| cercarial dermatitis |
Dermatitis caused by contact/skin perforation by the cercariae (larval
stage) of certain species of schistosomes (parasites) whose normal
hosts are birds and nonhuman mammals. This allergic response does not
lead to parasitic infestation in humans and produces no long-term
disease.
|
| class |
Waterborne-disease outbreaks are classified according to the strength
of the epidemiologic and
water-quality data implicating water as the source of the outbreak
(see Table 1).
|
| chloramines |
Disinfection by-products form when free chlorine
combines with nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g., urine or
perspiration). They can cause eye, skin, lung, and throat irritations
and have low disinfection capability. They accumulate in water and the
air over pools.
|
| coliforms |
All aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-negative,
nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas
formation within 48 hours at 95ºF (35ºC).
|
| combined chlorine level |
See chloramines. The level of chlorine that has
combined with organic compounds in the water and is no longer an
effective disinfectant.
|
| contact time |
The length of time water is exposed to a disinfectant;
usually measured in minutes (e.g., chlorine contact time).
|
| Cryptosporidium hominis |
The taxonomy of Cryptosporidium has evolved as
a result of advancements in molecular methodology
and genotyping. The former C. parvum now refers to a species
that is zoonotic and infects ruminants and humans. C. hominis
refers to the species of Cryptosporidium that is infective only
in humans and monkeys. Both species were referred to previously as
C. parvum.
|
| disinfection by-products |
Chemicals formed in water through reactions between
organic matter and disinfectants. Includes chloramine, an irritant of
the eyes, nose, and throat.
|
| fecal coliforms |
Coliforms that grow and produce gas at 112.1ºF
(44.5ºC) within 24 hours.
|
| filtration |
The process of removing suspended particles from water
by passing it through one or more permeable membranes or media of
limited diameter (e.g., sand, anthracite, or diatomaceous earth).
|
| folliculitis |
Inflammation of hair follicles. Spa-associated
folliculitis is usually associated with infection by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
|
| free, residual chlorine level |
The concentration of chlorine in water that is not
combined with other constituents, thus serving as an effective
disinfectant.
|
| freshwater |
Surface water (e.g., water from lakes, rivers, or
ponds) that has not been treated in any way to
enhance its safety for recreational use.
|
| interactive fountain |
A fountain intended for (or accessible to)
recreational use. In contrast, noninteractive (ornamental)
fountains intended for public display rather than recreational use are
often located in front of buildings and monuments, and their water is
not easily accessible for public use.
|
| marine water |
Untreated recreational water at an ocean setting.
|
| norovirus |
A group of related, single-stranded RNA, nonenveloped
viruses (genus Norovirus, family
Caliciviridae) that cause acute gastroenteritis in humans.
Norovirus was recently approved as
the official genus name for the group of viruses provisionally
described as Norwalk-like viruses
(NLV).
|
| oocyst |
The infectious stage of Cryptosporidium species
and certain other coccidian parasites with a
protective wall that facilitates survival in water and other
environments and renders the parasite
extremely resistant to chlorine.
|
| recreational water venue |
A body of water used for the purpose of recreation
(e.g., swimming, soaking, and athletics)
including any structure that encloses this water. Can include lakes,
rivers, the ocean, and manmade
venues (e.g., swimming pools, spas, and waterparks).
|
| spa |
Any structure, basin, chamber, or tank (located either
indoors or outdoors) containing a body
of water intended to be used for recreational or therapeutic use that
usually contains a waterjet
or aeration system. It is operated at high temperatures and is usually
not drained, cleaned, or
refilled after each use. Sometimes referred to as a hot tub or
whirlpool.
|
| treated water |
Water that has undergone a disinfection process (e.g.,
chlorination, filtration) for the purpose
of making it safe for recreation. This usually refers to any
recreational water in an enclosed,
manufactured structure but might include swimming or wading pools,
fountains, or spas filled
with untreated or treated tap water that receives no further
treatment.
|
| water-quality indicator |
A microbial, chemical, or physical parameter that
indicates the potential risk for infectious diseases associated with
using the water for drinking, bathing, or recreational purposes. The
best indicator is one whose density or concentration correlates best
with health hazards associated with a type of hazard or pollution.
|
| class |
Waterborne-disease outbreaks are classified according to the strength
of the epidemiologic and
water-quality data implicating water as the source of the outbreak
(see Table 1).
|
| class |
Waterborne-disease outbreaks are classified according to the strength
of the epidemiologic and
water-quality data implicating water as the source of the outbreak
(see Table 1).
|
| |
|
