References

  1. Cox NJ, Subbarao K. Influenza. Lancet. 1999 Oct
    09;354(9186):1277-82.
  2. Clements ML, Betts RF, Tierney EL, Murphy BR. Serum and nasal
    wash antibodies associated with resistance to experimental challenge with
    influenza A wild-type virus. J Clin Microbiol. 1986 Jul;24(1):157-60.
  3. Potter CW, Oxford JS. Determinants of immunity to influenza
    infection in man. Br Med Bull. 1979 Jan;35(1):69-75.
  4. Couch RB, Kasel JA. Immunity to influenza in man. Annu Rev
    Microbiol. 1983;37:529-49.
  5. Dawood FS, Jain S, Finelli L, Shaw MW, Lindstrom S, Garten RJ,
    et al. Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus in humans. N
    Engl J Med. 2009 Jun 18;360(25):2605-15.
  6. Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, Shu B, Lindstrom S, Balish A,
    et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1)
    influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science. 2009 Jul
    10;325(5937):197-201.
  7. Chen R, Holmes EC. The evolutionary dynamics of human influenza
    B virus. J Mol Evol. 2008 Jun;66(6):655-63.
  8. Rota PA, Wallis TR, Harmon MW, Rota JS, Kendal AP, Nerome K.
    Cocirculation of two distinct evolutionary lineages of influenza type B virus
    since 1983. Virology. 1990 Mar;175(1):59-68.
  9. McCullers JA, Saito T, Iverson AR. Multiple genotypes of
    influenza B virus circulated between 1979 and 2003. J Virol. 2004
    Dec;78(23):12817-28.
  10. Ambrose CS, Levin MJ. The rationale for quadrivalent influenza
    vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012 Jan;8(1):81-8.
  11. Cooney MK, Fox JP, Hall CE. The Seattle Virus Watch. VI.
    Observations of infections with and illness due to parainfluenza, mumps and
    respiratory syncytial viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Am J Epidemiol. 1975
    Jun;101(6):532-51.
  12. Poehling KA, Edwards KM, Weinberg GA, Szilagyi P, Staat MA,
    Iwane MK, et al. The underrecognized burden of influenza in young children. N
    Engl J Med. 2006 Jul 06;355(1):31-40.
  13. CDC FluView–Outpatient Illness Surveillance. Atlanta, GA: U.S.
    Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly.
  14. Fowlkes A, Steffens A, Temte J, Di Lonardo S, McHugh L, Martin
    K, et al. Incidence of medically attended influenza during pandemic and
    post-pandemic seasons through the Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project,
    2009-13. Lancet Respir Med. 2015 Sep;3(9):709-18.
  15. Barker WH. Excess pneumonia and influenza associated
    hospitalization during influenza epidemics in the United States, 1970-78. Am J
    Public Health. 1986 Jul;76(7):761-5.
  16. Barker WH, Mullooly JP. Impact of epidemic type A influenza in
    a defined adult population. Am J Epidemiol. 1980 Dec;112(6):798-811.
  17. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Estimates of deaths
    associated with seasonal influenza — United States, 1976-2007. MMWR Morb
    Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Aug 27;59(33):1057-62.
  18. Glezen WP, Greenberg SB, Atmar RL, Piedra PA, Couch RB. Impact
    of respiratory virus infections on persons with chronic underlying conditions.
    JAMA. 2000 Jan 26;283(4):499-505.
  19. Neuzil KM, Mellen BG, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, Jr., Griffin MR.
    The effect of influenza on hospitalizations, outpatient visits, and courses of
    antibiotics in children. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 27;342(4):225-31.
  20. O’Brien MA, Uyeki TM, Shay DK, Thompson WW, Kleinman K, McAdam
    A, et al. Incidence of outpatient visits and hospitalizations related to
    influenza in infants and young children. Pediatrics. 2004 Mar;113(3 Pt
    1):585-93.
  21. Keren R, Zaoutis TE, Bridges CB, Herrera G, Watson BM, Wheeler
    AB, et al. Neurological and neuromuscular disease as a risk factor for
    respiratory failure in children hospitalized with influenza infection. JAMA.
    2005 Nov 02;294(17):2188-94.
  22. Mullooly JP, Bridges CB, Thompson WW, Chen J, Weintraub E,
    Jackson LA, et al. Influenza- and RSV-associated hospitalizations among
    adults. Vaccine. 2007 Jan 15;25(5):846-55.
  23. Wong KK, Jain S, Blanton L, Dhara R, Brammer L, Fry AM, et al.
    Influenza-associated pediatric deaths in the United States, 2004-2012.
    Pediatrics. 2013 Nov;132(5):796-804.
  24. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson
    LJ, et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus
    in the United States. JAMA. 2003 Jan 08;289(2):179-86.
  25. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges CB, Cox
    NJ, et al. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA.
    2004 Sep 15;292(11):1333-40.
  26. Thompson WW, Weintraub E, Dhankhar P, Cheng PY, Brammer L,
    Meltzer MI, et al. Estimates of US influenza-associated deaths made using four
    different methods. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2009 Jan;3(1):37-49.
  27. Reed C, Chaves SS, Daily Kirley P, Emerson R, Aragon D, Hancock
    EB, et al. Estimating influenza disease burden from population-based
    surveillance data in the United States. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0118369.
  28. CDC. Estimated Influenza Illnesses, Medical Visits,
    Hospitalizations, and Deaths Averted by Vaccination in the United States.
    Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2017 [cited 2017 June 7, 2017];
  29. Poehling KA, Edwards KM, Griffin MR, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA,
    Iwane MK, et al. The burden of influenza in young children, 2004-2009.
    Pediatrics. 2013 Feb;131(2):207-16.
  30. Bourgeois FT, Valim C, Wei JC, McAdam AJ, Mandl KD. Influenza
    and other respiratory virus-related emergency department visits among young
    children. Pediatrics. 2006 Jul;118(1):e1-8.
  31. Jules A, Grijalva CG, Zhu Y, Talbot HK, Williams JV, Poehling
    KA, et al. Influenza-related hospitalization and ED visits in children less
    than 5 years: 2000-2011. Pediatrics. 2015 Jan;135(1):e66-74.
  32. Izurieta HS, Thompson WW, Kramarz P, Shay DK, Davis RL,
    DeStefano F, et al. Influenza and the rates of hospitalization for respiratory
    disease among infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan
    27;342(4):232-9.
  33. Mullooly JP, Barker WH. Impact of type A influenza on children:
    a retrospective study. Am J Public Health. 1982 Sep;72(9):1008-16.
  34. Ampofo K, Gesteland PH, Bender J, Mills M, Daly J, Samore M, et
    al. Epidemiology, complications, and cost of hospitalization in children with
    laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. Pediatrics. 2006
    Dec;118(6):2409-17.
  35. Coffin SE, Zaoutis TE, Rosenquist AB, Heydon K, Herrera G,
    Bridges CB, et al. Incidence, complications, and risk factors for prolonged
    stay in children hospitalized with community-acquired influenza. Pediatrics.
    2007 Apr;119(4):740-8.
  36. Zhou H, Thompson WW, Viboud CG, Ringholz CM, Cheng PY, Steiner
    C, et al. Hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial
    virus in the United States, 1993-2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2012
    May;54(10):1427-36.
  37. Schrag SJ, Shay DK, Gershman K, Thomas A, Craig AS, Schaffner
    W, et al. Multistate surveillance for laboratory-confirmed,
    influenza-associated hospitalizations in children: 2003-2004. Pediatr Infect
    Dis J. 2006 May;25(5):395-400.
  38. Iwane MK, Edwards KM, Szilagyi PG, Walker FJ, Griffin MR,
    Weinberg GA, et al. Population-based surveillance for hospitalizations
    associated with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and
    parainfluenza viruses among young children. Pediatrics. 2004
    Jun;113(6):1758-64.
  39. Miller EK, Griffin MR, Edwards KM, Weinberg GA, Szilagyi PG,
    Staat MA, et al. Influenza burden for children with asthma. Pediatrics. 2008
    Jan;121(1):1-8.
  40. Neuzil KM, Wright PF, Mitchel EF, Jr., Griffin MR. The burden
    of influenza illness in children with asthma and other chronic medical
    conditions. J Pediatr. 2000 Dec;137(6):856-64.
  41. Finelli L, Fiore A, Dhara R, Brammer L, Shay DK, Kamimoto L, et
    al. Influenza-associated pediatric mortality in the United States: increase of
    Staphylococcus aureus coinfection. Pediatrics. 2008 Oct;122(4):805-11.
  42. Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR, Murray EL, Greenberg ME, Glover
    MJ, et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States,
    2003-2004. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 15;353(24):2559-67.
  43. CDC. FluView. Influenza-Associated Pediatric Mortality.
    Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2017 [cited 2017 21 April]; Available from: https://gis.cdc.gov/GRASP/Fluview/PedFluDeath.html.
  44. D’Mello T, Brammer L, Blanton L, Kniss K, Smith S, Mustaquim D,
    et al. Update: Influenza activity–United States, September 28, 2014-February
    21, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Mar 06;64(8):206-12.
  45. Molinari NA, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Messonnier ML, Thompson WW,
    Wortley PM, Weintraub E, et al. The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the
    US: measuring disease burden and costs. Vaccine. 2007 Jun
    28;25(27):5086-96.
  46. Campbell DS, Rumley MH. Cost-effectiveness of the influenza
    vaccine in a healthy, working-age population. J Occup Environ Med. 1997
    May;39(5):408-14.
  47. Bridges CB, Thompson WW, Meltzer MI, Reeve GR, Talamonti WJ,
    Cox NJ, et al. Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination of
    healthy working adults: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2000 Oct
    04;284(13):1655-63.
  48. Olsen GW, Burris JM, Burlew MM, Steinberg ME, Patz NV,
    Stoltzfus JA, et al. Absenteeism among employees who participated in a
    workplace influenza immunization program. J Occup Environ Med. 1998
    Apr;40(4):311-6.
  49. Nichol KL, Mallon KP, Mendelman PM. Cost benefit of influenza
    vaccination in healthy, working adults: an economic analysis based on the
    results of a clinical trial of trivalent live attenuated influenza virus
    vaccine. Vaccine. 2003 May 16;21(17-18):2207-17.
  50. Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L,
    Atkins CY, et al. Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in
    the United States (April 2009-April 2010). Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 01;52
    Suppl 1:S75-82.
  51. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Update: influenza activity –
    United States, 2009-10 season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Jul
    30;59(29):901-8.
  52. Epperson S, Blanton L, Kniss K, Mustaquim D, Steffens C, Wallis
    T, et al. Influenza activity – United States, 2013-14 season and composition
    of the 2014-15 influenza vaccines. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Jun
    06;63(22):483-90.
  53. Ramos JM, Garcia-Navarro MM, Gonzalez de la Aleja MP,
    Sanchez-Martinez R, Gimeno-Gascon A, Reus S, et al. Seasonal influenza in
    octogenarians and nonagenarians admitted to a general hospital: epidemiology,
    clinical presentation and prognostic factors. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2016
    Dec;29(6):296-301.
  54. Goodnight WH, Soper DE. Pneumonia in pregnancy. Crit Care Med.
    2005 Oct;33(10 Suppl):S390-7.
  55. Sokolow LZ, Naleway AL, Li DK, Shifflett P, Reynolds S,
    Henninger ML, et al. Severity of influenza and noninfluenza acute respiratory
    illness among pregnant women, 2010-2012. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015
    Feb;212(2):202 e1-11.
  56. Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF, Simonsen L, Griffin MR. Impact
    of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J
    Epidemiol. 1998 Dec 01;148(11):1094-102.
  57. Kort BA, Cefalo RC, Baker VV. Fatal influenza A pneumonia in
    pregnancy. Am J Perinatol. 1986 Jul;3(3):179-82.
  58. Dodds L, McNeil SA, Fell DB, Allen VM, Coombs A, Scott J, et
    al. Impact of influenza exposure on rates of hospital admissions and physician
    visits because of respiratory illness among pregnant women. CMAJ. 2007 Feb
    13;176(4):463-8.
  59. Harris J. Influenza occurring in pregnant women: a statistical
    study of thirteen hundred and fifty cases. JAMA. 1919;72:978-80.
  60. Louie JK, Acosta M, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA. Severe 2009 H1N1
    influenza in pregnant and postpartum women in California. N Engl J Med. 2009
    Jan 7;362(1):27-35.
  61. Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Rasmussen SA, Williams JL, Swerdlow DL,
    Biggerstaff MS, et al. H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in
    the USA. Lancet. 2009 Aug 08;374(9688):451-8.
  62. Freeman DW, Barno A. Deaths from Asian influenza associated
    with pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1959 Dec;78:1172-5.
  63. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. 2009 pandemic influenza A
    (H1N1) in pregnant women requiring intensive care – New York City, 2009. MMWR
    Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010 Mar 26;59(11):321-6.
  64. Creanga AA, Johnson TF, Graitcer SB, Hartman LK, Al-Samarrai T,
    Schwarz AG, et al. Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus
    infection in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Apr;115(4):717-26.
  65. Mosby LG, Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ. 2009 pandemic influenza A
    (H1N1) in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Obstet
    Gynecol. 2011 Jul;205(1):10-8.
  66. Siston AM, Rasmussen SA, Honein MA, Fry AM, Seib K, Callaghan
    WM, et al. Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women
    in the United States. JAMA. 2010 Apr 21;303(15):1517-25.
  67. Kourtis AP, Read JS, Jamieson DJ. Pregnancy and infection. N
    Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 05;370(23):2211-8.
  68. Cox S, Posner SF, McPheeters M, Jamieson DJ, Kourtis AP, Meikle
    S. Hospitalizations with respiratory illness among pregnant women during
    influenza season. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jun;107(6):1315-22.
  69. Haberg SE, Trogstad L, Gunnes N, Wilcox AJ, Gjessing HK,
    Samuelsen SO, et al. Risk of fetal death after pandemic influenza virus
    infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 24;368(4):333-40.
  70. Pierce M, Kurinczuk JJ, Spark P, Brocklehurst P, Knight M,
    Ukoss. Perinatal outcomes after maternal 2009/H1N1 infection: national cohort
    study. BMJ. 2011 Jun 14;342:d3214.
  71. Irving WL, James DK, Stephenson T, Laing P, Jameson C, Oxford
    JS, et al. Influenza virus infection in the second and third trimesters of
    pregnancy: a clinical and seroepidemiological study. BJOG. 2000
    Oct;107(10):1282-9.
  72. Griffiths PD, Ronalds CJ, Heath RB. A prospective study of
    influenza infections during pregnancy. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1980
    Jun;34(2):124-8.
  73. Hartert TV, Neuzil KM, Shintani AK, Mitchel EF, Jr., Snowden
    MS, Wood LB, et al. Maternal morbidity and perinatal outcomes among pregnant
    women with respiratory hospitalizations during influenza season. Am J Obstet
    Gynecol. 2003 Dec;189(6):1705-12.
  74. Edwards MJ. Review: Hyperthermia and fever during pregnancy.
    Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2006 Jul;76(7):507-16.
  75. Luteijn JM, Brown MJ, Dolk H. Influenza and congenital
    anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 2014
    Apr;29(4):809-23.
  76. Moretti ME, Bar-Oz B, Fried S, Koren G. Maternal hyperthermia
    and the risk for neural tube defects in offspring: systematic review and
    meta-analysis. Epidemiology. 2005 Mar;16(2):216-9.
  77. Oster ME, Riehle-Colarusso T, Alverson CJ, Correa A.
    Associations between maternal fever and influenza and congenital heart
    defects. J Pediatr. 2011 Jun;158(6):990-5.
  78. Shahrukh Hashmi S, Gallaway MS, Waller DK, Langlois PH, Hecht
    JT, National Birth Defects Prevention S. Maternal fever during early pregnancy
    and the risk of oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2010
    Mar;88(3):186-94.
  79. Botto LD, Erickson JD, Mulinare J, Lynberg MC, Liu Y. Maternal
    fever, multivitamin use, and selected birth defects: evidence of interaction?
    Epidemiology. 2002 Jul;13(4):485-8.
  80. Burney LE. Influenza immunization: Statement. Public Health
    Rep. 1960 Oct;75(10):944.
  81. Garg S, Jain S, Dawood FS, Jhung M, Perez A, D’Mello T, et al.
    Pneumonia among adults hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed seasonal
    influenza virus infection-United States, 2005-2008. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Aug
    26;15:369.
  82. Sheth AN, Althoff KN, Brooks JT. Influenza susceptibility,
    severity, and shedding in HIV-infected adults: a review of the literature.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 15;52(2):219-27.
  83. Perez CM, Dominguez MI, Ceballos ME, Moreno C, Labarca JA,
    Rabagliati R, et al. Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in HIV-1-infected patients.
    AIDS. 2010 Nov 27;24(18):2867-9.
  84. Riera M, Payeras A, Marcos MA, Viasus D, Farinas MC, Segura F,
    et al. Clinical presentation and prognosis of the 2009 H1N1 influenza A
    infection in HIV-1-infected patients: a Spanish multicenter study. AIDS. 2010
    Oct 23;24(16):2461-7.
  85. Martinez E, Marcos MA, Hoyo-Ulloa I, Anton A, Sanchez M,
    Vilella A, et al. Influenza A H1N1 in HIV-infected adults. HIV Med. 2011
    Apr;12(4):236-45.
  86. Neuzil KM, Reed GW, Mitchel EF, Jr., Griffin MR.
    Influenza-associated morbidity and mortality in young and middle-aged women.
    JAMA. 1999 Mar 10;281(10):901-7.
  87. Neuzil KM, Coffey CS, Mitchel EF, Jr., Griffin MR.
    Cardiopulmonary hospitalizations during influenza season in adults and
    adolescents with advanced HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003 Nov
    01;34(3):304-7.
  88. Cohen C, Moyes J, Tempia S, Groom M, Walaza S, Pretorius M, et
    al. Severe influenza-associated respiratory infection in high HIV prevalence
    setting, South Africa, 2009-2011. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013
    Nov;19(11):1766-74.
  89. Cohen C, Walaza S, Moyes J, Groome M, Tempia S, Pretorius M, et
    al. Epidemiology of severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) among adults and
    children aged >/=5 years in a high HIV-prevalence setting, 2009-2012. PLoS
    One. 2015;10(2):e0117716.
  90. Lin JC, Nichol KL. Excess mortality due to pneumonia or
    influenza during influenza seasons among persons with acquired
    immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Feb 12;161(3):441-6.
  91. Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J,
    et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States,
    April-June 2009. N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 12;361(20):1935-44.
  92. Kumar A, Zarychanski R, Pinto R, Cook DJ, Marshall J, Lacroix
    J, et al. Critically ill patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection in
    Canada. JAMA. 2009 Nov 04;302(17):1872-9.
  93. Louie JK, Acosta M, Winter K, Jean C, Gavali S, Schechter R, et
    al. Factors associated with death or hospitalization due to pandemic 2009
    influenza A(H1N1) infection in California. JAMA. 2009 Nov
    04;302(17):1896-902.
  94. Morgan OW, Bramley A, Fowlkes A, Freedman DS, Taylor TH,
    Gargiullo P, et al. Morbid obesity as a risk factor for hospitalization and
    death due to 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) disease. PLoS One. 2010 Mar
    15;5(3):e9694.
  95. Kwong JC, Campitelli MA, Rosella LC. Obesity and respiratory
    hospitalizations during influenza seasons in Ontario, Canada: a cohort study.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Sep;53(5):413-21.
  96. Coleman LA, Waring SC, Irving SA, Vandermause M, Shay DK,
    Belongia EA. Evaluation of obesity as an independent risk factor for medically
    attended laboratory-confirmed influenza. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013
    Mar;7(2):160-7.
  97. Webb SA, Pettila V, Seppelt I, Bellomo R, Bailey M, Cooper DJ,
    et al. Critical care services and 2009 H1N1 influenza in Australia and New
    Zealand. N Engl J Med. 2009 Nov 12;361(20):1925-34.
  98. Baker MG, Wilson N, Huang QS, Paine S, Lopez L, Bandaranayake
    D, et al. Pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v in New Zealand: the experience from
    April to August 2009. Euro Surveill. 2009 Aug 27;14(34).
  99. La Ruche G, Tarantola A, Barboza P, Vaillant L, Gueguen J,
    Gastellu-Etchegorry M, et al. The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza and indigenous
    populations of the Americas and the Pacific. Euro Surveill. 2009 Oct
    22;14(42).
  100. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Deaths related to 2009
    pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among American Indian/Alaska Natives – 12 states,
    2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Dec 11;58(48):1341-4.
  101. Hutchins SS, Fiscella K, Levine RS, Ompad DC, McDonald M.
    Protection of racial/ethnic minority populations during an influenza pandemic.
    Am J Public Health. 2009 Oct;99 Suppl 2:S261-70.
  102. Zarychanski R, Stuart TL, Kumar A, Doucette S, Elliott L,
    Kettner J, et al. Correlates of severe disease in patients with 2009 pandemic
    influenza (H1N1) virus infection. CMAJ. 2010 Feb 23;182(3):257-64.
  103. Groom AV, Jim C, Laroque M, Mason C, McLaughlin J, Neel L, et
    al. Pandemic influenza preparedness and vulnerable populations in tribal
    communities. Am J Public Health. 2009 Oct;99 Suppl 2:S271-8.
  104. Hennessy TW, Bruden D, Castrodale L, Komatsu K, Erhart LM,
    Thompson D, et al. A case-control study of risk factors for death from 2009
    pandemic influenza A(H1N1): is American Indian racial status an independent
    risk factor? Epidemiol Infect. 2016 Jan;144(2):315-24.
  105. Nichol KL. Heterogeneity of influenza case definitions and
    implications for interpreting and comparing study results. Vaccine. 2006 Nov
    10;24(44-46):6726-8.
  106. Jackson LA, Jackson ML, Nelson JC, Neuzil KM, Weiss NS.
    Evidence of bias in estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in seniors.
    Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Apr;35(2):337-44.
  107. Simonsen L, Taylor RJ, Viboud C, Miller MA, Jackson LA.
    Mortality benefits of influenza vaccination in elderly people: an ongoing
    controversy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Oct;7(10):658-66.
  108. Talbot HK, Nian H, Chen Q, Zhu Y, Edwards KM, Griffin MR.
    Evaluating the case-positive, control test-negative study design for influenza
    vaccine effectiveness for the frailty bias. Vaccine. 2016 Apr
    04;34(15):1806-9.
  109. Ferdinands JM, Shay DK. Magnitude of potential biases in a
    simulated case-control study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jan 01;54(1):25-32.
  110. Jackson ML, Rothman KJ. Effects of imperfect test sensitivity
    and specificity on observational studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness.
    Vaccine. 2015 Mar 10;33(11):1313-6.
  111. Chang DH, Bednarczyk RA, Becker ER, Hockenberry JM, Weiss PS,
    Orenstein WA, et al. Trends in U.S. hospitalizations and inpatient deaths from
    pneumonia and influenza, 1996-2011. Vaccine. 2016 Jan 20;34(4):486-94.
  112. Oxford JS, Schild GC, Potter CW, Jennings R. The specificity
    of the anti-haemagglutinin antibody response induced in man by inactivated
    influenza vaccines and by natural infection. J Hyg (Lond). 1979
    Feb;82(1):51-61.
  113. Neuzil KM, Dupont WD, Wright PF, Edwards KM. Efficacy of
    inactivated and cold-adapted vaccines against influenza A infection, 1985 to
    1990: the pediatric experience. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001
    Aug;20(8):733-40.
  114. Hirota Y, Kaji M, Ide S, Kajiwara J, Kataoka K, Goto S, et al.
    Antibody efficacy as a keen index to evaluate influenza vaccine effectiveness.
    Vaccine. 1997 Jun;15(9):962-7.
  115. La Montagne JR, Noble GR, Quinnan GV, Curlin GT, Blackwelder
    WC, Smith JI, et al. Summary of clinical trials of inactivated influenza
    vaccine – 1978. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Jul-Aug;5(4):723-36.
  116. He XS, Holmes TH, Zhang C, Mahmood K, Kemble GW, Lewis DB, et
    al. Cellular immune responses in children and adults receiving inactivated or
    live attenuated influenza vaccines. J Virol. 2006 Dec;80(23):11756-66.
  117. Fonville JM, Wilks SH, James SL, Fox A, Ventresca M, Aban M,
    et al. Antibody landscapes after influenza virus infection or vaccination.
    Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):996-1000.
  118. Petrie JG, Ohmit SE, Johnson E, Cross RT, Monto AS. Efficacy
    studies of influenza vaccines: effect of end points used and characteristics
    of vaccine failures. J Infect Dis. 2011 May 01;203(9):1309-15.
  119. King JC, Jr., Lichenstein R, Magder LS. Relationship of
    influenza vaccine match and use rate to medically attended acute respiratory
    illnesses in older residents of Maryland. November 13, 2012. Vaccine. 2013 Jan
    21;31(5):839-44.
  120. Belongia EA, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Greenlee RT, Balish A,
    Foust A, et al. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccines varied
    substantially with antigenic match from the 2004-2005 season to the 2006-2007
    season. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jan 15;199(2):159-67.
  121. Dean AS, Moffatt CR, Rosewell A, Dwyer DE, Lindley RI, Booy R,
    et al. Incompletely matched influenza vaccine still provides protection in
    frail elderly. Vaccine. 2010 Jan 08;28(3):864-7.
  122. Kelly HA, Sullivan SG, Grant KA, Fielding JE. Moderate
    influenza vaccine effectiveness with variable effectiveness by match between
    circulating and vaccine strains in Australian adults aged 20-64 years,
    2007-2011. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2013 Sep;7(5):729-37.
  123. Skowronski DM, Janjua NZ, De Serres G, Sabaiduc S, Eshaghi A,
    Dickinson JA, et al. Low 2012-13 influenza vaccine effectiveness associated
    with mutation in the egg-adapted H3N2 vaccine strain not antigenic drift in
    circulating viruses. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92153.
  124. Beran J, Peeters M, Dewe W, Raupachova J, Hobzova L, Devaster
    JM. Immunogenicity and safety of quadrivalent versus trivalent inactivated
    influenza vaccine: a randomized, controlled trial in adults. BMC Infect Dis.
    2013;13:224.
  125. Domachowske JB, Pankow-Culot H, Bautista M, Feng Y, Claeys C,
    Peeters M, et al. A randomized trial of candidate inactivated quadrivalent
    influenza vaccine versus trivalent influenza vaccines in children aged 3-17
    years. J Infect Dis. 2013 Jun 15;207(12):1878-87.
  126. Kieninger D, Sheldon E, Lin WY, Yu CJ, Bayas JM, Gabor JJ, et
    al. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent
    influenza vaccine candidate versus inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine: a
    phase III, randomized trial in adults aged >/=18 years. BMC Infect Dis.
    2013;13:343.
  127. Langley JM, Carmona Martinez A, Chatterjee A, Halperin SA,
    McNeil S, Reisinger KS, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated
    quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate: a phase III randomized controlled
    trial in children. J Infect Dis. 2013 Aug 15;208(4):544-53.
  128. Pepin S, Donazzolo Y, Jambrecina A, Salamand C, Saville M.
    Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in
    adults. Vaccine. 2013 Nov 12;31(47):5572-8.
  129. Greenberg DP, Robertson CA, Landolfi VA, Bhaumik A, Senders
    SD, Decker MD. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated quadrivalent
    influenza vaccine in children 6 months through 8 years of age. Pediatr Infect
    Dis J. 2014 Jun;33(6):630-6.
  130. Tinoco JC, Pavia-Ruz N, Cruz-Valdez A, Aranza Doniz C,
    Chandrasekaran V, Dewe W, et al. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of
    inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate versus inactivated
    trivalent influenza vaccine in healthy adults aged >/=18 years: a phase
    III, randomized trial. Vaccine. 2014 Mar 14;32(13):1480-7.
  131. Gorse GJ, Falsey AR, Ozol-Godfrey A, Landolfi V, Tsang PH.
    Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent intradermal influenza vaccine in
    adults. Vaccine. 2015 Feb 25;33(9):1151-9.
  132. Treanor JT, Albano FR, Sawlwin DC, Graves Jones A, Airey J,
    Formica N, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent inactivated
    influenza vaccine compared with two trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines
    containing alternate B strains in adults: A phase 3, randomized noninferiority
    study. Vaccine. 2017 Apr 04;35(15):1856-64.
  133. McLean HQ, Thompson MG, Sundaram ME, Kieke BA, Gaglani M,
    Murthy K, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the United States during
    2012-2013: variable protection by age and virus type. J Infect Dis. 2015 May
    15;211(10):1529-40.
  134. Ohmit SE, Thompson MG, Petrie JG, Thaker SN, Jackson ML,
    Belongia EA, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the 2011-2012 season:
    protection against each circulating virus and the effect of prior vaccination
    on estimates. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58(3):319-27.
  135. Frey S, Vesikari T, Szymczakiewicz-Multanowska A, Lattanzi M,
    Izu A, Groth N, et al. Clinical efficacy of cell culture-derived and
    egg-derived inactivated subunit influenza vaccines in healthy adults. Clin
    Infect Dis. 2010 Nov 01;51(9):997-1004.
  136. Beran J, Vesikari T, Wertzova V, Karvonen A, Honegr K,
    Lindblad N, et al. Efficacy of inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine
    against culture-confirmed influenza in healthy adults: a prospective,
    randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis. 2009 Dec
    15;200(12):1861-9.
  137. Neuzil KM, Jackson LA, Nelson J, Klimov A, Cox N, Bridges CB,
    et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of 1 versus 2 doses of trivalent
    inactivated influenza vaccine in vaccine-naive 5-8-year-old children. J Infect
    Dis. 2006 Oct 15;194(8):1032-9.
  138. Allison MA, Daley MF, Crane LA, Barrow J, Beaty BL, Allred N,
    et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in healthy 6- to 21-month-old children
    during the 2003-2004 season. J Pediatr. 2006 Dec;149(6):755-62.
  139. Ritzwoller DP, Bridges CB, Shetterly S, Yamasaki K, Kolczak M,
    France EK. Effectiveness of the 2003-2004 influenza vaccine among children 6
    months to 8 years of age, with 1 vs 2 doses. Pediatrics. 2005
    Jul;116(1):153-9.
  140. Eisenberg KW, Szilagyi PG, Fairbrother G, Griffin MR, Staat M,
    Shone LP, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza
    in children 6 to 59 months of age during the 2003-2004 and 2004-2005 influenza
    seasons. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov;122(5):911-9.
  141. Vesikari T, Knuf M, Wutzler P, Karvonen A, Kieninger-Baum D,
    Schmitt HJ, et al. Oil-in-water emulsion adjuvant with influenza vaccine in
    young children. N Engl J Med. 2011 Oct 13;365(15):1406-16.
  142. Clover RD, Crawford S, Glezen WP, Taber LH, Matson CC, Couch
    RB. Comparison of heterotypic protection against influenza A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1)
    by attenuated and inactivated vaccines to A/Chile/83-like viruses. J Infect
    Dis. 1991 Feb;163(2):300-4.
  143. Hoberman A, Greenberg DP, Paradise JL, Rockette HE, Lave JR,
    Kearney DH, et al. Effectiveness of inactivated influenza vaccine in
    preventing acute otitis media in young children: a randomized controlled
    trial. JAMA. 2003 Sep 24;290(12):1608-16.
  144. Clements DA, Langdon L, Bland C, Walter E. Influenza A vaccine
    decreases the incidence of otitis media in 6- to 30-month-old children in day
    care. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995 Oct;149(10):1113-7.
  145. Heikkinen T, Ruuskanen O, Waris M, Ziegler T, Arola M, Halonen
    P. Influenza vaccination in the prevention of acute otitis media in children.
    Am J Dis Child. 1991 Apr;145(4):445-8.
  146. Osterholm MT, Kelley NS, Sommer A, Belongia EA. Efficacy and
    effectiveness of influenza vaccines: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2012 Jan;12(1):36-44.
  147. Petrie JG, Cheng C, Malosh RE, VanWormer JJ, Flannery B,
    Zimmerman RK, et al. Illness Severity and Work Productivity Loss Among Working
    Adults With Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Illnesses: US Influenza
    Vaccine Effectiveness Network 2012-2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb
    15;62(4):448-55.
  148. Reber AJ, Chirkova T, Kim JH, Cao W, Biber R, Shay DK, et al.
    Immunosenescence and Challenges of Vaccination against Influenza in the Aging
    Population. Aging Dis. 2012 Feb;3(1):68-90.
  149. Goodwin K, Viboud C, Simonsen L. Antibody response to
    influenza vaccination in the elderly: a quantitative review. Vaccine. 2006 Feb
    20;24(8):1159-69.
  150. Dunning AJ, DiazGranados CA, Voloshen T, Hu B, Landolfi VA,
    Talbot HK. Correlates of Protection against Influenza in the Elderly: Results
    from an Influenza Vaccine Efficacy Trial. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2016 Jan
    13;23(3):228-35.
  151. Gross PA, Weksler ME, Quinnan GV, Jr., Douglas RG, Jr.,
    Gaerlan PF, Denning CR. Immunization of elderly people with two doses of
    influenza vaccine. J Clin Microbiol. 1987 Sep;25(9):1763-5.
  152. Feery BJ, Cheyne IM, Hampson AW, Atkinson MI. Antibody
    response to one and two doses of influenza virus subunit vaccine. Med J Aust.
    1976 Feb 14;1(7):186, 8-9.
  153. Levine M, Beattie BL, McLean DM. Comparison of one- and
    two-dose regimens of influenza vaccine for elderly men. CMAJ. 1987 Oct
    15;137(8):722-6.
  154. Govaert TM, Thijs CT, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ, Dinant GJ,
    Knottnerus JA. The efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly individuals. A
    randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. JAMA. 1994 Dec
    07;272(21):1661-5.
  155. Jefferson T, Di Pietrantonj C, Al-Ansary LA, Ferroni E,
    Thorning S, Thomas RE. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Feb 17(2):CD004876.
  156. Beyer WE, McElhaney J, Smith DJ, Monto AS, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS,
    Osterhaus AD. Cochrane re-arranged: support for policies to vaccinate elderly
    people against influenza. Vaccine. 2013 Dec 05;31(50):6030-3.
  157. Darvishian M, Bijlsma MJ, Hak E, van den Heuvel ER.
    Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in community-dwelling elderly
    people: a meta-analysis of test-negative design case-control studies. Lancet
    Infect Dis. 2014 Dec;14(12):1228-39.
  158. Gross PA, Hermogenes AW, Sacks HS, Lau J, Levandowski RA. The
    efficacy of influenza vaccine in elderly persons. A meta-analysis and review
    of the literature. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Oct 01;123(7):518-27.
  159. Hak E, Nordin J, Wei F, Mullooly J, Poblete S, Strikas R, et
    al. Influence of high-risk medical conditions on the effectiveness of
    influenza vaccination among elderly members of 3 large managed-care
    organizations. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Aug 15;35(4):370-7.
  160. Mullooly JP, Bennett MD, Hornbrook MC, Barker WH, Williams WW,
    Patriarca PA, et al. Influenza vaccination programs for elderly persons:
    cost-effectiveness in a health maintenance organization. Ann Intern Med. 1994
    Dec 15;121(12):947-52.
  161. Nichol KL, Nordin JD, Nelson DB, Mullooly JP, Hak E.
    Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J
    Med. 2007 Oct 04;357(14):1373-81.
  162. Nordin J, Mullooly J, Poblete S, Strikas R, Petrucci R, Wei F,
    et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in preventing hospitalizations and
    deaths in persons 65 years or older in Minnesota, New York, and Oregon: data
    from 3 health plans. J Infect Dis. 2001 Sep 15;184(6):665-70.
  163. Chiu PJ, Chen CH, Chih YC. Effectiveness of the influenza
    vaccination program for the elderly in Taiwan. Vaccine. 2013 Jan
    11;31(4):632-8.
  164. Simonsen L, Viboud C, Taylor RJ. Effectiveness of influenza
    vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 27;357(26):2729-30; author reply
    30-1.
  165. Jackson LA, Nelson JC, Benson P, Neuzil KM, Reid RJ, Psaty BM,
    et al. Functional status is a confounder of the association of influenza
    vaccine and risk of all cause mortality in seniors. Int J Epidemiol. 2006
    Apr;35(2):345-52.
  166. Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C,
    Demicheli V. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly
    people: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005 Oct 01;366(9492):1165-74.
  167. Nelson JC, Jackson ML, Jackson LA. Effectiveness of influenza
    vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 27;357(26):2728-9; author reply 30-1.
  168. Wong K, Campitelli MA, Stukel TA, Kwong JC. Estimating
    influenza vaccine effectiveness in community-dwelling elderly patients using
    the instrumental variable analysis method. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Mar
    26;172(6):484-91.
  169. Baxter R, Ray GT, Fireman BH. Effect of influenza vaccination
    on hospitalizations in persons aged 50 years and older. Vaccine. 2010 Oct
    21;28(45):7267-72.
  170. Fireman B, Lee J, Lewis N, Bembom O, van der Laan M, Baxter R.
    Influenza vaccination and mortality: differentiating vaccine effects from
    bias. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Sep 01;170(5):650-6.
  171. Kwong JC, Campitelli MA, Gubbay JB, Peci A, Winter AL, Olsha
    R, et al. Vaccine effectiveness against laboratory-confirmed influenza
    hospitalizations among elderly adults during the 2010-2011 season. Clin Infect
    Dis. 2013 Sep;57(6):820-7.
  172. VanWormer JJ, Sundaram ME, Meece JK, Belongia EA. A
    cross-sectional analysis of symptom severity in adults with influenza and
    other acute respiratory illness in the outpatient setting. BMC Infect Dis.
    2014 May 01;14:231.
  173. Arriola CS, Anderson EJ, Baumbach J, Bennett N, Bohm S, Hill
    M, et al. Does Influenza Vaccination Modify Influenza Severity? Data on Older
    Adults Hospitalized With Influenza During the 2012-2013 Season in the United
    States. J Infect Dis. 2015 Oct 15;212(8):1200-8.
  174. Arriola CS, Garg S, Anderson EJ, Ryan PA, George A, Zansky SM,
    et al. Influenza vaccination modifies disease severity among
    community-dwelling adults hospitalized with influenza. Clin Infect Dis. 2017
    May 19.
  175. Monto AS, Hornbuckle K, Ohmit SE. Influenza vaccine
    effectiveness among elderly nursing home residents: a cohort study. Am J
    Epidemiol. 2001 Jul 15;154(2):155-60.
  176. Ohmit SE, Arden NH, Monto AS. Effectiveness of inactivated
    influenza vaccine among nursing home residents during an influenza type A
    (H3N2) epidemic. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 Feb;47(2):165-71.
  177. Rivetti D, Jefferson T, Thomas R, Rudin M, Rivetti A, Di
    Pietrantonj C, et al. Vaccines for preventing influenza in the elderly.
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19(3):CD004876.
  178. Coles FB, Balzano GJ, Morse DL. An outbreak of influenza A
    (H3N2) in a well immunized nursing home population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992
    Jun;40(6):589-92.
  179. Libow LS, Neufeld RR, Olson E, Breuer B, Starer P. Sequential
    outbreak of influenza A and B in a nursing home: efficacy of vaccine and
    amantadine. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996 Oct;44(10):1153-7.
  180. Englund JA, Mbawuike IN, Hammill H, Holleman MC, Baxter BD,
    Glezen WP. Maternal immunization with influenza or tetanus toxoid vaccine for
    passive antibody protection in young infants. J Infect Dis. 1993
    Sep;168(3):647-56.
  181. Reuman PD, Ayoub EM, Small PA. Effect of passive maternal
    antibody on influenza illness in children: a prospective study of influenza A
    in mother-infant pairs. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987 Apr;6(4):398-403.
  182. Helmig RB, Maimburg RD, Erikstrup C, Nielsen HS, Petersen OB,
    Nielsen LP, et al. Antibody response to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in vaccinated,
    serologically infected and unaffected pregnant women and their newborns. Acta
    Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2015 Aug;94(8):833-9.
  183. Zaman K, Roy E, Arifeen SE, Rahman M, Raqib R, Wilson E, et
    al. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N
    Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 09;359(15):1555-64.
  184. Madhi SA, Nunes MC, Cutland CL. Influenza vaccination of
    pregnant women and protection of their infants. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec
    11;371(24):2340.
  185. Tapia MD, Sow SO, Tamboura B, Teguete I, Pasetti MF, Kodio M,
    et al. Maternal immunisation with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for
    prevention of influenza in infants in Mali: a prospective, active-controlled,
    observer-blind, randomised phase 4 trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016
    Sep;16(9):1026-35.
  186. Steinhoff MC, Katz J, Englund JA, Khatry SK, Shrestha L,
    Kuypers J, et al. Year-round influenza immunisation during pregnancy in Nepal:
    a phase 4, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 May
    15.
  187. Benowitz I, Esposito DB, Gracey KD, Shapiro ED, Vazquez M.
    Influenza vaccine given to pregnant women reduces hospitalization due to
    influenza in their infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15;51(12):1355-61.
  188. Eick AA, Uyeki TM, Klimov A, Hall H, Reid R, Santosham M, et
    al. Maternal influenza vaccination and effect on influenza virus infection in
    young infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Feb;165(2):104-11.
  189. Poehling KA, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, Snively BM, Payne DC,
    Bridges CB, et al. Impact of maternal immunization on influenza
    hospitalizations in infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jun;204(6 Suppl
    1):S141-8.
  190. Thompson MG, Li DK, Shifflett P, Sokolow LZ, Ferber JR,
    Kurosky S, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine for
    preventing influenza virus illness among pregnant women: a population-based
    case-control study during the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 influenza seasons. Clin
    Infect Dis. 2014 Feb;58(4):449-57.
  191. Sugaya N, Nerome K, Ishida M, Matsumoto M, Mitamura K,
    Nirasawa M. Efficacy of inactivated vaccine in preventing antigenically
    drifted influenza type A and well-matched type B. JAMA. 1994 Oct
    12;272(14):1122-6.
  192. Smits AJ, Hak E, Stalman WA, van Essen GA, Hoes AW, Verheij
    TJ. Clinical effectiveness of conventional influenza vaccination in asthmatic
    children. Epidemiol Infect. 2002 Apr;128(2):205-11.
  193. Kramarz P, Destefano F, Gargiullo PM, Chen RT, Lieu TA, Davis
    RL, et al. Does influenza vaccination prevent asthma exacerbations in
    children? J Pediatr. 2001 Mar;138(3):306-10.
  194. Ong BA, Forester J, Fallot A. Does influenza vaccination
    improve pediatric asthma outcomes? The Journal of asthma : official journal of
    the Association for the Care of Asthma. 2009 Jun;46(5):477-80.
  195. Bueving HJ, Bernsen RM, de Jongste JC, van Suijlekom-Smit LW,
    Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, et al. Influenza vaccination in children with
    asthma: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit
    Care Med. 2004 Feb 15;169(4):488-93.
  196. Christy C, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Pulcino T, Weitzman M.
    Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for the prevention of asthma exacerbations.
    Arch Dis Child. 2004 Aug;89(8):734-5.
  197. Park CL, Frank AL, Sullivan M, Jindal P, Baxter BD. Influenza
    vaccination of children during acute asthma exacerbation and concurrent
    prednisone therapy. Pediatrics. 1996 Aug;98(2 Pt 1):196-200.
  198. Herrera GA, Iwane MK, Cortese M, Brown C, Gershman K, Shupe A,
    et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness among 50-64-year-old persons during a
    season of poor antigenic match between vaccine and circulating influenza virus
    strains: Colorado, United States, 2003-2004. Vaccine. 2007 Jan
    02;25(1):154-60.
  199. Hak E, Buskens E, van Essen GA, de Bakker DH, Grobbee DE,
    Tacken MA, et al. Clinical effectiveness of influenza vaccination in persons
    younger than 65 years with high-risk medical conditions: the PRISMA study.
    Arch Intern Med. 2005 Feb 14;165(3):274-80.
  200. Looijmans-Van den Akker I, Verheij TJ, Buskens E, Nichol KL,
    Rutten GE, Hak E. Clinical effectiveness of first and repeat influenza
    vaccination in adult and elderly diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 2006
    Aug;29(8):1771-6.
  201. Wongsurakiat P, Maranetra KN, Wasi C, Kositanont U,
    Dejsomritrutai W, Charoenratanakul S. Acute respiratory illness in patients
    with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized
    controlled study. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2011-20.
  202. Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RW, Cates CJ. Influenza vaccine
    for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database
    Syst Rev. 2006 Jan 25(1):CD002733.
  203. Cates CJ, Rowe BH. Vaccines for preventing influenza in people
    with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Feb 28(2):CD000364.
  204. Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington P,
    Vallance P. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or
    vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2004 Dec 16;351(25):2611-8.
  205. Gurfinkel EP, de la Fuente RL, Mendiz O, Mautner B. Influenza
    vaccine pilot study in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous
    coronary interventions: the FLU Vaccination Acute Coronary Syndromes (FLUVACS)
    Study. Circulation. 2002 May 07;105(18):2143-7.
  206. Gurfinkel EP, Leon de la Fuente R, Mendiz O, Mautner B. Flu
    vaccination in acute coronary syndromes and planned percutaneous coronary
    interventions (FLUVACS) Study. Eur Heart J. 2004 Jan;25(1):25-31.
  207. Ciszewski A, Bilinska ZT, Brydak LB, Kepka C, Kruk M,
    Romanowska M, et al. Influenza vaccination in secondary prevention from
    coronary ischaemic events in coronary artery disease: FLUCAD study. Eur Heart
    J. 2008 Jun;29(11):1350-8.
  208. Phrommintikul A, Kuanprasert S, Wongcharoen W, Kanjanavanit R,
    Chaiwarith R, Sukonthasarn A. Influenza vaccination reduces cardiovascular
    events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2011
    Jul;32(14):1730-5.
  209. Breteler JK, Tam JS, Jit M, Ket JC, De Boer MR. Efficacy and
    effectiveness of seasonal and pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza vaccines in low
    and middle income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine.
    2013 Oct 25;31(45):5168-77.
  210. Asghar Z, Coupland C, Siriwardena N. Influenza vaccination and
    risk of stroke: Self-controlled case-series study. Vaccine. 2015 Oct
    05;33(41):5458-63.
  211. Black S, Nicolay U, Del Giudice G, Rappuoli R. Influence of
    Statins on Influenza Vaccine Response in Elderly Individuals. J Infect Dis.
    2016 Apr 15;213(8):1224-8.
  212. Omer SB, Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Chamberlain AT, Brosseau
    JL, Orenstein WA. Impact of Statins on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against
    Medically Attended Acute Respiratory Illness. J Infect Dis. 2016 Apr
    15;213(8):1216-23.
  213. McLean HQ, Chow BD, VanWormer JJ, King JP, Belongia EA. Effect
    of Statin Use on Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness. J Infect Dis. 2016 Oct
    15;214(8):1150-8.
  214. Song JY, Cheong HJ, Ha SH, Hwang IS, Kee SY, Jeong HW, et al.
    Clinical impact of influenza immunization in patients with liver cirrhosis. J
    Clin Virol. 2007 Jul;39(3):159-63.
  215. Su FH, Huang YL, Sung FC, Su CT, Hsu WH, Chang SN, et al.
    Annual influenza vaccination reduces total hospitalization in patients with
    chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A population-based analysis. Vaccine.
    2016 Jan 02;34(1):120-7.
  216. Sperling RS, Engel SM, Wallenstein S, Kraus TA, Garrido J,
    Singh T, et al. Immunogenicity of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccination
    received during pregnancy or postpartum. Obstet Gynecol. 2012
    Mar;119(3):631-9.
  217. Sheridan PA, Paich HA, Handy J, Karlsson EA, Hudgens MG,
    Sammon AB, et al. Obesity is associated with impaired immune response to
    influenza vaccination in humans. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012
    Aug;36(8):1072-7.
  218. Talbot HK, Coleman LA, Crimin K, Zhu Y, Rock MT, Meece J, et
    al. Association between obesity and vulnerability and serologic response to
    influenza vaccination in older adults. Vaccine. 2012 Jun
    06;30(26):3937-43.
  219. Esposito S, Giavoli C, Trombetta C, Bianchini S, Montinaro V,
    Spada A, et al. Immunogenicity, safety and tolerability of inactivated
    trivalent influenza vaccine in overweight and obese children. Vaccine. 2016
    Jan 02;34(1):56-60.
  220. Gefenaite G, Rahamat-Langendoen J, Ambrozaitis A, Mickiene A,
    Jancoriene L, Kuliese M, et al. Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness
    against influenza in 2012-2013: a hospital-based case-control study in
    Lithuania. Vaccine. 2014 Feb 07;32(7):857-63.
  221. Chadwick EG, Chang G, Decker MD, Yogev R, Dimichele D, Edwards
    KM. Serologic response to standard inactivated influenza vaccine in human
    immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994
    Mar;13(3):206-11.
  222. Huang KL, Ruben FL, Rinaldo CR, Jr., Kingsley L, Lyter DW, Ho
    M. Antibody responses after influenza and pneumococcal immunization in
    HIV-infected homosexual men. JAMA. 1987 Apr 17;257(15):2047-50.
  223. Staprans SI, Hamilton BL, Follansbee SE, Elbeik T, Barbosa P,
    Grant RM, et al. Activation of virus replication after vaccination of
    HIV-1-infected individuals. J Exp Med. 1995 Dec 1;182(6):1727-37.
  224. Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, de Jong JC, Zwinderman K, van Furth
    R. Antibody response after influenza vaccination in HIV-infected individuals:
    a consecutive 3-year study. Vaccine. 2000 Jul 01;18(26):3040-9.
  225. Miotti PG, Nelson KE, Dallabetta GA, Farzadegan H, Margolick
    J, Clements ML. The influence of HIV infection on antibody responses to a
    two-dose regimen of influenza vaccine. JAMA. 1989 Aug 11;262(6):779-83.
  226. Fine AD, Bridges CB, De Guzman AM, Glover L, Zeller B, Wong
    SJ, et al. Influenza A among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: an
    outbreak of infection at a residential facility in New York City. Clin Infect
    Dis. 2001 Jun 15;32(12):1784-91.
  227. Madhi SA, Maskew M, Koen A, Kuwanda L, Besselaar TG, Naidoo D,
    et al. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in African adults infected with
    human immunodeficient virus: double blind, randomized clinical trial of
    efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan
    01;52(1):128-37.
  228. Madhi SA, Dittmer S, Kuwanda L, Venter M, Cassim H, Lazarus E,
    et al. Efficacy and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in HIV-infected
    children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. AIDS. 2013 Jan
    28;27(3):369-79.
  229. McKittrick N, Frank I, Jacobson JM, White CJ, Kim D, Kappes R,
    et al. Improved immunogenicity with high-dose seasonal influenza vaccine in
    HIV-infected persons: a single-center, parallel, randomized trial. Ann Intern
    Med. 2013 Jan 01;158(1):19-26.
  230. Hakim H, Allison KJ, Van de Velde LA, Tang L, Sun Y, Flynn PM,
    et al. Immunogenicity and safety of high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza
    vaccine compared to standard-dose vaccine in children and young adults with
    cancer or HIV infection. Vaccine. 2016 Jun 08;34(27):3141-8.
  231. Kumar D, Blumberg EA, Danziger-Isakov L, Kotton CN, Halasa NB,
    Ison MG, et al. Influenza vaccination in the organ transplant recipient:
    review and summary recommendations. American journal of transplantation :
    official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American
    Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2011 Oct;11(10):2020-30.
  232. Birdwell KA, Ikizler MR, Sannella EC, Wang L, Byrne DW,
    Ikizler TA, et al. Decreased antibody response to influenza vaccination in
    kidney transplant recipients: a prospective cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis.
    2009 Jul;54(1):112-21.
  233. Scharpe J, Evenepoel P, Maes B, Bammens B, Claes K, Osterhaus
    AD, et al. Influenza vaccination is efficacious and safe in renal transplant
    recipients. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the
    American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant
    Surgeons. 2008 Feb;8(2):332-7.
  234. Edvardsson VO, Flynn JT, Deforest A, Kaiser BA, Schulman SL,
    Bradley A, et al. Effective immunization against influenza in pediatric renal
    transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 1996 Dec;10(6 Pt 1):556-60.
  235. Nailescu C, Xu X, Zhou H, Hall H, Wilson AC, Leiser JD, et al.
    Influenza vaccine after pediatric kidney transplant: a Midwest Pediatric
    Nephrology Consortium study. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011 Mar;26(3):459-67.
  236. Krairittichai U, Chittaganpitch M. Efficacy of the trivalent
    influenza vaccination in Thai patients with hemodialysis or kidney transplant
    compared with healthy volunteers. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013 Mar;96 Suppl
    3:S1-7.
  237. Hurst FP, Lee JJ, Jindal RM, Agodoa LY, Abbott KC. Outcomes
    associated with influenza vaccination in the first year after kidney
    transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011 May;6(5):1192-7.
  238. Duchini A, Hendry RM, Nyberg LM, Viernes ME, Pockros PJ.
    Immune response to influenza vaccine in adult liver transplant recipients.
    Liver transplantation : official publication of the American Association for
    the Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation
    Society. 2001 Apr;7(4):311-3.
  239. Lawal A, Basler C, Branch A, Gutierrez J, Schwartz M, Schiano
    TD. Influenza vaccination in orthotopic liver transplant recipients: absence
    of post administration ALT elevation. American journal of transplantation :
    official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American
    Society of Transplant Surgeons. 2004 Nov;4(11):1805-9.
  240. Cordero E, Roca-Oporto C, Bulnes-Ramos A, Aydillo T, Gavalda
    J, Moreno A, et al. Two Doses of Inactivated Influenza Vaccine Improve Immune
    Response in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Results of TRANSGRIPE 1-2, a
    Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Apr
    01;64(7):829-38.
  241. Flublok Quadrivalent [Package Insert]. Meriden, CT: Protein
    Sciences; 2017.
  242. Flublok [Pachage insert]. Meriden, CT: Protein Sciences;
    2017.
  243. Treanor JJ, Schiff GM, Hayden FG, Brady RC, Hay CM, Meyer AL,
    et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin
    influenza vaccine: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Apr
    11;297(14):1577-82.
  244. Treanor JJ, El Sahly H, King J, Graham I, Izikson R, Kohberger
    R, et al. Protective efficacy of a trivalent recombinant hemagglutinin protein
    vaccine (FluBlok(R)) against influenza in healthy adults: a randomized,
    placebo-controlled trial. Vaccine. 2011 Oct 13;29(44):7733-9.
  245. Keitel WA, Treanor JJ, El Sahly HM, Gilbert A, Meyer AL,
    Patriarca PA, et al. Comparative immunogenicity of recombinant influenza
    hemagglutinin (rHA) and trivalent inactivated vaccine (TIV) among persons >
    or =65 years old. Vaccine. 2009 Dec 11;28(2):379-85.
  246. Baxter R, Patriarca PA, Ensor K, Izikson R, Goldenthal KL, Cox
    MM. Evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of FluBlok(R)
    trivalent recombinant baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza vaccine
    administered intramuscularly to healthy adults 50-64 years of age. Vaccine.
    2011 Mar 09;29(12):2272-8.
  247. Summary Basis for Regulatory Action–Flublok Quadrivalent. U.S.
    Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration;
    2016.
  248. Dunkle LM, Izikson R, Patriarca P, Goldenthal KL, Muse D,
    Callahan J, et al. Efficacy of Recombinant Influenza Vaccine in Adults 50
    Years of Age or Older. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 22;376(25):2427-36.
  249. King JC, Jr., Cox MM, Reisinger K, Hedrick J, Graham I,
    Patriarca P. Evaluation of the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of
    FluBlok trivalent recombinant baculovirus-expressed hemagglutinin influenza
    vaccine administered intramuscularly to healthy children aged 6-59 months.
    Vaccine. 2009 Nov 05;27(47):6589-94.
  250. Fluzone High-Dose [Package Insert]. Swiftwater, PA: Sanofi
    Pasteur; 2017.
  251. Couch RB, Winokur P, Brady R, Belshe R, Chen WH, Cate TR, et
    al. Safety and immunogenicity of a high dosage trivalent influenza vaccine
    among elderly subjects. Vaccine. 2007 Nov 01;25(44):7656-63.
  252. Falsey AR, Treanor JJ, Tornieporth N, Capellan J, Gorse GJ.
    Randomized, double-blind controlled phase 3 trial comparing the immunogenicity
    of high-dose and standard-dose influenza vaccine in adults 65 years of age and
    older. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jul 15;200(2):172-80.
  253. Keitel WA, Atmar RL, Cate TR, Petersen NJ, Greenberg SB, Ruben
    F, et al. Safety of high doses of influenza vaccine and effect on antibody
    responses in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May
    22;166(10):1121-7.
  254. Summary Basis for Regulatory Action, December 23, 2009–Fluzone
    High-Dose. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug
    Administration; 2009.
  255. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, Kirby D, Treanor J,
    Collins A, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine
    in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2014 Aug 14;371(7):635-45.
  256. DiazGranados CA, Robertson CA, Talbot HK, Landolfi V, Dunning
    AJ, Greenberg DP. Prevention of serious events in adults 65 years of age or
    older: A comparison between high-dose and standard-dose inactivated influenza
    vaccines. Vaccine. 2015 Sep 11;33(38):4988-93.
  257. Chit A, Becker DL, DiazGranados CA, Maschio M, Yau E, Drummond
    M. Cost-effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose inactivated influenza
    vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older: an economic evaluation of data from
    a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015
    Dec;15(12):1459-66.
  258. Gravenstein S, Davidson HE, Taljaard M, Ogarek J, Gozalo P,
    Han L, et al. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose
    influenza vaccination on numbers of US nursing home residents admitted to
    hospital: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2017 Jul 20.
  259. Richardson DM, Medvedeva EL, Roberts CB, Linkin DR, Centers
    for Disease C, Prevention Epicenter P. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose
    versus standard-dose influenza vaccination in community-dwelling veterans.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Jul 15;61(2):171-6.
  260. Izurieta HS, Thadani N, Shay DK, Lu Y, Maurer A, Foppa IM, et
    al. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza
    vaccines in US residents aged 65 years and older from 2012 to 2013 using
    Medicare data: a retrospective cohort analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015
    Mar;15(3):293-300.
  261. Shay DK, Chillarige Y, Kelman J, Forshee RA, Foppa IM,
    Wernecke M, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of High-Dose Versus Standard-Dose
    Influenza Vaccines Among US Medicare Beneficiaries in Preventing Postinfluenza
    Deaths During 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. J Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 02.
  262. Summary Basis for Regulatory Action–Fluad. U.S. Department of
    Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2017.
  263. Fluad [Package Insert]. Holly Springs, NC: Seqirus; 2017.
  264. Van Buynder PG, Konrad S, Van Buynder JL, Brodkin E, Krajden
    M, Ramler G, et al. The comparative effectiveness of adjuvanted and
    unadjuvanted trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) in the elderly.
    Vaccine. 2013 Dec 09;31(51):6122-8.
  265. Mannino S, Villa M, Apolone G, Weiss NS, Groth N, Aquino I, et
    al. Effectiveness of adjuvanted influenza vaccination in elderly subjects in
    northern Italy. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Sep 15;176(6):527-33.
  266. Spadea A, Unim B, Colamesta V, Meneghini A, D’Amici AM,
    Giudiceandrea B, et al. Is the adjuvanted influenza vaccine more effective
    than the trivalent inactivated vaccine in the elderly population? Results of a
    case-control study. Vaccine. 2014 Sep 15;32(41):5290-4.
  267. Lee MS, Mahmood K, Adhikary L, August MJ, Cordova J, Cho I, et
    al. Measuring antibody responses to a live attenuated influenza vaccine in
    children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Sep;23(9):852-6.
  268. Nolan T, Lee MS, Cordova JM, Cho I, Walker RE, August MJ, et
    al. Safety and immunogenicity of a live-attenuated influenza vaccine blended
    and filled at two manufacturing facilities. Vaccine. 2003 Mar
    7;21(11-12):1224-31.
  269. Zangwill KM, Droge J, Mendelman P, Marcy SM, Partridge S, Chiu
    CY, et al. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled evaluation of the
    safety and immunogenicity of three lots of intranasal trivalent influenza
    vaccine among young children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Aug;20(8):740-6.
  270. Block SL, Falloon J, Hirschfield JA, Krilov LR, Dubovsky F, Yi
    T, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent live attenuated
    influenza vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012
    Jul;31(7):745-51.
  271. Block SL, Yi T, Sheldon E, Dubovsky F, Falloon J. A
    randomized, double-blind noninferiority study of quadrivalent live attenuated
    influenza vaccine in adults. Vaccine. 2011 Nov 21;29(50):9391-7.
  272. Belshe RB, Mendelman PM, Treanor J, King J, Gruber WC, Piedra
    P, et al. The efficacy of live attenuated, cold-adapted, trivalent, intranasal
    influenzavirus vaccine in children. N Engl J Med. 1998 May
    14;338(20):1405-12.
  273. Belshe RB, Gruber WC, Mendelman PM, Cho I, Reisinger K, Block
    SL, et al. Efficacy of vaccination with live attenuated, cold-adapted,
    trivalent, intranasal influenza virus vaccine against a variant (A/Sydney) not
    contained in the vaccine. J Pediatr. 2000 Feb;136(2):168-75.
  274. Bracco Neto H, Farhat CK, Tregnaghi MW, Madhi SA, Razmpour A,
    Palladino G, et al. Efficacy and safety of 1 and 2 doses of live attenuated
    influenza vaccine in vaccine-naive children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009
    May;28(5):365-71.
  275. Vesikari T, Fleming DM, Aristegui JF, Vertruyen A, Ashkenazi
    S, Rappaport R, et al. Safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of cold-adapted
    influenza vaccine-trivalent against community-acquired, culture-confirmed
    influenza in young children attending day care. Pediatrics. 2006
    Dec;118(6):2298-312.
  276. Tam JS, Capeding MR, Lum LC, Chotpitayasunondh T, Jiang Z,
    Huang LM, et al. Efficacy and safety of a live attenuated, cold-adapted
    influenza vaccine, trivalent against culture-confirmed influenza in young
    children in Asia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Jul;26(7):619-28.
  277. Gaglani MJ, Piedra PA, Herschler GB, Griffith ME, Kozinetz CA,
    Riggs MW, et al. Direct and total effectiveness of the intranasal,
    live-attenuated, trivalent cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine against the
    2000-2001 influenza A(H1N1) and B epidemic in healthy children. Arch Pediatr
    Adolesc Med. 2004 Jan;158(1):65-73.
  278. Block SL, Heikkinen T, Toback SL, Zheng W, Ambrose CS. The
    efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine against influenza-associated
    acute otitis media in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011
    Mar;30(3):203-7.
  279. Nichol KL, Mendelman PM, Mallon KP, Jackson LA, Gorse GJ,
    Belshe RB, et al. Effectiveness of live, attenuated intranasal influenza virus
    vaccine in healthy, working adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999
    Jul 14;282(2):137-44.
  280. Monto AS, Ohmit SE, Petrie JG, Johnson E, Truscon R, Teich E,
    et al. Comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza
    vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 24;361(13):1260-7.
  281. Ohmit SE, Victor JC, Rotthoff JR, Teich ER, Truscon RK, Baum
    LL, et al. Prevention of antigenically drifted influenza by inactivated and
    live attenuated vaccines. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 14;355(24):2513-22.
  282. Ohmit SE, Victor JC, Teich ER, Truscon RK, Rotthoff JR, Newton
    DW, et al. Prevention of symptomatic seasonal influenza in 2005-2006 by
    inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2008 Aug
    1;198(3):312-7.
  283. Ambrose CS, Levin MJ, Belshe RB. The relative efficacy of
    trivalent live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in children and
    adults. Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 2011 Mar;5(2):67-75.
  284. Treanor JJ, Kotloff K, Betts RF, Belshe R, Newman F, Iacuzio
    D, et al. Evaluation of trivalent, live, cold-adapted (CAIV-T) and inactivated
    (TIV) influenza vaccines in prevention of virus infection and illness
    following challenge of adults with wild-type influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and
    B viruses. Vaccine. 1999 Dec 10;18(9-10):899-906.
  285. Wang Z, Tobler S, Roayaei J, Eick A. Live attenuated or
    inactivated influenza vaccines and medical encounters for respiratory
    illnesses among US military personnel. JAMA. 2009 Mar 4;301(9):945-53.
  286. Eick AA, Wang Z, Hughes H, Ford SM, Tobler SK. Comparison of
    the trivalent live attenuated vs. inactivated influenza vaccines among U.S.
    military service members. Vaccine. 2009 Jun 2;27(27):3568-75.
  287. Ashkenazi S, Vertruyen A, Aristegui J, Esposito S, McKeith DD,
    Klemola T, et al. Superior relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza
    vaccine compared with inactivated influenza vaccine in young children with
    recurrent respiratory tract infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006
    Oct;25(10):870-9.
  288. Belshe RB, Edwards KM, Vesikari T, Black SV, Walker RE,
    Hultquist M, et al. Live attenuated versus inactivated influenza vaccine in
    infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 2007 Feb 15;356(7):685-96.
  289. Fleming DM, Crovari P, Wahn U, Klemola T, Schlesinger Y,
    Langussis A, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of live attenuated
    cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, with trivalent inactivated
    influenza virus vaccine in children and adolescents with asthma. Pediatr
    Infect Dis J. 2006 Oct;25(10):860-9.
  290. Piedra PA, Gaglani MJ, Kozinetz CA, Herschler GB, Fewlass C,
    Harvey D, et al. Trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine
    administered during the 2003-2004 influenza type A (H3N2) outbreak provided
    immediate, direct, and indirect protection in children. Pediatrics. 2007
    Sep;120(3):e553-64.
  291. Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Sokolow LZ, Bresee JS, Cox NJ, Broder
    KR, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines:
    recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) —
    United States, 2014-15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Aug
    15;63(32):691-7.
  292. CDC. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
    Summary report: October 29–30, 2014 (Meeting minutes). Atlanta, GA: U.S.
    Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and
    Prevention; 2014.
  293. Gaglani M, Pruszynski J, Murthy K, Clipper L, Robertson A,
    Reis M, et al. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against 2009 Pandemic Influenza
    A(H1N1) Virus Differed by Vaccine Type During 2013-2014 in the United States.
    J Infect Dis. 2016 May 15;213(10):1546-56.
  294. Caspard H, Gaglani M, Clipper L, Belongia EA, McLean HQ,
    Griffin MR, et al. Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and
    inactivated influenza vaccine in children 2-17 years of age in 2013-2014 in
    the United States. Vaccine. 2016 Jan 02;34(1):77-82.
  295. Chung JR, Flannery B, Thompson MG, Gaglani M, Jackson ML,
    Monto AS, et al. Seasonal Effectiveness of Live Attenuated and Inactivated
    Influenza Vaccine. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb;137(2):1-10.
  296. Zimmerman RK, Nowalk MP, Chung J, Jackson ML, Jackson LA,
    Petrie JG, et al. 2014-2015 Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United
    States by Vaccine Type. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 15;63(12):1564-73.
  297. McLean HQ, Caspard H, Griffin MR, Poehling KA, Gaglani M,
    Belongia EA, et al. Effectiveness of live attenuated influenza vaccine and
    inactivated influenza vaccine in children during the 2014-2015 season.
    Vaccine. 2017 May 09;35(20):2685-93.
  298. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices summary report:
    February 26, 2015 (Meeting minutes). . Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health
    and Human Services, CDC; 2015.
  299. Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Olsen SJ, Bresee JS, Broder KR,
    Karron RA. Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations
    of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015-16
    Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Aug 7;64(30):818-25.
  300. Cotter CR, Jin H, Chen Z. A single amino acid in the stalk
    region of the H1N1pdm influenza virus HA protein affects viral fusion,
    stability and infectivity. PLoS Pathog. 2014 Jan;10(1):e1003831.
  301. Caspard H, Coelingh KL, Mallory RM, Ambrose CS. Association of
    vaccine handling conditions with effectiveness of live attenuated influenza
    vaccine against H1N1pdm09 viruses in the United States. Vaccine. 2016 Sep
    30;34(42):5066-72.
  302. FluMist Quadrivalent [Package Insert]. Gaithersburg, MD:
    MedImmune; 2016.
  303. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Summary
    report: June 22–23, 2016 (Meeting Minutes). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of
    Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;
    2016.
  304. Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Olsen SJ, Karron RA,
    Jernigan DB, et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with
    Vaccines. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016 Aug 26;65(5):1-54.
  305. Pebody R, Warburton F, Ellis J, Andrews N, Potts A, Cottrell
    S, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine for adults and children
    in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United
    Kingdom: 2015/16 end-of-season results. Euro Surveill. 2016 Sep
    22;21(38).
  306. Nohynek H, Baum U, Syrjanen R, Ikonen N, Sundman J, Jokinen J.
    Effectiveness of the live attenuated and the inactivated influenza vaccine in
    two-year-olds – a nationwide cohort study Finland, influenza season 2015/16.
    Euro Surveill. 2016 Sep 22;21(38).
  307. National Advisory Committee on Immunization. Advisory Commitee
    Statement. Canadian Immunization Guide Chapter on Influenza and Statement on
    Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2016-2017. Addensum: LAIV Use Children and
    Adolescents.  . Public Health Agency of Canada; 2016.
  308. Ambrose CS, Bright H, Mallory R. Letter to the editor:
    Potential causes of the decreased effectiveness of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09
    strain in live attenuated influenza vaccines. Euro Surveill. 2016 Nov
    10;21(45).
  309. Ochiai H, Shibata M, Kamimura K, Niwayama S. Evaluation of the
    efficacy of split-product trivalent A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B influenza
    vaccines: reactogenicity, immunogenicity and persistence of antibodies
    following two doses of vaccines. Microbiology and immunology.
    1986;30(11):1141-9.
  310. Kunzel W, Glathe H, Engelmann H, Van Hoecke C. Kinetics of
    humoral antibody response to trivalent inactivated split influenza vaccine in
    subjects previously vaccinated or vaccinated for the first time. Vaccine. 1996
    Aug;14(12):1108-10.
  311. Song JY, Cheong HJ, Hwang IS, Choi WS, Jo YM, Park DW, et al.
    Long-term immunogenicity of influenza vaccine among the elderly: Risk factors
    for poor immune response and persistence. Vaccine. 2010 May
    21;28(23):3929-35.
  312. Petrie JG, Ohmit SE, Johnson E, Truscon R, Monto AS.
    Persistence of Antibodies to Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase
    Following One or Two Years of Influenza Vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2015 Dec
    15;212(12):1914-22.
  313. Skowronski DM, Tweed SA, De Serres G. Rapid decline of
    influenza vaccine-induced antibody in the elderly: is it real, or is it
    relevant? J Infect Dis. 2008 Feb 15;197(4):490-502.
  314. Belongia EA, Sundaram ME, McClure DL, Meece JK, Ferdinands J,
    VanWormer JJ. Waning vaccine protection against influenza A (H3N2) illness in
    children and older adults during a single season. Vaccine. 2015 Jan
    1;33(1):246-51.
  315. Castilla J, Martinez-Baz I, Martinez-Artola V, Reina G, Pozo
    F, Garcia Cenoz M, et al. Decline in influenza vaccine effectiveness with time
    after vaccination, Navarre, Spain, season 2011/12. Euro Surveill.
    2013;18(5).
  316. Kissling E, Valenciano M, Larrauri A, Oroszi B, Cohen JM,
    Nunes B, et al. Low and decreasing vaccine effectiveness against influenza
    A(H3) in 2011/12 among vaccination target groups in Europe: results from the
    I-MOVE multicentre case-control study. Euro Surveill. 2013;18(5).
  317. Pebody R, Andrews N, McMenamin J, Durnall H, Ellis J, Thompson
    CI, et al. Vaccine effectiveness of 2011/12 trivalent seasonal influenza
    vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the
    United Kingdom: evidence of waning intra-seasonal protection. Euro Surveill.
    2013;18(5).
  318. Ferdinands JM, Fry AM, Reynolds S, Petrie J, Flannery B,
    Jackson ML, et al. Intraseason waning of influenza vaccine protection:
    Evidence from the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network, 2011-12 through
    2014-15. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 29.
  319. Hoskins TW, Davies JR, Allchin A, Miller CL, Pollock TM.
    Controlled trial of inactivated influenza vaccine containing the a-Hong Kong
    strain during an outbreak of influenza due to the a-England-42-72 strain.
    Lancet. 1973 Jul 21;2(7821):116-20.
  320. Hoskins TW, Davies JR, Smith AJ, Allchin A, Miller CL, Pollock
    TM. Influenza at Christ’s Hospital: March, 1974. Lancet. 1976 Jan
    17;1(7951):105-8.
  321. Hoskins TW, Davies JR, Smith AJ, Miller CL, Allchin A.
    Assessment of inactivated influenza-A vaccine after three outbreaks of
    influenza A at Christ’s Hospital. Lancet. 1979 Jan 06;1(8106):33-5.
  322. Belongia EA, Skowronski DM, McLean HQ, Chambers C, Sundaram
    ME, De Serres G. Repeated annual influenza vaccination and vaccine
    effectiveness: Review of evidence. Expert review of vaccines. 2017 May
    31.
  323. Keitel WA, Cate TR, Couch RB, Huggins LL, Hess KR. Efficacy of
    repeated annual immunization with inactivated influenza virus vaccines over a
    five year period. Vaccine. 1997 Jul;15(10):1114-22.
  324. Ohmit SE, Petrie JG, Malosh RE, Cowling BJ, Thompson MG, Shay
    DK, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in the community and the household.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2013 May;56(10):1363-9.
  325. Ohmit SE, Petrie JG, Malosh RE, Johnson E, Truscon R, Aaron B,
    et al. Substantial Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Households With Children
    During the 2013-2014 Influenza Season, When 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1)
    Virus Predominated. J Infect Dis. 2016 Apr 15;213(8):1229-36.
  326. Cheng AC, Macartney KK, Waterer GW, Kotsimbos T, Kelly PM,
    Blyth CC, et al. Repeated vaccination does not appear to impact on influenza
    vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation with confirmed influenza. Clin
    Infect Dis. 2017 Mar 17.
  327. McLean HQ, Thompson MG, Sundaram ME, Meece JK, McClure DL,
    Friedrich TC, et al. Impact of repeated vaccination on vaccine effectiveness
    against influenza A(H3N2) and B during 8 seasons. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Nov
    15;59(10):1375-85.
  328. Martinez-Baz I, Casado I, Navascues A, Diaz-Gonzalez J,
    Aguinaga A, Barrado L, et al. Effect of Repeated Vaccination With the Same
    Vaccine Component Against 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Virus. J Infect Dis.
    2017 Mar 15;215(6):847-55.
  329. France EK, Glanz JM, Xu S, Davis RL, Black SB, Shinefield HR,
    et al. Safety of the trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine among children: a
    population-based study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004
    Nov;158(11):1031-6.
  330. Hambidge SJ, Glanz JM, France EK, McClure D, Xu S, Yamasaki K,
    et al. Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children 6 to 23
    months old. JAMA. 2006 Oct 25;296(16):1990-7.
  331. Glanz JM, Newcomer SR, Hambidge SJ, Daley MF, Narwaney KJ, Xu
    S, et al. Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in children aged
    24 to 59 months in the vaccine safety datalink. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011
    Aug;165(8):749-55.
  332. Barry DW, Mayner RE, Hochstein HD, Dunlap RC, Rastogi SC,
    Hannah JE, et al. Comparative trial of influenza vaccines. II. Adverse
    reactions in children and adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1976 Jul;104(1):47-59.
  333. Stockwell MS, Broder KR, Lewis P, Jakob K, Iqbal S, Fernandez
    N, et al. Assessing Fever Frequency After Pediatric Live Attenuated Versus
    Inactivated Influenza Vaccination. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2016 Jun
    14.
  334. American Academy of Pediatrics. Febrile seizures: clinical
    practice guideline for the long-term management of the child with simple
    febrile seizures. Pediatrics. 2008;121(6):1281-6.
  335. Francis JR, Richmond P, Robins C, Lindsay K, Levy A, Effler
    PV, et al. An observational study of febrile seizures: the importance of viral
    infection and immunization. BMC Pediatr. 2016 Dec 03;16(1):202.
  336. Greene SK, Kulldorff M, Lewis EM, Li R, Yin R, Weintraub ES,
    et al. Near real-time surveillance for influenza vaccine safety:
    proof-of-concept in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project. Am J Epidemiol. 2010
    Jan 15;171(2):177-88.
  337. Australian Government Department of Health and
    Ageing–Therapeitic Goods Administration. Investigation into febrile reactions
    in young children following 2010 seasonal trivalent influenza vaccination.
    2010.
  338. CDC. Update: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on
    Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding use of CSL seasonal influenza vaccine
    (Afluria) in the United States during 2010-11. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010
    Aug 13;59(31):989-92.
  339. Rockman S, Dyson A, Koernig S, Becher D, Ng M, Morelli AB, et
    al. Evaluation of the bioactivity of influenza vaccine strains in vitro
    suggests that the introduction of new strains in the 2010 Southern Hemisphere
    trivalent influenza vaccine is associated with adverse events. Vaccine. 2014
    Jun 24;32(30):3861-8.
  340. Rockman S, Becher D, Dyson A, Koernig S, Morelli AB, Barnden
    M, et al. Role of viral RNA and lipid in the adverse events associated with
    the 2010 Southern Hemisphere trivalent influenza vaccine. Vaccine. 2014 Jun
    24;32(30):3869-76.
  341. Ramakrishna H, Gutsche JT, Patel PA, Evans AS, Weiner M,
    Morozowich ST, et al. The Year in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia:
    Selected Highlights From 2016. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017
    Feb;31(1):1-13.
  342. Airey J, Albano FR, Sawlwin DC, Jones AG, Formica N, Matassa
    V, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza
    virus vaccine compared with a comparator quadrivalent inactivated influenza
    vaccine in a pediatric population: A phase 3, randomized noninferiority study.
    Vaccine. 2017 May 09;35(20):2745-52.
  343. Leroy Z, Broder K, Menschik D, Shimabukuro T, Martin D.
    Febrile seizures after 2010-2011 influenza vaccine in young children, United
    States: a vaccine safety signal from the vaccine adverse event reporting
    system. Vaccine. 2012 Mar 2;30(11):2020-3.
  344. Tse A, Tseng HF, Greene SK, Vellozzi C, Lee GM. Signal
    identification and evaluation for risk of febrile seizures in children
    following trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Safety
    Datalink Project, 2010-2011. Vaccine. 2012 Mar 02;30(11):2024-31.
  345. CDC. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines:
    recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP),
    2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. [Practice Guideline]. 2011 Aug
    26;60(33):1128-32.
  346. Nuorti JP, Whitney CG. Prevention of pneumococcal disease
    among infants and children – use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine
    and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine – recommendations of the
    Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Dec
    10;59(RR-11):1-18.
  347. Duffy J, Weintraub E, Hambidge SJ, Jackson LA, Kharbanda EO,
    Klein NP, et al. Febrile Seizure Risk After Vaccination in Children 6 to 23
    Months. Pediatrics. 2016 Jul;138(1).
  348. Kawai AT, Martin D, Kulldorff M, Li L, Cole DV,
    McMahill-Walraven CN, et al. Febrile Seizures After 2010-2011 Trivalent
    Inactivated Influenza Vaccine. Pediatrics. 2015 Sep 14.
  349. Stockwell MS, Broder K, LaRussa P, Lewis P, Fernandez N,
    Sharma D, et al. Risk of fever after pediatric trivalent inactivated influenza
    vaccine and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA Pediatr. 2014
    Mar;168(3):211-9.
  350. Li R, Stewart B, McNeil MM, Duffy J, Nelson J, Kawai AT, et
    al. Post licensure surveillance of influenza vaccines in the Vaccine Safety
    Datalink in the 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 seasons. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf.
    2016 Apr 1.
  351. Yih WK, Kulldorff M, Sandhu SK, Zichittella L, Maro JC, Cole
    DV, et al. Prospective influenza vaccine safety surveillance using fresh data
    in the Sentinel System. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2016
    May;25(5):481-92.
  352. Fluzone Quadrivalent [Package Insert]. Swiftwater, PA: Sanofi
    Pasteur; 2017.
  353. Fluarix Quadrivalent [Package Insert]. Research Triangle Park,
    NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2017.
  354. Flulaval Quadrivalent [Package Insert]. Quebec City, QC,
    Canada: IB Biomedical Corporation of Quebec; 2017.
  355. Afluria Quadivalent [Package insert]. Parkville, Victoria,
    Austalia: Seqirus; 2017.
  356. Wang L, Chandrasekaran V, Domachowske JB, Li P, Innis BL, Jain
    VK. Immunogenicity and Safety of an Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine
    in US Children 6-35 Months of Age During 2013-2014: Results From A Phase II
    Randomized Trial. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015 Jul 16.
  357. Haber P, Moro PL, Cano M, Lewis P, Stewart B, Shimabukuro TT.
    Post-licensure surveillance of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine
    United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), July 2013-June
    2014. Vaccine. 2015 Apr 15;33(16):1987-92.
  358. Wright PF, Sell SH, Thompson J, Karzon DT. Clinical reactions
    and serologic response following inactivated monovalent influenza type B
    vaccine in young children and infants. J Pediatr. 1976 Jan;88(1):31-5.
  359. Wright PF, Thompson J, Vaughn WK, Folland DS, Sell SH, Karzon
    DT. Trials of influenza A/New Jersey/76 virus vaccine in normal children: an
    overview of age-related antigenicity and reactogenicity. J Infect Dis. 1977
    Dec;136 Suppl:S731-41.
  360. Wright PF, Dolin R, La Montagne JR. From the National
    Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of
    Health, the Center for Disease Control, and the Bureau of Biologics of the
    Food and Drug Administration. Summary of clinical trials of influenza
    vaccines–II. J Infect Dis. 1976 Dec;134(6):633-8.
  361. Gross PA. Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of bivalent
    influenza vaccine in one- and two-dose trials in children: a summary. J Infect
    Dis. 1977 Dec;136 Suppl:S616-25.
  362. Bernstein DI, Zahradnik JM, DeAngelis CJ, Cherry JD. Clinical
    reactions and serologic responses after vaccination with whole-virus or
    split-virus influenza vaccines in children aged 6 to 36 months. Pediatrics.
    1982 Apr;69(4):404-8.
  363. Groothuis JR, Levin MJ, Rabalais GP, Meiklejohn G, Lauer BA.
    Immunization of high-risk infants younger than 18 months of age with
    split-product influenza vaccine. Pediatrics. 1991 Jun;87(6):823-8.
  364. Halasa NB, Gerber MA, Berry AA, Anderson EL, Winokur P,
    Keyserling H, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of Full-Dose Trivalent
    Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) Compared With Half-Dose TIV Administered
    to Children 6 Through 35 Months of Age. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015
    Sep;4(3):214-24.
  365. Jain VK, Domachowske JB, Wang L, Ofori-Anyinam O,
    Rodriguez-Weber MA, Leonardi ML, et al. Time to Change Dosing of Inactivated
    Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Young Children: Evidence From a Phase III,
    Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2017 Jan 06.
  366. Govaert TM, Dinant GJ, Aretz K, Masurel N, Sprenger MJ,
    Knottnerus JA. Adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in elderly people:
    randomised double blind placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 1993 Oct
    16;307(6910):988-90.
  367. Margolis KL, Nichol KL, Poland GA, Pluhar RE. Frequency of
    adverse reactions to influenza vaccine in the elderly. A randomized,
    placebo-controlled trial. JAMA. 1990 Sep 5;264(9):1139-41.
  368. Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Lind A, Murdoch M, McFadden R, Hauge
    M, et al. Side effects associated with influenza vaccination in healthy
    working adults. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1996
    Jul 22;156(14):1546-50.
  369. Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P.
    Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: background for
    pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring. Vaccine. 2009 Mar
    26;27(15):2114-20.
  370. 21 CFR Part 600.80. Postmarketing reporting of adverse
    experiences. . Code of Federal Regulations. 2010;Title 21(http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=600/80external icon).
  371. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Jordanov E, Landolfi V, Denis M,
    Talbot HK. High-dose trivalent influenza vaccine compared to standard dose
    vaccine in elderly adults: safety, immunogenicity and relative efficacy during
    the 2009-2010 season. Vaccine. 2013 Jan 30;31(6):861-6.
  372. Moro PL, Arana J, Cano M, Menschik D, Yue X, Lewis P, et al.
    Postlicensure safety surveillance for high-dose trivalent inactivated
    influenza vaccine in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1 July
    2010-31 December 2010. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jun;54(11):1608-14.
  373. Kaka AS, Filice GA, Myllenbeck S, Nichol KL. Comparison of
    Side Effects of the 2015-2016 High-Dose, Inactivated, Trivalent Influenza
    Vaccine and Standard Dose, Inactivated, Trivalent Influenza Vaccine in Adults
    >/=65 Years. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017 Winter;4(1):ofx001.
  374. Jain VK, Chandrasekaran V, Wang L, Li P, Liu A, Innis BL. A
    historically-controlled Phase III study in adults to characterize the
    acceptability of a process change for manufacturing inactivated quadrivalent
    influenza vaccine. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:133.
  375. Haber P, Moro PL, Lewis P, Woo EJ, Jankosky C, Cano M.
    Post-licensure surveillance of quadrivalent inactivated influenza (IIV4)
    vaccine in the United States, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS),
    July 1, 2013-May 31, 2015. Vaccine. 2016 May 11;34(22):2507-12.
  376. Pasteur S. Fluzone Intradermal [Package Insert]. Swiftwater,
    PA. 2013.
  377. Young F, Marra F. A systematic review of intradermal influenza
    vaccines. Vaccine. 2011 Nov 8;29(48):8788-801.
  378. Moro PL, Harrington T, Shimabukuro T, Cano M, Museru OI,
    Menschik D, et al. Adverse events after Fluzone (R) Intradermal vaccine
    reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2011-2013.
    Vaccine. 2013 Oct 9;31(43):4984-7.
  379. Moro PL, Winiecki S, Lewis P, Shimabukuro TT, Cano M.
    Surveillance of adverse events after the first trivalent inactivated influenza
    vaccine produced in mammalian cell culture (Flucelvax((R))) reported to the
    Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), United States, 2013-2015.
    Vaccine. 2015 Nov 27;33(48):6684-8.
  380. Daubeney P, Taylor CJ, McGaw J, Brown EM, Ghosal S, Keeton BR,
    et al. Immunogenicity and tolerability of a trivalent influenza subunit
    vaccine (Influvac) in high-risk children aged 6 months to 4 years. Br J Clin
    Pract. 1997 Mar;51(2):87-90.
  381. Berry BB, Ehlert DA, Battiola RJ, Sedmak G. Influenza
    vaccination is safe and immunogenic when administered to hospitalized
    patients. Vaccine. 2001 May 14;19(25-26):3493-8.
  382. Wongsurakiat P, Maranetra KN, Gulprasutdilog P, Aksornint M,
    Srilum W, Ruengjam C, et al. Adverse effects associated with influenza
    vaccination in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled study. Respirology.
    2004 Nov;9(4):550-6.
  383. Patria MF, Tenconi R, Esposito S. Efficacy and safety of
    influenza vaccination in children with asthma. Expert review of vaccines. 2012
    Apr;11(4):461-8.
  384. Cates CJ, Rowe BH. Vaccines for preventing influenza in people
    with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD000364.
  385. American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers.
    The safety of inactivated influenza vaccine in adults and children with
    asthma. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 22;345(21):1529-36.
  386. Nicholson KG, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Ahmed AH, Wiselka MJ, Leese
    J, Ayres J, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled crossover trial on effect of
    inactivated influenza vaccine on pulmonary function in asthma. Lancet. 1998
    Jan 31;351(9099):326-31.
  387. Kmiecik T, Arnoux S, Kobryn A, Gorski P. Influenza vaccination
    in adults with asthma: safety of an inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine.
    The Journal of asthma : official journal of the Association for the Care of
    Asthma. 2007 Dec;44(10):817-22.
  388. Ho DD. HIV-1 viraemia and influenza. Lancet. 1992 Jun
    20;339(8808):1549.
  389. Amendola A, Boschini A, Colzani D, Anselmi G, Oltolina A,
    Zucconi R, et al. Influenza vaccination of HIV-1-positive and HIV-1-negative
    former intravenous drug users. J Med Virol. 2001 Dec;65(4):644-8.
  390. Fowke KR, D’Amico R, Chernoff DN, Pottage JC, Jr., Benson CA,
    Sha BE, et al. Immunologic and virologic evaluation after influenza
    vaccination of HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 1997 Jul;11(8):1013-21.
  391. Fuller JD, Craven DE, Steger KA, Cox N, Heeren TC, Chernoff D.
    Influenza vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults:
    impact on plasma levels of HIV type 1 RNA and determinants of antibody
    response. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Mar;28(3):541-7.
  392. Glesby MJ, Hoover DR, Farzadegan H, Margolick JB, Saah AJ. The
    effect of influenza vaccination on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 load: a
    randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis. 1996
    Dec;174(6):1332-6.
  393. Sullivan PS, Hanson DL, Dworkin MS, Jones JL, Ward JW. Effect
    of influenza vaccination on disease progression among HIV-infected persons.
    AIDS. 2000 Dec 1;14(17):2781-5.
  394. Couch RB. Influenza, influenza virus vaccine, and human
    immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Mar;28(3):548-51.
  395. Gunthard HF, Wong JK, Spina CA, Ignacio C, Kwok S,
    Christopherson C, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination on viral replication
    and immune response in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus
    receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis. 2000
    Feb;181(2):522-31.
  396. Danziger-Isakov L, Cherkassky L, Siegel H, McManamon M, Kramer
    K, Budev M, et al. Effects of influenza immunization on humoral and cellular
    alloreactivity in humans. Transplantation. 2010 Apr 15;89(7):838-44.
  397. Fraund S, Wagner D, Pethig K, Drescher J, Girgsdies OE,
    Haverich A. Influenza vaccination in heart transplant recipients. J Heart Lung
    Transplant. 1999 Mar;18(3):220-5.
  398. Suzuki M, Torii Y, Kawada J, Kimura H, Kamei H, Onishi Y, et
    al. Immunogenicity of inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine in adult and
    pediatric liver transplant recipients over two seasons. Microbiology and
    immunology. 2013 Oct;57(10):715-22.
  399. Moon JS, Souayah N. Guillain-Barre syndrome triggered by
    influenza vaccination in a recipient of liver transplant on FK506. Liver
    transplantation : official publication of the American Association for the
    Study of Liver Diseases and the International Liver Transplantation Society.
    2006 Oct;12(10):1537-9.
  400. Raman KS, Chandrasekar T, Reeve RS, Roberts ME, Kalra PA.
    Influenza vaccine-induced rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal transplant
    dysfunction. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of
    the European Dialysis and Transplant Association – European Renal Association.
    2006 Feb;21(2):530-1.
  401. Steinemann TL KB, Jennings CD. Corneal allograft rejection
    following immunization. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:575-8.
  402. Solomon A F-PJ. Bilateral simultaneous corneal graft rejection
    after influenza vaccination. . Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:708-9.
  403. Wertheim MS KM, Cook SD, Tole DM. Corneal transplant rejection
    following influenza vaccination. . Br J Ophthalmol. 2006;90(925).
  404. Hamilton A, Massera R, Maloof A. Stromal rejection in a deep
    anterior lamellar keratoplasty following influenza vaccination. Clin Exp
    Ophthalmol. 2015 Dec;43(9):838-9.
  405. Kalra V, Chaudhry R, Dua T, Dhawan B, Sahu JK, Mridula B.
    Association of Campylobacter jejuni infection with childhood Guillain-Barre
    syndrome: a case-control study. J Child Neurol. 2009 Jun;24(6):664-8.
  406. Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meche FG, Herbrink P, Schmitz
    PI, de Klerk MA, et al. The spectrum of antecedent infections in
    Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case-control study. Neurology. 1998
    Oct;51(4):1110-5.
  407. Sheikh KA, Nachamkin I, Ho TW, Willison HJ, Veitch J, Ung H,
    et al. Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides in Guillain-Barre syndrome:
    molecular mimicry and host susceptibility. Neurology. 1998
    Aug;51(2):371-8.
  408. Ropper AH. The Guillain-Barre syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1992 Apr
    23;326(17):1130-6.
  409. Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R, Sharshar T, Durand
    MC, Enouf V, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza virus infection.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Jan 01;48(1):48-56.
  410. Schonberger LB, Bregman DJ, Sullivan-Bolyai JZ, Keenlyside RA,
    Ziegler DW, Retailliau HF, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome following
    vaccination in the National Influenza Immunization Program, United States,
    1976–1977. Am J Epidemiol. 1979 Aug;110(2):105-23.
  411. Haber P, DeStefano F, Angulo FJ, Iskander J, Shadomy SV,
    Weintraub E, et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome following influenza vaccination.
    JAMA. 2004 Nov 24;292(20):2478-81.
  412. Lasky T, Terracciano GJ, Magder L, Koski CL, Ballesteros M,
    Nash D, et al. The Guillain-Barre syndrome and the 1992-1993 and 1993-1994
    influenza vaccines. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 17;339(25):1797-802.
  413. Hurwitz ES, Schonberger LB, Nelson DB, Holman RC.
    Guillain-Barre syndrome and the 1978-1979 influenza vaccine. N Engl J Med.
    1981 Jun 25;304(26):1557-61.
  414. Kaplan JE, Katona P, Hurwitz ES, Schonberger LB.
    Guillain-Barre syndrome in the United States, 1979-1980 and 1980-1981. Lack of
    an association with influenza vaccination. JAMA. 1982 Aug
    13;248(6):698-700.
  415. Chen R, Kent J, Rhodes P, al. e. Investigations of a possible
    association between influenza vaccination and Guillain-Barre syndrome in the
    United States, 1990-1991 [Abstract 040]. Post Marketing Surveillance.
    1992;6:5-6.
  416. Juurlink DN, Stukel TA, Kwong J, Kopp A, McGeer A, Upshur RE,
    et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome after influenza vaccination in adults: a
    population-based study. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Nov 13;166(20):2217-21.
  417. Tam CC, O’Brien SJ, Petersen I, Islam A, Hayward A, Rodrigues
    LC. Guillain-Barre syndrome and preceding infection with campylobacter,
    influenza and Epstein-Barr virus in the general practice research database.
    PLoS One. 2007 Apr 04;2(4):e344.
  418. Hughes RA, Charlton J, Latinovic R, Gulliford MC. No
    association between immunization and Guillain-Barre syndrome in the United
    Kingdom, 1992 to 2000. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Jun 26;166(12):1301-4.
  419. Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E. Investigation of the
    temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and
    influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research
    Database. Am J Epidemiol. 2009 Feb 01;169(3):382-8.
  420. Martin Arias LH, Sanz R, Sainz M, Treceno C, Carvajal A.
    Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza vaccines: A meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2015
    Jul 17;33(31):3773-8.
  421. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Safety of influenza A
    (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines – United States, October 1-November 24, 2009.
    MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009 Dec 11;58(48):1351-6.
  422. Tokars JI, Lewis P, DeStefano F, Wise M, Viray M, Morgan O, et
    al. The risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with influenza A (H1N1)
    2009 monovalent vaccine and 2009-2010 seasonal influenza vaccines: results
    from self-controlled analyses. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. 2012
    May;21(5):546-52.
  423. Wise ME, Viray M, Sejvar JJ, Lewis P, Baughman AL, Connor W,
    et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome during the 2009-2010 H1N1 influenza vaccination
    campaign: population-based surveillance among 45 million Americans. Am J
    Epidemiol. 2012 Jun 01;175(11):1110-9.
  424. Greene SK, Rett M, Weintraub ES, Li L, Yin R, Amato AA, et al.
    Risk of confirmed Guillain-Barre syndrome following receipt of monovalent
    inactivated influenza A (H1N1) and seasonal influenza vaccines in the Vaccine
    Safety Datalink Project, 2009-2010. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Jun
    01;175(11):1100-9.
  425. Yih WK, Lee GM, Lieu TA, Ball R, Kulldorff M, Rett M, et al.
    Surveillance for adverse events following receipt of pandemic 2009 H1N1
    vaccine in the Post-Licensure Rapid Immunization Safety Monitoring (PRISM)
    System, 2009-2010. Am J Epidemiol. 2012 Jun 01;175(11):1120-8.
  426. Burwen DR, Sandhu SK, MaCurdy TE, Kelman JA, Gibbs JM, Garcia
    B, et al. Surveillance for Guillain-Barre syndrome after influenza vaccination
    among the Medicare population, 2009-2010. Am J Public Health. 2012
    Oct;102(10):1921-7.
  427. Salmon DA, Proschan M, Forshee R, Gargiullo P, Bleser W,
    Burwen DR, et al. Association between Guillain-Barre syndrome and influenza A
    (H1N1) 2009 monovalent inactivated vaccines in the USA: a meta-analysis.
    Lancet. 2013 Apr 27;381(9876):1461-8.
  428. Vellozzi C, Iqbal S, Broder K. Guillain-Barre syndrome,
    influenza, and influenza vaccination: the epidemiologic evidence. Clin Infect
    Dis. 2014 Apr;58(8):1149-55.
  429. Pritchard J, Mukherjee R, Hughes RA. Risk of relapse of
    Guillain-Barre syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating
    polyradiculoneuropathy following immunisation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.
    2002 Sep;73(3):348-9.
  430. Baxter R, Lewis N, Bakshi N, Vellozzi C, Klein NP, Network C.
    Recurrent Guillain-Barre syndrome following vaccination. Clin Infect Dis. 2012
    Mar;54(6):800-4.
  431. National Advisory Committee on I. An Advisory Committee
    Statement (ACS). National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI).
    Supplementary Statement for the 2001-2002 season: influenza vaccination of
    persons who experienced oculo-respiratory syndrome following previous
    influenza vaccination. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 Nov 15;27:1-7.
  432. National Advisory Committee on I. An Advisory Committee
    Statement (ACS). National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI).
    Supplementary statement on influenza vaccination: continued use of Fluviral
    influenza vaccine in the 2000-2001 season. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 Jan
    15;27:1-3.
  433. Boulianne N, De Serres G, Duval B, Shadmani R, Rochette L.
    Clinical manifestations and incidence of oculo-respiratory syndrome following
    influenza vaccination–Quebec, 2000. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2001 May
    15;27(10):85-90.
  434. De Serres G, Toth E, Menard S, Grenier JL, Roussel R, Tremblay
    M, et al. Oculo-respiratory syndrome after influenza vaccination: trends over
    four influenza seasons. Vaccine. 2005 May 25;23(28):3726-32.
  435. Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Hebert J, Stark D, Warrington R,
    Macnabb J, et al. Skin testing to evaluate oculo-respiratory syndrome (ORS)
    associated with influenza vaccination during the 2000-2001 season. Vaccine.
    2002 Jun 21;20(21-22):2713-9.
  436. De Serres G, Skowronski DM, Guay M, Rochette L, Jacobsen K,
    Fuller T, et al. Recurrence risk of oculorespiratory syndrome after influenza
    vaccination: randomized controlled trial of previously affected persons. Arch
    Intern Med. 2004 Nov 08;164(20):2266-72.
  437. Skowronski DM, Strauss B, Kendall P, Duval B, De Serres G. Low
    risk of recurrence of oculorespiratory syndrome following influenza
    revaccination. CMAJ. 2002 Oct 15;167(8):853-8.
  438. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Summary of the joint
    statement on thimerosal in vaccines. American Academy of Family Physicians,
    American Academy of Pediatrics, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices,
    Public Health Service. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000 Jul 14;49(27):622,
    31.
  439. Stratton K, Gable, A., McCormick, M.C. Report of the Institute
    of Medicine. Immunization safety review: thimerosal containing vaccines and
    neurodevelopmental disorders. In: Stratton K, McCormick, M.C., editor.
    Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
  440. Pichichero ME, Cernichiari E, Lopreiato J, Treanor J. Mercury
    concentrations and metabolism in infants receiving vaccines containing
    thiomersal: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2002 Nov 30;360(9347):1737-41.
  441. Verstraeten T, Davis RL, DeStefano F, Lieu TA, Rhodes PH,
    Black SB, et al. Safety of thimerosal-containing vaccines: a two-phased study
    of computerized health maintenance organization databases. Pediatrics. 2003
    Nov;112(5):1039-48.
  442. McCormick M, Bayer, R., Berg A,, et al. Report of the
    Institute of Medicine. Immunization safety review: vaccines and autism.
    Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2004.
  443. Pichichero ME, Gentile A, Giglio N, Umido V, Clarkson T,
    Cernichiari E, et al. Mercury levels in newborns and infants after receipt of
    thimerosal-containing vaccines. Pediatrics. 2008 Feb;121(2):e208-14.
  444. Schechter R, Grether JK. Continuing increases in autism
    reported to California’s developmental services system: mercury in retrograde.
    Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Jan;65(1):19-24.
  445. Croen LA, Matevia M, Yoshida CK, Grether JK. Maternal Rh D
    status, anti-D immune globulin exposure during pregnancy, and risk of autism
    spectrum disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Sep;199(3):234 e1-6.
  446. Tozzi AE, Bisiacchi P, Tarantino V, De Mei B, D’Elia L,
    Chiarotti F, et al. Neuropsychological performance 10 years after immunization
    in infancy with thimerosal-containing vaccines. Pediatrics. 2009
    Feb;123(2):475-82.
  447. Price CS, Thompson WW, Goodson B, Weintraub ES, Croen LA,
    Hinrichsen VL, et al. Prenatal and infant exposure to thimerosal from vaccines
    and immunoglobulins and risk of autism. Pediatrics. 2010
    Oct;126(4):656-64.
  448. Pichichero ME, Gentile A, Giglio N, Alonso MM, Fernandez
    Mentaberri MV, Zareba G, et al. Mercury levels in premature and low birth
    weight newborn infants after receipt of thimerosal-containing vaccines. J
    Pediatr. 2009 Oct;155(4):495-9.
  449. Thompson WW, Price C, Goodson B, Shay DK, Benson P, Hinrichsen
    VL, et al. Early thimerosal exposure and neuropsychological outcomes at 7 to
    10 years. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 27;357(13):1281-92.
  450. Barile JP, Kuperminc GP, Weintraub ES, Mink JW, Thompson WW.
    Thimerosal exposure in early life and neuropsychological outcomes 7-10 years
    later. J Pediatr Psychol. 2012 Jan-Feb;37(1):106-18.
  451. Izikson R, Leffell DJ, Bock SA, Patriarca PA, Post P, Dunkle
    LM, et al. Randomized comparison of the safety of Flublok((R)) versus licensed
    inactivated influenza vaccine in healthy, medically stable adults >/= 50
    years of age. Vaccine. 2015 Nov 27;33(48):6622-8.
  452. Clinical Review, January 16, 2013–Flublok. U.S. Department of
    Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration; 2013.
  453. Woo EJ. Allergic reactions after egg-free recombinant
    influenza vaccine: reports to the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Mar 01;60(5):777-80.
  454. Ruggeberg JU, Gold MS, Bayas JM, Blum MD, Bonhoeffer J,
    Friedlander S, et al. Anaphylaxis: case definition and guidelines for data
    collection, analysis, and presentation of immunization safety data. Vaccine.
    2007 Aug 01;25(31):5675-84.
  455. Block SL, Yogev R, Hayden FG, Ambrose CS, Zeng W, Walker RE.
    Shedding and immunogenicity of live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in
    subjects 5-49 years of age. Vaccine. 2008 Sep 08;26(38):4940-6.
  456. Talbot TR, Crocker DD, Peters J, Doersam JK, Ikizler MR,
    Sannella E, et al. Duration of virus shedding after trivalent intranasal live
    attenuated influenza vaccination in adults. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.
    2005 May;26(5):494-500.
  457. Ali T, Scott N, Kallas W, Halliwell ME, Savino C, Rosenberg E,
    et al. Detection of influenza antigen with rapid antibody-based tests after
    intranasal influenza vaccination (FluMist). Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Mar
    01;38(5):760-2.
  458. Mallory RM, Yi T, Ambrose CS. Shedding of Ann Arbor strain
    live attenuated influenza vaccine virus in children 6-59 months of age.
    Vaccine. 2011 Jun 10;29(26):4322-7.
  459. King JC, Jr., Treanor J, Fast PE, Wolff M, Yan L, Iacuzio D,
    et al. Comparison of the safety, vaccine virus shedding, and immunogenicity of
    influenza virus vaccine, trivalent, types A and B, live cold-adapted,
    administered to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and
    non-HIV-infected adults. J Infect Dis. 2000 Feb;181(2):725-8.
  460. King JC, Jr., Fast PE, Zangwill KM, Weinberg GA, Wolff M, Yan
    L, et al. Safety, vaccine virus shedding and immunogenicity of trivalent,
    cold-adapted, live attenuated influenza vaccine administered to human
    immunodeficiency virus-infected and noninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis
    J. 2001 Dec;20(12):1124-31.
  461. Vesikari T, Karvonen A, Korhonen T, Edelman K, Vainionpaa R,
    Salmi A, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of the safety,
    transmissibility and phenotypic and genotypic stability of cold-adapted
    influenza virus vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Jul;25(7):590-5.
  462. Cha TA, Kao K, Zhao J, Fast PE, Mendelman PM, Arvin A.
    Genotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine in an efficacy
    clinical trial. J Clin Microbiol. 2000 Feb;38(2):839-45.
  463. Zhou B, Meliopoulos VA, Wang W, Lin X, Stucker KM, Halpin RA,
    et al. Reversion of Cold-Adapted Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine into a
    Pathogenic Virus. J Virol. 2016 Oct 01;90(19):8454-63.
  464. Belshe RB, Nichol KL, Black SB, Shinefield H, Cordova J,
    Walker R, et al. Safety, efficacy, and effectiveness of live, attenuated,
    cold-adapted influenza vaccine in an indicated population aged 5-49 years.
    Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Oct 01;39(7):920-7.
  465. Bergen R, Black S, Shinefield H, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen J, et
    al. Safety of cold-adapted live attenuated influenza vaccine in a large cohort
    of children and adolescents. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Feb;23(2):138-44.
  466. King JC, Jr., Lagos R, Bernstein DI, Piedra PA, Kotloff K,
    Bryant M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of low and high doses of trivalent
    live cold-adapted influenza vaccine administered intranasally as drops or
    spray to healthy children. J Infect Dis. 1998 May;177(5):1394-7.
  467. Redding G, Walker RE, Hessel C, Virant FS, Ayars GH, Bensch G,
    et al. Safety and tolerability of cold-adapted influenza virus vaccine in
    children and adolescents with asthma. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002
    Jan;21(1):44-8.
  468. Piedra PA, Yan L, Kotloff K, Zangwill K, Bernstein DI, King J,
    et al. Safety of the trivalent, cold-adapted influenza vaccine in
    preschool-aged children. Pediatrics. 2002 Oct;110(4):662-72.
  469. Belshe RB, Ambrose CS, Yi T. Safety and efficacy of live
    attenuated influenza vaccine in children 2-7 years of age. Vaccine. 2008 Sep
    12;26 Suppl 4:D10-6.
  470. Piedra PA, Gaglani MJ, Riggs M, Herschler G, Fewlass C, Watts
    M, et al. Live attenuated influenza vaccine, trivalent, is safe in healthy
    children 18 months to 4 years, 5 to 9 years, and 10 to 18 years of age in a
    community-based, nonrandomized, open-label trial. Pediatrics. 2005
    Sep;116(3):e397-407.
  471. Gaglani MJ, Piedra PA, Riggs M, Herschler G, Fewlass C, Glezen
    WP. Safety of the intranasal, trivalent, live attenuated influenza vaccine
    (LAIV) in children with intermittent wheezing in an open-label field trial.
    Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 May;27(5):444-52.
  472. Izurieta HS, Haber P, Wise RP, Iskander J, Pratt D, Mink C, et
    al. Adverse events reported following live, cold-adapted, intranasal influenza
    vaccine. JAMA. 2005 Dec 07;294(21):2720-5.
  473. Haber P, Moro PL, Cano M, Vellozzi C, Lewis P, Woo EJ, et al.
    Post-Licensure Surveillance of Trivalent Live-Attenuated Influenza Vaccine in
    Children Aged 2-18 Years, Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, United
    States, July 2005-June 2012. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2015
    Sep;4(3):205-13.
  474. Baxter R, Eaton A, Hansen J, Aukes L, Caspard H, Ambrose CS.
    Safety of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine in subjects aged
    2-49years. Vaccine. 2017 Mar 01;35(9):1254-8.
  475. Jackson LA, Holmes SJ, Mendelman PM, Huggins L, Cho I, Rhorer
    J. Safety of a trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine,
    FluMist, administered in addition to parenteral trivalent inactivated
    influenza vaccine to seniors with chronic medical conditions. Vaccine. 1999
    Apr 09;17(15-16):1905-9.
  476. Curtis D, Ning MF, Armon C, Li S, Weinberg A. Safety,
    immunogenicity and shedding of LAIV4 in HIV-infected and uninfected children.
    Vaccine. 2015 Sep 11;33(38):4790-7.
  477. Ambrose CS, Dubovsky F, Yi T, Belshe RB, Ashkenazi S. The
    safety and efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine in young children
    with asthma or prior wheezing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012
    Oct;31(10):2549-57.
  478. Ray GT, Lewis N, Goddard K, Ross P, Duffy J, DeStefano F, et
    al. Asthma exacerbations among asthmatic children receiving live attenuated
    versus inactivated influenza vaccines. Vaccine. 2017 May
    09;35(20):2668-75.
  479. Duffy J, Lewis M, Harrington T, Baxter R, Belongia EA, Jackson
    LA, et al. Live attenuated influenza vaccine use and safety in children and
    adults with asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Apr;118(4):439-44.
  480. Sheffield JS, Greer LG, Rogers VL, Roberts SW, Lytle H,
    McIntire DD, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination in the first trimester of
    pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Sep;120(3):532-7.
  481. McMillan M, Porritt K, Kralik D, Costi L, Marshall H.
    Influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review of fetal death,
    spontaneous abortion, and congenital malformation safety outcomes. Vaccine.
    2015 Apr 27;33(18):2108-17.
  482. Munoz FM, Greisinger AJ, Wehmanen OA, Mouzoon ME, Hoyle JC,
    Smith FA, et al. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet
    Gynecol. 2005 Apr;192(4):1098-106.
  483. Moro PL, Broder K, Zheteyeva Y, Walton K, Rohan P, Sutherland
    A, et al. Adverse events in pregnant women following administration of
    trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and live attenuated influenza vaccine
    in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, 1990-2009. Am J Obstet Gynecol.
    2011 Feb;204(2):146 e1-7.
  484. Moro P, Baumblatt J, Lewis P, Cragan J, Tepper N, Cano M.
    Surveillance of Adverse Events After Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in
    Pregnant Women and Their Infants in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting
    System, July 2010-May 2016. Drug Saf. 2017 Feb;40(2):145-52.
  485. Black S, Eskola J, Siegrist CA, Halsey N, Macdonald N, Law B,
    et al. Importance of background rates of disease in assessment of vaccine
    safety during mass immunisation with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccines. Lancet.
    2009 Dec 19;374(9707):2115-22.
  486. Chambers CD, Johnson DL, Xu R, Luo YJ, Louik C, Mitchell AA,
    et al. Safety of the 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, and 2013-14 seasonal influenza
    vaccines in pregnancy: Birth defects, spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery,
    and small for gestational age infants, a study from the cohort arm of VAMPSS.
    Vaccine. 2016 Aug 17;34(37):4443-9.
  487. Irving SA, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Mascola MA, Baggs J,
    DeStefano F, et al. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and spontaneous
    abortion. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;121(1):159-65.
  488. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices summary report:
    June 24–25, 2015 (Meeting minutes). . Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and
    Human Services, CDC; 2015.
  489. Bratton KN, Wardle MT, Orenstein WA, Omer SB. Maternal
    influenza immunization and birth outcomes of stillbirth and spontaneous
    abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015 Mar
    01;60(5):e11-9.
  490. Mak TK, Mangtani P, Leese J, Watson JM, Pfeifer D. Influenza
    vaccination in pregnancy: current evidence and selected national policies.
    Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Jan;8(1):44-52.
  491. Moro PL, Tepper NK, Grohskopf LA, Vellozzi C, Broder K. Safety
    of seasonal influenza and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccines in
    pregnancy. Expert review of vaccines. 2012 Aug;11(8):911-21.
  492. Munoz FM. Safety of influenza vaccines in pregnant women. Am J
    Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Sep;207(3 Suppl):S33-7.
  493. Polyzos KA, Konstantelias AA, Pitsa CE, Falagas ME. Maternal
    Influenza Vaccination and Risk for Congenital Malformations: A Systematic
    Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;126(5):1075-84.
  494. Louik C, Kerr S, Van Bennekom CM, Chambers C, Jones KL, Schatz
    M, et al. Safety of the 2011-12, 2012-13, and 2013-14 seasonal influenza
    vaccines in pregnancy: Preterm delivery and specific malformations, a study
    from the case-control arm of VAMPSS. Vaccine. 2016 Aug 17;34(37):4450-9.
  495. Omer SB, Goodman D, Steinhoff MC, Rochat R, Klugman KP, Stoll
    BJ, et al. Maternal influenza immunization and reduced likelihood of
    prematurity and small for gestational age births: a retrospective cohort
    study. PLoS Med. 2011 May;8(5):e1000441.
  496. Richards JL, Hansen C, Bredfeldt C, Bednarczyk RA, Steinhoff
    MC, Adjaye-Gbewonyo D, et al. Neonatal outcomes after antenatal influenza
    immunization during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: impact on preterm birth,
    birth weight, and small for gestational age birth. Clin Infect Dis. 2013
    May;56(9):1216-22.
  497. Nordin JD, Kharbanda EO, Vazquez Benitez G, Lipkind H,
    Vellozzi C, Destefano F, et al. Maternal influenza vaccine and risks for
    preterm or small for gestational age birth. J Pediatr. 2014 May;164(5):1051-7
    e2.
  498. Dodds L, Macdonald N, Scott J, Spencer A, Allen VM, McNeil S.
    The association between influenza vaccine in pregnancy and adverse neonatal
    outcomes. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2012 Aug;34(8):714-20.
  499. Fell DB, Sprague AE, Liu N, Yasseen AS, 3rd, Wen SW, Smith G,
    et al. H1N1 influenza vaccination during pregnancy and fetal and neonatal
    outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2012 Jun;102(6):e33-40.
  500. Zerbo O, Modaressi S, Chan B, Goddard K, Lewis N, Bok K, et
    al. No association between influenza vaccination during pregnancy and adverse
    birth outcomes. Vaccine. 2017 May 31;35(24):3186-90.
  501. Fell DB, Platt RW, Lanes A, Wilson K, Kaufman JS, Basso O, et
    al. Fetal death and preterm birth associated with maternal influenza
    vaccination: systematic review. BJOG. 2015 Jan;122(1):17-26.
  502. Vazquez-Benitez G, Kharbanda EO, Naleway AL, Lipkind H,
    Sukumaran L, McCarthy NL, et al. Risk of Preterm or Small-for-Gestational-Age
    Birth After Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy: Caveats When Conducting
    Retrospective Observational Studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2016 Aug
    01;184(3):176-86.
  503. Zerbo O, Qian Y, Yoshida C, Fireman BH, Klein NP, Croen LA.
    Association Between Influenza Infection and Vaccination During Pregnancy and
    Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Jan
    02;171(1):e163609.
  504. Toback SL, Beigi R, Tennis P, Sifakis F, Calingaert B, Ambrose
    CS. Maternal outcomes among pregnant women receiving live attenuated influenza
    vaccine. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2012 Jan;6(1):44-51.
  505. Wood RA, Berger M, Dreskin SC, Setse R, Engler RJ, Dekker CL,
    et al. An algorithm for treatment of patients with hypersensitivity reactions
    after vaccines. Pediatrics. 2008 Sep;122(3):e771-7.
  506. Kroger A.T. DJ, Vázquez M. Best Practices Guidance of the
    Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/downloads/general-recs.pdfpdf icon. Atlanta:
    Centers for DIsease Control and Prevention; 2017 [cited 2017 27 April];
    Available from: www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/downloads/general-recs.pdfpdf icon.
  507. McNeil MM, Weintraub ES, Duffy J, Sukumaran L, Jacobsen SJ,
    Klein NP, et al. Risk of anaphylaxis after vaccination in children and adults.
    J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016 Mar;137(3):868-78.
  508. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices summary report:
    June 20–21, 2012 (Meeting minutes). . Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and
    Human Services, CDC; 2012.
  509. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices summary report:
    June 19–20, 2013 (Meeting minutes). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and
    Human Services, CDC; 2013.
  510. Bohlke K, Davis RL, Marcy SM, Braun MM, DeStefano F, Black SB,
    et al. Risk of anaphylaxis after vaccination of children and adolescents.
    Pediatrics. 2003 Oct;112(4):815-20.
  511. Oberle D, Pavel J, Rieck T, Weichert S, Schroten H,
    Keller-Stanislawski B, et al. Anaphylaxis After Immunization of Children and
    Adolescents in Germany. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 May;35(5):535-41.
  512. Rouleau I, De Serres G, Drolet JP, Skowronski DM, Ouakki M,
    Toth E, et al. Increased risk of anaphylaxis following administration of 2009
    AS03-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic A/H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) vaccine. Vaccine. 2013
    Dec 05;31(50):5989-96.
  513. Des Roches A, Paradis L, Gagnon R, Lemire C, Begin P, Carr S,
    et al. Egg-allergic patients can be safely vaccinated against influenza. J
    Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Nov;130(5):1213-6 e1.
  514. Des Roches A, Samaan K, Graham F, Lacombe-Barrios J, Paradis
    J, Paradis L, et al. Safe vaccination of patients with egg allergy by using
    live attenuated influenza vaccine. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015
    Jan-Feb;3(1):138-9.
  515. Turner PJ, Southern J, Andrews NJ, Miller E,
    Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M, Investigators SS. Safety of live attenuated influenza
    vaccine in atopic children with egg allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015
    Aug;136(2):376-81.
  516. Turner PJ, Southern J, Andrews NJ, Miller E,
    Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M, Investigators S-S. Safety of live attenuated influenza
    vaccine in young people with egg allergy: multicentre prospective cohort
    study. BMJ. 2015 Dec 08;351:h6291.
  517. Turner PJ, Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M. Intranasal live-attenuated
    influenza vaccine (LAIV) is unlikely to cause egg-mediated allergic reactions
    in egg-allergic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015
    Mar-Apr;3(2):312-3.