -10.2 Nevada 56.5 (46.3-66.7) 4.0 - 3.5 53.5 (43.1-64.0) 13.3 - 6.5 New Hampshire 64.6 (58.4-70.8) 8.7 4.6 49.6 (43.1-56.1) 9.1 -10.4 New Jersey 60.7 (55.9-65.5) 12.7 0.7 33.9 (29.3-38.6) 20.9 -26.1 New Mexico 72.8 (67.9-77.7) 3.8 12.8 50.1 (44.5-55.8) 10.6 - 9.9 New York 64.5 (60.3-68.7) 8.5 4.5 38.9 (34.5-43.4) 12.8 -21.1 North Carolina 64.6 (60.8-68.4) 12.0 4.6 50.6 (46.7-54.6) 19.4 - 9.4 North Dakota 64.8 (60.0-69.6) 7.4 4.8 40.8 (36.0-45.7) 7.6 -19.2 Ohio 65.4 (61.3-69.5) 2.4 5.4 38.5 (34.0-43.1) -2.2 -21.5 Oklahoma 69.3 (65.1-73.5) 8.2 9.3 40.4 (36.1-44.6) 3.2 -19.6 Oregon 69.8 (65.8-73.9) 2.9 9.8 55.9 (51.5-60.2) 10.0 - 4.1 Pennsylvania 65.8 (62.0-69.6) 7.2 5.8 47.1 (42.9-51.2) 8.6 -12.9 Puerto Rico 41.5 (36.2-46.8) NA -18.5 33.7 (28.5-38.8) NA -26.3 Rhode Island 67.7 (62.4-73.0) 1.1 7.7 43.0 (37.4-48.6) 12.2 -17.0 South Carolina 74.3 (70.1-78.5) 23.2 14.3 41.6 (36.8-46.4) 15.1 -18.4 South Dakota 65.6 (61.0-70.1) 5.5 5.6 40.6 (36.1-45.2) 9.1 -19.4 Tennessee 69.1 (65.0-73.2) 5.9 9.1 45.0 (40.5-49.5) 15.1 -15.0 Texas 68.0 (62.9-73.2) 11.3 8.0 44.4 (38.8-50.0) -0.3 -15.6 Utah 66.1 (60.5-71.8) -4.1 6.1 48.5 (42.3-54.8) 5.8 -11.5 Vermont 69.5 (65.4-73.5) 5.4 9.5 51.6 (47.1-56.2) 15.7 - 8.4 Virginia 67.7 (62.8-72.5) 15.2 7.7 53.6 (48.0-59.2) 14.1 - 6.4 Washington 70.3 (66.3-74.2) 3.6 10.2 51.6 (47.1-56.1) 5.5 - 8.4 West Virginia 58.2 (53.7-62.6) 5.0 - 1.8 41.3 (36.9-45.6) 4.3 -18.7 Wisconsin 66.1 (60.7-71.4) 9.1 6.1 42.6 (36.9-48.3) 6.8 -17.4 Wyoming 72.4 (67.6-77.2) 5.6 12.4 50.9 (45.5-56.2) 7.0 - 9.1 Range 41.5-74.4 32.2-59.4 Median 65.9 45.8 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * Confidence Interval. + Percentage point difference from 1995 to 1997 excluded don”t know and unknown responses. & Not available. 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