Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs and HIV/AIDS)
Publications and Materials
Below are selected publications and materials related to sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Please note the year of publication may be later than the year(s) the data represent.
2009 Publications and Materials
Deaths
Among Persons with AIDS through December 2006 (11/12/09)
Through 2007, an estimated total of 1,051,875 persons in the United States
and dependent areas were diagnosed with AIDS. At the end of 2006, an
estimated 446,098 persons in the United States and dependent areas were
living with AIDS. Among females, HIV was the 4th and 7th leading cause
of death in blacks/African Americans and Hispanics/Latinos, respectively.
Cases
of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas,
by Race/Ethnicity, 2003-2007 
(8/10/09)
In this report, CDC presents estimated numbers of cases of HIV infection, including
cases of HIV infection that progressed to AIDS. Of females with AIDS, 64 percent
were among black/African American women, and nearly equal percentages were among
Hispanic/Latino women (18 percent) or white women (17 percent).
Oral
Sex and HIV Risk (7/7/09)
Like all sexual activity, oral sex carries some risk of HIV transmission
when one partner is known to be infected with HIV, when either partner’s
HIV status is not known, and/or when one partner is not monogamous or
injects drugs. Even though the risk of transmitting HIV through oral
sex is much lower than that of anal or vaginal sex, numerous studies
have demonstrated that oral sex can result in the transmission of HIV
and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Late
HIV Testing- 34 States, 1996-2005 (7/7/09)
To characterize late HIV testing, CDC examined data from 1996-2005 from
34 states with confidential name-based HIV and AIDS reporting (the most
recent data available) to determine the percentage of persons who received
an AIDS diagnosis within 3 years after receiving their initial HIV diagnosis.
At 3 years after their initial HIV diagnosis, 46.9 percent of men had
an AIDS diagnosis compared with 41.5 percent of women. A similar pattern
was observed by the HIV transmission category.
HIV Testing
among High School Students- United States, 2007 (7/7/09)
Results indicated that nationwide, 12.9 percent of all high school students
had ever been tested for HIV. The prevalence of HIV testing increased
with increasing grade and decreased with increasing age at first sexual
intercourse. Prevalence of HIV testing was higher among female students
(14.8 percent) than male students (11.1percent).
Chlamydia
and Women Podcast (5/15/09)
This women's health podcast focuses on chlamydia, its severe health consequences
for women if left untreated, and the importance of annual chlamydia screening.
Chlamydia
Screening among Sexually Active Young Female Enrollees of Health Plans-
United States, 2000-2007 (5/15/09)
CDC analyzed data reported by commercial and Medicaid health plans to
the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) during
2000-2007. The percentage of enrolled sexually active females who were
screened for chlamydia was estimated for each of 41 states that had at
least five health plans reporting HEDIS chlamydia screening data and
for four U.S. geographic regions. Nationally, the annual screening rate
increased from 25.3% in 2000 to 43.6% in 2006, and then decreased slightly
to 41.6% in 2007. The regional rate of chlamydia screening in 2007 was
highest in the Northeast (45.5%) and lowest in the South (37.3%). Increased
screening by health-care providers is necessary to reduce the burden
of chlamydial infection in the United States.
Easy Read Women & Girls
HIV/AIDS Awareness (3/30/09)
In 2006, nearly 15,000 or more than a quarter of new HIV cases in the
United States were among women and girls ages 13 years and older. Women
of color are especially impacted by the disease. If you have never had
an HIV test, or if your last HIV test was some time ago, please get yourself
tested again. To find an HIV testing location near you, go to www.hivtest.org,
or text your zip code to KNOW IT.
STD
Health Disparities (2/27/09)
STD health disparities are differences in disease rates that occur by
gender, race or ethnicity, education or income, disability, geographic
location, or sexual orientation. This page provides a quick glance of
these disparities for 2002-2007.
Chlamydia
Prevalence Monitoring Project, 2007 (2/27/09)
This report presents statistics and trends for genital Chlamydia trachomatis
infections in the United States through 2007. In 2007, 1,108,374 chlamydial
infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Among women, the highest age-specific rates of reported chlamydia in
2007 were among 15- to 19-year-olds and 20- to 24-year-olds.
Cases
of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2007 (2/27/09)
This report presents estimated numbers of cases of diagnosed HIV infection,
including cases that progressed to AIDS, from the 39 areas (34 states
and 5 U.S. dependent areas) that have had confidential name-based HIV
infection reporting for a sufficient length of time. From 2004 through
2007, the estimated number of newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS cases increased
approximately 18% among males and 8% among females.
Assessing
the Burden of HPV-Associated Cancers in the United States (1/27/09)
Cancer registry data is used to estimate how many HPV-associated cancers
occurred in the United States before the release of the HPV vaccine and
to examine current patterns in the distribution of these cancers. Six
articles are in this journal supplement.
Human
Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety (1/27/09)
This page provides links to information on HPV vaccine safety, HPV vaccine,
and disease information.
2008 Publications and Materials
Subpopulation
Estimates from the HIV Incidence Surveillance System- United States,
2006 (11/20/08)
CDC conducted a detailed analysis of data from its new HIV surveillance system.
The HIV incidence rate for black females was 14.7 times the rate for white females,
and the rate for Hispanic females was 3.8 times the rate for white females.
HIV
Prevalence Estimates- United States, 2006 (11/20/08)
Fact
Sheet
The HIV prevalence rate for black women was nearly 18 times the rate
for white women, and the rate for Hispanic women was more than four times
the rate for white women. The HIV prevalence rate for black women was
greater than the rate for all other groups, except for black men.
The HPV Vaccine
and Its Safety (8/7/08)
Based on ongoing assessments of vaccine safety information, FDA and CDC
continue to find that Gardasil is a safe and effective vaccine. FDA and
CDC continue to monitor the safety of this vaccine, with the public’s
health and safety the top priority.
Making Sense of Your HPV and Pap
Test Results (8/7/08)
This brochure explains the meaning of Pap and HPV test results and answers
common patient questions about HPV, such as how to talk to your partner
about HPV. It includes ‘questions to ask your doctor’ to
help prepare women for next steps and a glossary of terms.
HIV/AIDS
and Women Surveillance Slide Sets (6/23/08)
Slides focusing on HIV/AIDS in women (estimated number and proportion
of AIDS cases, AIDS rates and cases, those living with HIV infection
and AIDS, by transmission category, by race and ethnicity, age at diagnosis,
diagnosis rates, etc).
U.S.
Syphilis Up (5/11/08)
The U.S. syphilis rate increased for the seventh consecutive year in
2007, largely reflecting continued increases among men who have sex with
men. The rate among females also increased between 2006 and 2007, from
1.0 to 1.1 cases per 100,000 population.
Web
Series: HIV/AIDS Crisis among African Americans (4/30/08)
CDC and the Public Health Training Network offers the six-part web series,
A Call to Action for Leaders: The Crisis of HIV/AIDS Among African Americans,
available online beginning June 30, 2008. This series is designed to
1) increase awareness of HIV/AIDS in African American communities; 2)
highlight innovative, sustainable, and collaborative actions taken by
leaders in places where African Americans live, work, play, learn, and
worship; and 3) provide links to available resources. David Satcher,
former Director of CDC and the 16th Surgeon General of the United States,
will serve as senior host of the web series. Each part of the series
is a prerecorded.
Easy Read STD Brochures (3/26/08)
Brochures are available on bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia, genital herpes,
genital HPV, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, STDs and pregnancy,
and trichomoniasis.
One
in Four Teenage Girls Has a Sexually Transmitted Disease (3/26/08)
A CDC study estimates that one in four (26 percent) young women between
the ages of 14 and 19 in the United States (3.2 million teenage girls)
is infected with at least one of the most common sexually transmitted
diseases (human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, herpes simplex virus,
and trichomoniasis).
NCHHSTP
State Profiles (3/26/08)
The 2007 NCHHSTP State Profiles include statistical and other information
on HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB for all 50 states and Washington,
DC. They also include descriptions of public health prevention and control
programs. Select state profiles from the map or the list provided.
STD Surveillance,
2006
These slides cover chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, other STDs, women
and infants, adolescents and young adults, racial and ethnic minorities,
men who have sex with men, and persons entering corrections facilities.
2007 Publications and Materials
Sexually Transmitted
Disease Surveillance Report, 2006 (12/20/07)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006 presents statistics and trends
for STDs in the United States through 2006.
World AIDS Day (11/19/07)
Help raise awareness about HIV/AIDS on World AIDS Day, December 1, 2007.
HIV/AIDS among
Hispanics- United States, 2001-2005 (11/19/07)
Hispanics have the second highest rate among all racial/ethnic groups
in the United States. Among Hispanic females with HIV/AIDS diagnoses,
76% were exposed through high-risk heterosexual contact. For Hispanic
females, the highest rate of HIV diagnosis occurred among those aged
40-49 years.
Mother-to-Child
(Perinatal) HIV Transmission and Prevention (Updated) (11/19/07)
Perinatal HIV transmission is the most common route of HIV infection
in children and is now the source of almost all AIDS cases in children
in the United States. Most of the children with AIDS are members of minority
races/ethnicities.
Common Questions
about HPV and Cervical Cancer: For Women Who Have HPV (8/31/07)
This sheet answers 15 questions about HPV and cervical cancer, including
how to prevent infection, testing, talking to a partner about HPV, and
the HPV vaccine.
STD Treatment
Guidelines- Personal Digital Assistant Version, 2006 (8/31/07)
This point-of-care tool includes the complete 2006 STD Treatment Guidelines.
The recommendations for each category have been moved to the top of the
screen for efficiency, and the table of contents has been prioritized
according to the needs of clinicians.
HIV/AIDS
and Women Podcast (7/27/07)
CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding provides information on the HIV/AIDS
epidemic among U.S. women, HIV testing, and how U.S. women can take action
to protect their health.
One
Test. Two Lives (7/27/07)
The One Test. Two Lives. campaign focuses on ensuring that all women
are tested for HIV early in their pregnancy. One Test. Two Lives. provides
quick access to a variety of resources for providers, and materials for
their patients, to help encourage universal voluntary prenatal testing
for HIV.
Human
Papillomavirus: HPV Information for Clinicians (6/12/07)
CDC recently updated the HPV brochure for clinicians and posted four
sets of counseling messages to assist providers in their HPV-related
discussions with patients.
HIV/AIDS
among Women (4/17/07)
Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively
few women and female adolescents (although we know now that many women
were infected with HIV through injection drug use but that their infections
were not diagnosed). Today, women account for more than one quarter of
all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. Women of color are especially affected by
HIV infection and AIDS.
Quadrivalent
Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee
on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee
on Immunization Practices on the use of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus
(HPV) vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on June
8, 2006. This report summarizes the epidemiology of HPV and associated
diseases, describes the licensed HPV vaccine, and provides recommendations
for its use for vaccination among females aged 9-26 years in the United
States.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance in Women Slide Set (4/17/07)
This set includes 14 slides on estimated number and proportion of cases,
rates for female adolescents and adults, injection drug use or heterosexual
contact, living with HIV infection and AIDS, diagnosis rates, and more.
Continuing
Education- Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations
of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
This activity has been approved for 1.75 contact hours (continuing nursing
education); a maximum of 1.75 hours in category 1 credit (continuing
medical education credit for non-physicians); a maximum of 1.75 hours
in category 1 credit (continuing medical education); and 0.15 continuing
education units.
Updated
Recommended Treatment Regimens for Gonococcal Infections and Associated
Conditions- United States, April 2007 (4/17/07)
This page provides updated treatment regimens for uncomplicated gonococcal
infections of the cervix, urethra, and rectum; pelvic inflammatory disease;
and more.
Easy Read National
Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, March 10 (3/5/07)
(Non-CDC
site)
March 10, 2007 marks the second annual National Women and Girls HIV/AIDS
Awareness Day. This day is set to raise awareness on the increasing impact
of HIV/AIDS transmission on women and girls.
Syphilis
Surveillance Report, 2005 (3/5/07)
This report consists of national and state profiles containing and describing
figures and tables that provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in
the United States. These profiles present adult and congenital syphilis
trends and other statistics in the United States through 2005 and are
based on case reports from the 65 sexually transmitted disease project
areas.
Chlamydia
Prevalence Monitoring Project Annual Report (3/5/07)
In 2005, 976,445 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states
and the District of Columbia. The reported number of cases of chlamydial
infection was nearly three times greater than the reported cases of gonorrhea.
From 1986 through 2005, the reported rate of chlamydial infection in
women increased from 50.7 cases to 496.5 cases per 100,000 population.
The report consists of four parts. The National Profile contains text
and figures that provide an overview of chlamydia surveillance in sexually
active women and men in the United States. The Regional Profiles contain
chlamydia trend data in women in all ten Health and Human Services regions.
The State Profiles provide statistical information about chlamydia in
women in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The City
Profiles provide statistical information about chlamydia in women for
selected cities, including Washington, D.C.
HIV/AIDS
Diagnoses among Blacks- Florida, 1999-2004 (3/5/07)
PDF
This report describes trends in diagnoses of HIV/AIDS cases that occurred
among blacks during 1999-2004 and were reported to the Florida Department
of Health. These data indicate that, during 1999-2004, the annual rate
of HIV/AIDS diagnosis among blacks decreased more than the rates among
other racial/ethnic groups. To examine possible explanations for this
decline, HIV/AIDS diagnosis rate trends were compared with trends in
gonorrhea diagnosis and publicly funded HIV testing in Florida. The results
indicated that gonorrhea diagnosis rates also decreased among blacks
in Florida during 1999-2004, whereas the number of HIV tests increased.
These findings suggest that HIV/AIDS diagnoses in blacks might be associated
with a reduction in high-risk sexual behavior and that the decline was
not the result of less testing. During 1999-2004, the rate decreased
among black, Hispanic, and white females and among black males. The annual
percentage decrease in the rate was greater among black women than white
women and Hispanic women.
HIV/AIDS
among African Americans (3/5/07)
PDF
In the United States, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a health crisis for African
Americans. At all stages of HIV/AIDS- from infection with HIV to death
with AIDS- African Americans are disproportionately affected compared
with members of other races and ethnicities.
Indian Health
Surveillance Report: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2004 (2/1/07)
This report presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in the United
States. This inaugural report represents a unique collaboration and partnership
between CDC and the Indian Health Service (HIS). Most of the AI/AN-specific
data provided in this report are the result of a new surveillance methodology,
whereby existing nationally notifiable STD data reported to CDC were
analyzed using standard IHS populations and methods. In 2004, reported
rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary syphilis among
AI/AN were 2 to 6 times higher than comparable rates for whites.
Rapid
HIV Tests Currently Available in the United States (2/1/07)
Rapid HIV tests are simple to use and require little or no specialized
equipment. They make it possible to provide test results at the time
the test is done. Six rapid HIV tests approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration are commercially available for use in the United States.
A
Glance at the HIV/AIDS Epidemic (2/1/07)
PDF
At the end of 2003, an estimated 1,039,000 to 1,185,000 persons in the
United States were living with HIV/AIDS. In 2005, 38,096 cases of HIV/AIDS
in adults, adolescents, and children were diagnosed in the 33 states
with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting. CDC has estimated
that approximately 40,000 persons in the United States become infected
with HIV each year.
Methamphetamine
Use and Risk for HIV/AIDS (2/1/07)
PDF
Methamphetamine is very addictive, it can be injected, and it can increase
sexual arousal while reducing inhibitions. Because of these attributes,
public health officials are concerned that users may be putting themselves
at increased risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection, a valid
concern, considering that methamphetamine use has been linked with increased
numbers of HIV infections in some populations.
Best-Evidence
HIV Interventions (2/1/07)
CDC has identified 18 behavioral interventions as having best-evidence
of efficacy in reducing HIV risk. Best-evidence HIV behavioral interventions
include interventions that have been rigorously evaluated and have shown
significant effects in eliminating or reducing sex- or drug-related risk
behaviors, reducing the rate of new HIV/STD infections, or increasing
HIV-protective behaviors.
Missed
Opportunities for Earlier Diagnosis of HIV Infection- South Carolina,
1997-2005 (1/8/07)
PDF
This report examines HIV and AIDS case reporting in South Carolina before
the 2006 recommendations were published. During 2001-2005, a total of
4,315 persons with HIV infection in South Carolina were reported, of
whom 1,784 (41.3%) were late testers, including 710 (16.5%) who had AIDS
diagnosed within 30 days of their initial HIV diagnoses. Women were less
likely than men to be late testers.
STD Surveillance,
2005 (1/8/07)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2005 presents statistics and
trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States
through 2005. This annual publication is intended as a reference document
for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and
others who are concerned with the public health implications of these
diseases. The surveillance information in this report is based on the
following sources of data: (1) case reports from state and local STD
programs; (2) the Regional Infertility Prevention Projects, the National
Job Training Program (formerly the Job Corps), the Corrections STD Prevalence
Monitoring Project, and the Men Who Have Sex With Men Prevalence Monitoring
Project; (3) the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project; and (4) national
surveys implemented by federal and private organizations.
HIV
Counseling and Testing at CDC-Supported Sites, United States, 1999-2004 (1/8/07)
From 1999 through 2004, the number of HIV tests reported for females
exceeded those reported for males by approximately 6%. For each of these
years, the reported number of test results that were HIV-positive for
males was more than double that for females. In 2004, the proportion
of HIV tests reported for females (vs. males) increased through the age
group 13–18 years and then steadily declined. In 2004, for persons
19 years and older, males accounted for approximately 71% of test results
that were HIV-positive.
Legal Status
of Expedited Partner Therapy (1/8/07)
CDC collaborated with Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities to assess
the legal framework concerning expedited partner therapy across all 50
states and other jurisdictions. The primary research objective was to
conceptualize, frame, and identify legal provisions that implicate a
clinician’s ability to provide a prescription for a patient’s
sex partner, without prior evaluation of that partner, for purposes of
treating an STD.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United
States and Dependent Areas, 2005 (1/8/07)
From 2001 through 2005, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases increased
approximately 2% among males and decreased 17% among females. In 2005,
males accounted for 74% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and adolescents.
From 2001 through 2005, the estimated number of AIDS cases increased
17% among females and 16% among males. Males accounted for 73% of all
AIDS cases diagnosed in 2005 among adults and adolescents in the 50 states
and the District of Columbia. Rates of AIDS cases in 2005 were 27.2 per
100,000 among males and 9.4 per 100,000 among females.
2006 Publications and Materials
HPV
Information for Clinicians (12/1/06)
This 36-page brochure discusses the transmission, prevention, detection and clinical
management of human papillomavirus.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United
States and Dependent Areas, 2005 (12/1/06)
This report presents estimated numbers of cases of HIV/AIDS (cases of
HIV infection, regardless whether they have progressed to AIDS) from
the 37 areas (33 states and 4 U.S. dependent areas) that have had confidential
name-based HIV infection reporting long enough (i.e., since at least
2001) for data collection to stabilize and for adjustment of the data
to monitor trends. According to the number of reported AIDS cases, these
33 states represent approximately 63% of the epidemic in the United States.
From 2001 through 2005, the total number of new cases of HIV/AIDS in
the 33 states decreased slightly; however, HIV/AIDS prevalence (i.e.,
the number of persons living with HIV/AIDS) increased during this time.
At the end of 2005, an estimated 476,095 persons in the 33 states had
been given a diagnosis and were living with HIV/AIDS. From 2001 through
2005, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases increased approximately
2% among males and decreased 17% among females. In 2005, males accounted
for 74% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and adolescents.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance in Urban and Non-Urban Area, through 2004 (12/1/06)
This slide set includes information on reported AIDS cases, regions,
adolescents and adults, male and female adolescents and adults, rates,
non-metropolitan areas, and more.
National
Center for HIV/AIDS, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHSTP) State Profiles (12/1/06)
The NCHSTP State Profiles include statistical and other information on
HIV/AIDS, STD and TB by all 50 states and Washington, District of Columbia,
as of 10/23/06. They also include examples of program initiatives supported
by CDC and state public health officials.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Females Aged 15-44 Years Ever Treated for Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease (PID), by Selected Characteristics: National Survey of Family
Growth- United States, 2002 (12/1/06)
In 2002, the percentage of females aged 15-44 years reporting that they
had ever been treated for PID varied by age at first vaginal intercourse
and by number of male sex partners in the preceding 12 months. Higher
prevalence of PID treatment was reported among females who had their
first vaginal intercourse at younger ages, particularly under 15 years,
and among those who had greater numbers of male sex partners in the preceding
12 months.
World AIDS
Day, December 1 (11/29/06)
If new HIV infections continue at their current rate worldwide, women
with HIV may soon outnumber men with HIV. Find out how you can
help prevent HIV/AIDS.
Measuring HIV Risk
in the U.S. Population Aged 15–44: Results from Cycle 6 of the
National Survey of Family Growth (11/29/06)
Including those who were treated for a sexually transmitted disease in
the past year, 11.9 percent of persons 15–44 years of age (13.0
percent males and 10.8 percent of females) were at risk of HIV in 2002.
STD-Prevention
Counseling Practices and Human Papillomavirus Opinions among Clinicians
with Adolescent Patients- United States, 2004 (11/29/06)
The results of this survey indicated that most of the clinicians assessed
STD risk in their adolescent patients, addressed STD prevention, and
recommended various STD-prevention methods; however, clinician opinions
varied regarding the effectiveness of methods for preventing HPV infection
and whether their patients would adopt these methods for the long term.
Clinicians periodically should assess STD risk in their adolescent patients
and provide STD counseling and education to reduce the incidence of STDs
in this age group at high risk.
Revised
Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant
Women in Health-Care Settings (11/29/06)
These recommendations for HIV testing are intended for all health-care
providers in the public and private sectors. The recommendations address
HIV testing in health-care settings only.
Podcast:
STD Treatment Guidelines, 2006 (11/29/06)
Learn about CDC’s latest recommendations for the prevention and
treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Running time: 12:09.
Infertility
and STDs (11/29/06)
CDC recommends annual chlamydia screening for all sexually active females
aged 25 and under and for women older than 25 with risk factors such
as a new sex partner or multiple partners.
HPV
Vaccine: What You Need to Know (Interim Vaccine Information Statement) (10/31/06)
This two-page fact sheet answers the following questions: what is HPV,
why get vaccinated, who should get HPV vaccine and when, who should not
get vaccinated (or should wait), what are the risks from HPV vaccine,
what if there is a severe reaction, and where to go to learn more.
Easy Read HPV
and HPV Vaccine: Information for Healthcare Providers (Revised) (10/31/06)
This three-page fact sheet provides information on provisional recommendations,
HPV vaccine safety, HPV vaccine efficacy, duration of vaccine protection,
HPV vaccine delivery, cost effectiveness, policies, other vaccines in
development, genital HPV infection, natural history of HPV, HPV-associated
disease, prevention of cervical cancer, and additional sources of information.
Mobilizing
against the HIV/AIDS Crisis among African Americans, November 16, 2006 (10/31/06)
CDC and the Public Health Training Network will present this satellite
broadcast and webcast on November 16, 2006, at 1 p.m. EST. The broadcast
will highlight relevant research and related programs and a panel will
answer viewer questions.
HIV
Testing in Healthcare Settings (10/31/06)
CDC's recommendations urge providers to include HIV testing as a routine
part of their patients’ healthcare. Routine HIV testing ensures
more people learn whether they are infected with HIV, allowing them to
benefit from earlier access to treatment, and to reduce the risk of infecting
their partners.
Errata:
STD Treatment Guidelines, 2006 (10/31/06)
In the MMWR Recommendations and Reports, "Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Treatment Guidelines, 2006," errors occurred on pages 42, 48, and
59. The corrected text is provided.
Trends
in HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among High School Students- United States,
1991-2005 (9/19/06)
This report summarizes results indicating that, during 1991-2005, the
percentage of U.S. high school students engaging in HIV-related sexual
risk behaviors decreased.
Dear
Colleague Letter on Risk Behaviors and Methamphetamine Use (9/19/06)
Review this summary of the science and practice of methamphetamine use
and sexual risk, and consider incorporating the suggestions in prevention
and intervention planning to reduce sexually transmitted infections (including
HIV infection) in your communities.
The
Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic, 2006 (9/19/06)
Despite a 5-year scale-up of interventions to prevent mother-to-child
transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, approximately one in 10 pregnant women were
offered PMTCT services, and fewer than one in 10 HIV-positive pregnant
women received antiretroviral therapy prophylaxis for PMTCT.
Sexually
Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006 (8/21/06)
Errata
These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) were developed by CDC after consultation with a group
of professionals knowledgeable in the field of STDs. Physicians and other
health-care providers play a critical role in preventing and treating
STDs, and these guidelines are intended to assist with that effort.
HIV Testing (7/28/06)
HIV counseling and testing enables people with HIV to take steps to protect
their own health and that of their partners, and helps people who test
negative get the information they need to stay uninfected. Across
the country, thousands of HIV counseling and testing sites, state and
local health departments, and community-based organizations provide counseling
and testing services. Fees for these services are often based on "ability
to pay" or may even be free.
Cases
of HIV Infection and AIDS in the U.S., by Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2004 (7/28/06)
This report complements the information in the 2004 HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Report and updates the detailed information in the previous surveillance
supplemental report on race/ethnicity during 1998–2002. The report
presents estimated numbers of cases of HIV infection, including cases
that have progressed to AIDS. These data are stratified by the following
races/ethnicities: white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic), Hispanic,
Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native.
Reduction
in Perinatal Transmission of HIV Infection- United States, 1985-2005 (7/28/06)
Estimates of the number of perinatal HIV infections peaked in 1991 at
1,650 and declined to an estimated range of 144-236 in 2002 (CDC, unpublished
data, 2006). This reduction is attributed to routine HIV screening of
pregnant women, use of antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prophylaxis,
avoidance of breastfeeding, and use of elective cesarean delivery when
appropriate. With these interventions, rates of HIV transmission during
pregnancy, labor, or delivery from mothers infected with HIV have been
reduced to less than 2 percent, compared with transmission rates of 25-30
percent with no interventions.
HIV/AIDS
among Hispanics (7/28/06)
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious threat to the Hispanic community.
In addition to being a population seriously affected by HIV, Hispanics
continue to face challenges in accessing health care, prevention services,
and treatment. In 2002, HIV/AIDS was the third leading cause of death
among Hispanic men aged 35 to 44 and the fourth leading cause of death
among Hispanic women in the same age group.
HIV/AIDS
among Youth (7/28/06)
An estimated 4,883 young people received a diagnosis of HIV infection
or AIDS, representing about 13 percent of the persons given a diagnosis
during that year. During 2001–2004, in the 33 states with long-term,
confidential name-based HIV reporting, 62 percent of the 17,824 persons
13–24 years of age given a diagnoses of HIV/AIDS were males, and
38 percent were females.
HIV/AIDS
among Women Who Have Sex with Women (7/28/06)
To date, there are no confirmed cases of female-to-female sexual transmission
of HIV in the United States database (K. McDavid, CDC, oral communication,
March 2005). However, case reports of female-to-female transmission of
HIV and the well-documented risk of female-to-male transmission indicate
that vaginal secretions and menstrual blood are potentially infectious
and that mucous membrane (for example, oral, vaginal) exposure to these
secretions has the potential to lead to HIV infection.
CDC’s
Advisory Committee Recommends Human Papillomavirus Vaccination (7/11/06)
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to recommend
that a newly licensed vaccine designed to protect against human papillomavirus
(HPV) be routinely given to girls when they are 11-12 years old. The
ACIP recommendation also allows for vaccination of girls beginning at
nine years old as well as vaccination of girls and women 13-26 years
old. HPV is the leading cause of cervical cancer in women.
Easy Read HPV Vaccine
Questions and Answers (7/11/06)
This fact sheet provides answers to questions about HPV; cervical cancer;
genital warts; treatment and prevention; screening; and vaccine effectiveness,
safety, benefits, costs, and recommendations.
HPV
and HPV Vaccine: Information for Healthcare Providers (7/11/06)
This fact sheet provides an overview and information on genital HPV infection,
natural history of HPV, HPV-associated disease, prevention of cervical
cancer, HPV vaccine, and additional resources.
Epidemiology
of HIV/AIDS– United States, 1981-2005 (6/19/06)
The majority of AIDS cases continue to occur among males; however, the
proportion of all AIDS cases increased from 15% (1981-1995) to 27% (2001-2004)
for females. An estimated 252,000-312,000 persons in the United States
are unaware that they are infected with HIV and, therefore, are unaware
of their risk for HIV transmission.
Achievements
in Public Health: Reduction in Perinatal Transmission of HIV Infection-
United States, 1985—2005 (6/19/06)
During 2005, an estimated 92% of AIDS cases reported among children aged <13
years in the United States were attributed to mother-to-child transmission
of HIV. Every perinatal HIV infection often indicates a woman who had
undiagnosed HIV infection before pregnancy or did not receive appropriate
interventions to prevent transmission of the virus to her infant.
HIV/AIDS
among Women (6/19/06)
PDF
In 2002 (the most recent year for which data are available), HIV infection
was the leading cause of death for African American women aged 25–34
years, the 3rd leading cause of death for African American women aged
35–44 years, and the 4th leading cause of death for African American
women aged 45–54 years and for Hispanic women aged 35–44.
In the same year, HIV infection was the 5th leading cause of death among
all women aged 35–44 years and the 6th leading cause of death among
all women aged 25–34 years. The only diseases causing more deaths
of women were cancer and heart disease.
Slide
Set: HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Women (6/19/06)
Fourteen slides in Adobe PDF format, PowerPoint PPT format, or Macromedia
Flash format.
A
Glance at the HIV/AIDS Epidemic (6/19/06)
PDF
At the end of 2003, an estimated 1,039,000 to 1,185,000 persons in the
United States were living with HIV/AIDS. In 2004, 38,730 cases of HIV/AIDS
were diagnosed in the 35 areas (33 states, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands)
with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting. CDC has estimated
that approximately 40,000 persons become infected with HIV each year.
Social
Networks Testing: A Community-Based Strategy for Identifying Persons
with Undiagnosed HIV Infection, Interim Guide for HIV Counseling, Testing,
and Referral Programs (6/19/06)
One strategy for reaching and providing HIV CTR to persons with undiagnosed
HIV infection is the use of social networks. Enlisting HIV-positive or
high-risk HIV-negative persons (i.e., recruiters) to encourage people
in their network (i.e., network associates) to be tested for HIV may
provide an efficient and effective route to accessing individuals who
are infected, or at very high risk for becoming infected, with HIV and
linking them to services. The social network approach has proven to be
a viable recruitment strategy for reaching people beyond current partners.
Easy Read Mother-to-Child
(Perinatal) HIV Transmission and Prevention (6/19/06)
PDF
HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, labor, delivery,
or breastfeeding is called perinatal transmission. Research published
in 1994 showed that zidovudine (ZDV) given to pregnant HIV-infected women
reduced this type of HIV transmission. Since then, the testing of pregnant
women and treatment for those who are infected have resulted in a dramatic
decline in the number of children perinatally infected with HIV.
Easy Read Human
Papillomavirus Vaccine Fact Sheet (6/19/06)
This fact sheet on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines provides questions
and answers about HPV and HPV vaccines.
Cases
of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States, by Race/Ethnicity,
2000–2004 (6/19/06)
PDF
This report complements the information in the 2004 HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Report and updates the detailed information in the previous surveillance
supplemental report on race/ethnicity during 1998–2002. The report
presents estimated numbers of cases of HIV infection, including cases
that have progressed to AIDS. These data are stratified by the following
races/ethnicities: white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic), Hispanic,
Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native.
Easy Read Women
and HIV/AIDS (6/19/06)
Find out about how HIV/AIDS impacts women, the latest surveillance findings,
and what women can do to protect themselves.
Notice
to Readers: Discontinuation of Spectinomycin (4/30/06)
In January 2006, CDC learned that Pfizer, Inc. (New York, New York) had
discontinued U.S. distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin®) in November
2005; remaining inventory will expire in May 2006. No other pharmaceutical
company manufactures or sells spectinomycin in the United States. Relatively
few indications exist for which spectinomycin is the preferred treatment
option for N. gonorrhoeae; these include 1) pregnant women with penicillin
or cephalosporin allergy (fluoroquinolones are contraindicated during
pregnancy), 2) persons with penicillin or cephalosporin allergies who
reside in areas with a high prevalence of quinolone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae,
and 3) men with penicillin or cephalosporin allergies who have sex with
men.
Easy Read HPV:
Common Infection. Common Reality. (4/24/06)
This consumer brochure provides information about HPV and answers the
following questions: why haven’t more people heard of it; how common
is genital HPV; who gets genital HPV; what makes a person more likely
to get genital HPV; what does “low-risk” HPV mean; what does “high-risk
HPV mean; does “high-risk” HPV mean cancer; how can women
prevent cervical cancer; why should women get regular Pap tests; should
women worry about abnormal Pap test results; what about a HPV test for
women; what’s the difference between the Pap test and the HPV test;
do I need to know if I have genital HPV; is there a cure for genital
HPV; are there ways to reduce my chances of getting genital HPV; what
about a vaccine; and what about condoms. A poster is also available.
STD Online
Case Studies (4/24/06)
(Non-CDC site)
This web-based case series is designed for practicing clinicians who
diagnose, treat and manage patients with, or at risk for, sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs). The series includes case presentations of common STD-related
syndromes with a guided, interactive process to evaluate each case, arrive
at a diagnosis and provide recommended treatment. In addition, each case
is designed to improve skills in assessing patient risk, communicating
risk reduction techniques and managing partners. Each case should take
about one hour to complete. Continuing education credit is available
free of charge. The Online STD Case Series is by the National Network
of STD/HIV Prevention Training Centers and CDC. Registration is required.
Primary
and Secondary (P&S) Syphilis- United States, 2003-2004 (3/30/06)
PDF
To characterize the recent epidemiology of syphilis in the United States,
CDC analyzed national notifiable disease surveillance data for 2000-2004,
focusing on 2003-2004. This report describes the results of that analysis,
which indicated that the disparity between syphilis rates among blacks
and whites in 2004 increased for the first time since 1993 and is associated
with a substantial increase of syphilis among black men. Syphilis rates
continue to increase among men who have sex with men (MSM). Among women,
the rate of primary and secondary syphilis decreased from 1.7 to 0.8
from 2000 to 2003 and remained at 0.8 in 2004, the first time since 1991
that the rate among women did not decrease. The findings underscore the
need for enhanced prevention measures among blacks and MSM. In addition,
enhanced surveillance is needed to detect any early increases in P&S
syphilis among women.
Chlamydia
Prevalence Monitoring Project Annual Report, 2004 (3/30/06)
In 2004, state- and outlying area-specific chlamydia rates among women
ranged from 160.9 per 100,000 to 1,016.6 per 100,000. This variation
in rates reflects both state-specific differences in screening and reporting
practices, and in true disease burden. This report consists of four parts.
The National Profile contains text and figures that provide an overview
of chlamydia surveillance in sexually active women and men in the United
States. The Regional Profiles contain chlamydia trend data in women in
all ten HHS regions. The State Profiles provide statistical information
about chlamydia in women in all 50 states, the District of Columbia,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The City Profiles provide statistical
information about chlamydia in women for selected cities.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance: General Epidemiology Slide Set (2/30/06)
Twenty-two slides in either PDF or PowerPoint on estimated numbers and
proportions for adults, adolescents, children, males, females, including
age group, reported cases, and other topics.
Racial/Ethnic
Disparities in Diagnoses of HIV/AIDS - 33 States, 2001-2004 (2/30/06)
PDF
This report describes racial/ethnic disparities in diagnoses of HIV/acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) during 2001-2004 and reported to CDC
through June 2005 by 33 states that used confidential, name-based reporting
of HIV and AIDS cases for at least 4 years. Of the estimated 157,252
diagnoses of HIV infection, the number of cases and diagnosis rates among
blacks were higher than those for all other racial/ethnic populations
combined. Among males, blacks had the largest or second-largest percentage
of cases in every transmission category; among females, blacks had the
largest percentage of cases in all transmission categories. Among females,
70% of high-risk heterosexual contact cases and 60% of IDU cases were
in blacks. Moreover, 69% of cases of perinatal transmission were among
blacks.
Testing
and Counseling for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV:
Support Tools (2/30/06)
(Non-CDC site)
The support tools were developed by CDC in collaboration with the Department
of HIV/AIDS at the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's
Fund and United States Agency for International Development and their
implementing partners. The Support Tools respond to a need in resource-constrained
settings for educational materials, job aids, and training resources
to support the integration of testing and counseling into antenatal care,
labour and delivery and post-delivery settings. Components: pre- and
post-test session flipcharts, protocol wall charts, client information
brochures, reference guide, and a CD-ROM.
Expedited
Partner Therapy in the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (2/30/06)
This report summarizes the available literature on expedited partner
therapy (EPT) for the management of the partners of persons with STD
and interprets the results. It also incorporates perspectives gained
from two expert consultations, one that predominantly addressed the scientific
evidence related to EPT and a second that emphasized operational issues
that will affect implementation of EPT. The report serves as background
on EPT and provides the evidence in support of anticipated guidelines
for the selective use of EPT. It is intended as a reference document
for use by CDC and by public health agencies, other organizations, interested
individuals, and other partners in the public and private sector. The
document includes recommendations on EPT for gonorrhea and chlamydial
infection in women and men, and women with trichomoniasis.
Syphilis
Surveillance Project Annual Report, 2004 (2/30/06)
State Profiles: Syphilis
Elimination Effort
Local Profiles
This Syphilis Surveillance Report presents adult and congenital syphilis
statistics and trends in the United States through 2004. The surveillance
information in this report is based on the following sources: case reports
from the 65 STD project areas, data on the prevalence of reactive serologic
tests for syphilis provided by the Corrections STD Prevalence Monitoring
Project and state and local health departments, which voluntarily submitted
correctional facility screening data to CDC. This report consists of
two parts: a National Profile, which contains figures that provide an
overview of syphilis morbidity in the United States and the State Profiles,
which contains figures of syphilis case report trends at the state and
county level.
2005 Publications and Materials
Supplemental
Testing for Confirmation of Reactive Oral Fluid Rapid HIV Antibody
Tests (12/30/05)
In late 2005, HIV testing programs in multiple U.S. cities experienced apparent
clusters of false-positive rapid HIV test results using oral fluid (but not whole
blood) specimens. Counselors at these programs have expressed concern regarding
the specificity and positive predictive value of the oral fluid rapid HIV test.
CDC is actively working with FDA, state and local health officials, and the product
manufacturer to investigate these reports, assess the test's current performance,
and consider whether changes in testing protocols should be recommended or any
other actions taken. In the meantime, current protocols for confirmation of reactive
rapid HIV test results should continue to be followed.
Trends
in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses- 33 States, 2001-2004 (11/30/05)
PDF
This report describes the characteristics of persons for whom HIV infection
was diagnosed during 2001-2004 and reported to 33 state and local health
departments with name-based HIV reporting. The findings indicate that
the rate of HIV diagnosis in these states decreased among non-Hispanic
blacks from 2001 to 2004; however, the rate of HIV diagnosis among blacks
remained disproportionately high. In 2004, the rate among blacks was
8.4 times higher than among whites. During 2001-2004, an estimated 157,252
persons had HIV/AIDS diagnosed in the 33 states reporting to CDC. Of
these, 112,106 (71%) were male and 45,146 (29%) were female. The majority
(76%) of females with HIV/AIDS diagnosed were exposed through high-risk
heterosexual contact; 21% were exposed through injection-drug use.
QuickStats:
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection,
by Sex- United States, 1987-2003 (11/30/05)
From 1999 to 2003, men experienced a modest but steady decrease in HIV/AIDS
mortality; the death rate for women was unchanged.
STD Surveillance
Report, 2004 (11/30/05)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004 consists of four parts.
The National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of STD
morbidity in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major
findings and trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles contain
figures and text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations
that are a focus of national and state prevention efforts, including
women and infants. The Detailed Tables provide statistical information
about STDs at the city, county, state, and national levels. The Appendix
includes information on interpreting the STD Surveillance data used to
produce this report, Healthy People 2010 STD objectives, GPRA goals,
and STD surveillance case definitions.
Trends in Reportable
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2004 (11/30/05)
This document summarizes 2004 national data on trends in notifiable STDs— chlaymdia,
gonorrhea, and syphilis— that are published in CDC's report, Sexually
Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004, which are useful for examining
overall trends and trends among populations at risk, and represent only
a small proportion of the true national burden of STDs. Many cases of
notifiable STDs go undiagnosed, and some highly prevalent viral infections,
such as human papillomavirus and genital herpes, are not reported at
all.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report: HIV Infection and AIDS in the U.S., 2004 (11/30/05)
This report is organized in 5 sections: (1) cases of HIV/AIDS and AIDS,
(2) deaths of persons with AIDS, (3) persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS,
or HIV infection (not AIDS), (4) length of survival after AIDS diagnosis,
and (5) reports of cases of AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS), and HIV/AIDS.
From 2001 through 2004, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases decreased
approximately 2% among males and 15% among females. In 2004, males accounted
for 73% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and adolescents.
HIV
Testing in the United States, 2002 (11/30/05)
PDF
This report shows national estimates of HIV testing from the National
Survey of Family Growth and two other CDC surveys. The data show both
marked progress since the earlier survey in 1995, and a significant number
of persons at risk of HIV who appear to need testing and counseling for
HIV. The proportion of women who were tested in the year before the 1995
and 2002 surveys was quite similar (15 percent in 1995 and 16 percent
in 2002). About 4.8 million people (2.8 million men and 2.0 million women)
at risk of HIV had never been tested for HIV in 2002. About 2 of 3 women
(69 percent) were tested for HIV during a pregnancy in the year before
the survey, including 83 percent of those at risk of HIV, and 67 percent
of others.
Cervical
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Screening among Older Women (10/30/05)
In this study, archived cervical smears were used to compare rates of
HPV acquisition during a 3-year period (1 screening interval in the United
Kingdom) between women of different ages. This approach also allowed
the estimation of rates of HPV persistence and clearance during the same
3-year interval for women whose baseline smears were HPV positive.
STD Communications Database: Interviews with Non-Gay Identified (NGI)
Men Who have Sex with Men (MSM) (10/30/05)
PDF
This study collected data on the behaviors, attitudes, and community/culture
of African-American and Hispanic/Latino NGI MSM aged 20–45 relevant
to STDs and their ideas for increasing knowledge of how to prevent these
diseases.
Sexual
Behavior and Selected Health Measures: Men and Women 15-44 Years of
Age- United States, 2002 (9/30/05)
PDF
Plan and
Operation of Cycle 6 of the NSFG
This report presents national estimates of several measures of sexual
behavior among males and females 15–44 years of age in the United
States in 2002, as collected in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth
(NSFG). These data are relevant to demographic and public health concerns,
including fertility and sexually transmitted diseases among teenagers
and adults. Data from the 2002 NSFG are compared with previous national
surveys.
HIV/AIDS among
American Indians and Alaska Natives (7/30/05)
The numbers of HIV and AIDS diagnoses in the American Indian and Alaska
Native population represent less than 1% of the total number of HIV/
AIDS cases reported to the HIV/AIDS Reporting System. However, when population
size is taken into account, this population in 2003 was ranked 3rd in
rates of AIDS diagnoses, after African Americans and Hispanics. The rate
of AIDS diagnoses for this group has been higher than that for whites
since 1995.
HPV
Provider Survey: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Genital
HPV Infection and Related Conditions (6/30/05)
Little is known about the extent to which U.S. clinicians are aware of
relatively new information about genital human papillomavirus prevalence,
natural history, transmission, testing, management, and prevention. CDC
was mandated by Public Law 106–554—Appendix A SEC. 317P.b.1.C.
to conduct a national survey of physicians. Three different survey instruments
were developed for three different clinician groups. Response rates varied
by group and by knowledge, attitudes, and practices.
A Glance
at the HIV/AIDS Epidemic (6/30/05)
This fact sheet includes information on HIV/AIDS diagnosis by exposure;
by sex; by race/ethnicity; trends in AIDS diagnoses and death; and estimated
AIDS diagnoses, deaths, and persons living with AIDS 1998-2002.
Men on the Down
Low (6/30/05)
This page answers several frequently asked questions: what are the origins
of this term down low and what does it refer to; what are the sexual
risk factors associated with being on the down low; what are the implications
for HIV prevention; and what steps is CDC taking to address the down
low.
HIV Mortality
Slides (6/30/05)
This set includes 31 slides on HIV mortality, including rates, comparison
of mortality data, and trends.
Reporting
of Chlamydial Infection- Massachusetts, January-June 2003 (6/30/05)
PDF (p. 558)
This report summarizes an evaluation of chlamydial-infection reporting
in Massachusetts during January-June 2003. The findings in this report
identify the need to improve reporting of chlamydial infections in Massachusetts.
Laboratories and health care providers are not reporting all of their
cases, 28% of reported cases do not receive follow-up, and reporting
is likely not timely enough to allow for intervention and to prevent
transmission. Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most commonly reported
sexually transmitted disease in the United States. An estimated 2.8 million
infections occur annually.
The U.S. Syphilis
Elimination Effort (SEE): A Progress Update (6/30/05)
Today, syphilis remains a highly concentrated infection especially in
the South and, increasingly, in urban areas of the country that have
large populations of men who have sex with men. Use the resources on
this website to help build healthier communities across the United States.
The redeveloped SEE website has been designed to facilitate ready access
to relevant data and resources. A SEE Community Mobilization Toolkit
was also developed.
HIV/AIDS among
Youth (5/30/05)
Young people in the United States are at persistent risk for HIV infection.
This risk is especially notable for youth of minority races and ethnicities.
Continual prevention outreach and education efforts are required as new
generations replace the generations that benefited from earlier prevention
strategies. Unless otherwise noted, this fact sheet defines youth, or
young people, as persons who are 13–24 years of age.
Human Papillomavirus
(HPV) Creative Material Testing Report (5/30/05)
This report presents the results of testing HPV messages and materials
with 15 focus groups in February 2005. The materials were designed to
raise awareness about human papillomavirus and tested with individuals
from the general public between the ages of 18 and 29 who were African-American,
Caucasian, or Hispanic. Additional segmentation included gender, language
(English and Spanish), and geography. The appendices to the report provide
copies of all the messages and designs tested. There is also a downloadable
print-ready copy of the final products (brochure and poster). Both items
may be customized for local use.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
in Adolescents L265 Slide Series (4/30/05)
View 11 slides about HIV/AIDS in adolescents.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
in Urban and Non-Urban Areas L206 Slide Series (4/30/05)
View 14 slides about HIV/AIDS in urban and non-urban areas.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women– L264 Slide Series through 2003 (4/30/05)
View 9 slides, including Number and Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female
Adults and Adolescents; AIDS Cases and Rates for Female Adults and Adolescents,
by Race/Ethnicity; Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female Adults and Adolescents,
by Transmission; Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female Adults and Adolescents,
by Transmission Category and Age at Diagnosis; AIDS Rates for Female
Adults and Adolescents; AIDS Cases among Female Adults and Adolescents
Attributed to Injection Drug Use or Heterosexual Contact, by Region;
Reported AIDS Cases among Female Adults and Adolescents, by Region and
Race/Ethnicity; Female Adults and Adolescents 15 to 44 Years of Age Reported
to be Living with HIV Infection (not AIDS); and Female Adults and Adolescents
15 to 44 Years of Age Reported to be Living with AIDS.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
by Race/Ethnicity (4/30/05)
View 12 slides, including Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female Adults
and Adolescents, by Transmission Category and Race/Ethnicity, Cumulative
through 2003— United States.
Quick
Facts: Perinatal HIV/AIDS Prevention, April 2003-March 2005 (4/30/05)
This document includes data and information on the challenges and accomplishments
of preventing perinatal HIV infection.
AIDS Surveillance– Trends
L207 Slide Series through 2003 (4/30/05)
View 18 slides covering topics on HIV/AIDS including Estimated Number
of Deaths among Female Adults and Adolescents with AIDS Attributed to
Heterosexual Contact by Race/Ethnicity, 1985-2003, United States; Estimated
Number of Female Adults and Adolescents Living with AIDS, by Transmission
Category, 1985-2003 United States; and Estimated Number of Perinatally
Acquired AIDS Cases, 1985-2003, United States.
HIV/AIDS
Risk Factor Reporting Alarmingly Low (3/30/05)
Of the approximately 33,000 new HIV/AIDS diagnoses reported to the National
HIV/AIDS Reporting System in 2003, over one-third were reported with
no identified risk factor, according to a new report by the CDC. Without
accurate risk factor documentation and reporting (which are part of routine
case reporting), state and federal funding for HIV prevention activities
and AIDS services may not reach the populations who are most in need.
HPV Testing
and Cervical Cancer Screening: Dear Colleague Letter (3/30/05)
In light of the recent launch of a national consumer marketing campaign
for an HPV DNA test, questions may be directed to STD and family planning
clinics, as well as cervical cancer prevention programs. It is important
to reassure patients and providers that there have been no changes from
any professional organization in the recommendations regarding the importance,
timing or use of Pap tests. Additionally, this may be an opportune time
to answer questions from patients about HPV transmission and prevention.
AIDS Surveillance- General
Epidemiology L178 Slide Series (3/30/05)
This 26 slide set contains updated slides for: estimated number of AIDS
cases and deaths among adults and adolescents; reported AIDS cases and
deaths cumulative through 2003; reported AIDS cases, by age and sex;
estimated number of adults and adolescents living with AIDS; estimated
number of persons living with AIDS; estimated number of Asians/Pacific
Islanders and of American Indians/Alaska Natives Living with AIDS; proportion
of AIDS cases among adults and adolescents; AIDS rates, reported in 2003;
proportion of AIDS cases and population; estimated number of AIDS cases
and rates for male adults and adolescents; proportion of AIDS cases among
adults and adolescents; estimated number and proportion of AIDS cases
among adults and adolescents; estimated number and proportion of AIDS
cases associated with injection drug use; reported AIDS cases in children <13
years of age at diagnosis; reported AIDS cases, by age group at diagnosis;
adolescents 13–19 years of age reported to be living with AIDS;
estimated rates for adults, adolescents and children; and proportion
of persons surviving after AIDS diagnosis.
Syphilis Elimination Effort (SEE) Toolkit (3/30/05)
This SEE Tool Kit is for public health practitioners responsible for
planning, managing, and developing community coalitions to increase the
awareness of and garner support for their syphilis elimination or prevention
effort. The toolkit includes: a guide that provides advice and instructions
on how to mobilize a community; camera-ready print ads; brochures, posters,
banners, educational materials specifically developed for health care
providers, leaders of the community-based and faith-based organizations,
and for elected officials; sexual-history-taking guide; Syphilis - A
Physicians Pocket Guide; form letters; radio PSAs; resource guides; tip
sheets; and a CD-ROM containing all of the kit materials.
CDC's Clinical
Studies of Daily Oral Tenofovir for HIV Prevention (2/28/05)
Researchers believe that an HIV drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration
(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir, brand name Viread)), taken
daily as an oral preventive, is one of the most important new prevention
approaches being investigated today. If proven safe and effective, this
approach could help address the urgent need for a female-controlled prevention
method for women worldwide who are unable, because of cultural and other
barriers, to negotiate condom use. Furthermore, if effective, tenofovir
could provide an additional safety net for all men and women at risk
due to sexual or drug-using behaviors, when combined with reducing the
number of sexual partners, HIV counseling and testing, condom use, use
of sterile syringes, and other prevention measures.
HIV/AIDS
among African Americans Fact Sheet (2/28/05)
During 2000–2003, HIV/AIDS rates for African American females were
19 times the rates for white females and 5 times the rates for Hispanic
females; they also exceeded the rates for males of all races/ethnicities
other than African Americans. Rates for African American males were 7
times those for white males and 3 times those for Hispanic males.
HIV
Transmission among Black Women- North Carolina, 2004 (2/28/05)
PDF
In August 2004, the North Carolina Department of Health invited CDC to
assist in an epidemiologic investigation of HIV transmission among black
women in North Carolina. This report summarizes the results of that investigation,
which indicated that the majority of HIV-positive and HIV-negative sexually
active black women in North Carolina reported HIV sexual risk behaviors.
In 2003, women constituted 28% of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome cases in the United States; approximately 69%
of those cases were among non-Hispanic black women. Heterosexual transmission
is now the most commonly reported mode of HIV transmission among women.
Antiretroviral
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis after Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other
Non-Occupational Exposure to HIV in the United States (1/30/05)
PDF
Press Release
This report summarizes knowledge about the use and potential efficacy
of non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis and details guidelines
for its use in the United States. Accumulated data from animal and human
clinical and observational studies demonstrate that antiretroviral therapy
initiated as soon as possible within 48-72 hours of sexual, injection-drug-use,
and other substantial non-occupational HIV exposure and continued for
28 days might reduce the likelihood of transmission.
Chlamydia Prevalence
Monitoring Project Annual Report, 2003 (1/30/05)
This report presents statistics and trends for Chlamydia trachomatis
in the United States through 2003. This annual publication is intended
as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners,
researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health implications
of this disease.
Syphilis Surveillance
Report, 2003 (1/30/05)
This report presents syphilis statistics and trends in the United States
through 2003. The Syphilis Surveillance Report consists of two parts.
The National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of syphilis
morbidity in the United States. The State Profile contains figures of
syphilis case report trends at the state and county level.
2004 Publications and Materials
HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics (12/30/04)
Issues covered include HIV estimate, AIDS cases, deaths due to AIDS,
AIDS cases by age, AIDS cases by race/ethnicity, AIDS cases by exposure
category, top 10 AIDS cases by state/territory, state HIV/AIDS data,
and international statistics.
HIV/AIDS among Asians
and Pacific Islanders (12/30/04)
Asians and Pacific Islanders account for less than 1% of the total number
of HIV/AIDS cases in the United States. However, in recent years, the
number of AIDS diagnoses in this group has increased steadily. This fact
sheet includes information on cumulative effects of HIV infection and
AIDS (through 2002), AIDS in 2002, HIV/AIDS in 2002, risk factors and
barriers to prevention, and prevention.
Treating
Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents (12/30/04)
PDF
These guidelines are intended for clinicians and other health-care providers
who care for HIV-infected adults and adolescents, including pregnant
women. These guidelines complement companion guidelines for treatment
of opportunistic infections (OIs) among HIV-infected children and previously
published guidelines for prevention of OIs in these populations. They
include evidence-based guidelines for treatment of 28 OIs caused by protozoa,
bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and include information on epidemiology,
clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment recommendations, monitoring
and adverse events, management of treatment failure, prevention of recurrence,
and special considerations in pregnancy. Tables address drugs and doses,
drug toxicities, drug interactions, adjustment of drug doses in persons
with reduced renal function, and data about use of drugs in pregnant
women.
Treating
Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Exposed and Infected Children (12/30/04)
PDF
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Because the guidelines are targeted to HIV-exposed and infected children
in the United States, the opportunistic pathogens discussed are those
common to U.S. children and do not include certain pathogens (e.g., Penicillium
marneffei) that might be seen more frequently in resource-poor countries.
The document is organized to provide information about the epidemiology,
clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for each pathogen. Each
treatment recommendation is accompanied by a rating that includes a letter
and a Roman number and is similar to the rating systems used in other
USPHS/IDSA guidelines.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United
States, 2003 (12/30/04)
This report is organized in 5 sections: (1) cases of HIV/AIDS and AIDS,
(2) deaths of persons with AIDS, (3) persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS,
or HIV infection (not AIDS), (4) length of survival after AIDS diagnosis,
and (5) reports of cases of AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS), and HIV/AIDS.
From 1999 through 2003, the estimated number of AIDS cases increased
15% among females and 1% among males.
Number
of Persons Tested for HIV- United States, 2002 (12/30/04)
PDF (p. 1110)
Telebriefing
To determine the number of persons who were tested for HIV during the
preceding 12 months, CDC analyzed data from both the 2002 National Health
Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS) survey. This report summarizes the results of these analyses,
which indicated that, in 2002, approximately 10%-12% of persons aged
18-64 years in the United States reported being tested for HIV during
the preceding 12 months, an estimated 16-22 million persons. In both
surveys, greater percentages of pregnant women and persons at increased
risk for HIV reported being tested during the preceding 12 months than
other persons. According to NHIS and BRFSS data, approximately 48.4%
and 54.0% of pregnant women, respectively, reported HIV tests.
Diagnoses
of HIV/AIDS- 32 States, 2000-2003 (12/30/04)
PDF (p. 1106)
Press Release
Telebriefing
To examine trends of diagnoses for 2000-2003, CDC analyzed HIV and AIDS
together as HIV/AIDS (i.e., HIV infection with or without AIDS), counted
by the year of earliest reported diagnosis of HIV infection. From 2000
to 2003, in 32 states that used confidential, name-based reporting of
HIV and AIDS cases for >4 years, the overall annual rate of diagnosis
of HIV/AIDS remained stable. However, rates among non-Hispanic black
females were 19 times higher than rates among non-Hispanic white females.
During 2000-2003, HIV/AIDS was diagnosed in 125,800 persons who resided
in the 32 states. Of these persons, 35,241 (28.0%) were female. Although
non-Hispanic blacks constituted 13% of the population of the 32 states
during these 4 years, they accounted for more than half (64,532 [51.3%])
of the HIV/AIDS diagnoses, including 68.8% of diagnoses among females
and 44.5% of those among males. The transmission category with the largest
proportion of females with HIV/AIDS was high-risk heterosexual contact
(77.7%), followed by intravenous drug use (19.4%).
HIV/AIDS among
Women Fact Sheet (12/30/04)
PDF
Topics include cumulative effects of HIV infection and AIDS (through
2003), AIDS in 2003, HIV/AIDS in 2003, risk factors and barriers to prevention
(lack of recognition of partners’ risk, sexual inequality, biologic
vulnerability, substance abuse, socioeconomic and other societal factors),
and prevention.
World
AIDS Day - December 1, 2004 (11/30/04)
PDF
World AIDS Day 2004 focuses on the increasing vulnerability of women
to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) with the theme, Women, Girls, HIV, and AIDS. Globally, women account
for nearly half of adults living with HIV. However, in some African countries,
HIV prevalence is nearly five times greater among young women than men.
In the United States, women in racial/ethnic minority populations are
especially vulnerable.
Introduction
of Routine HIV Testing in Prenatal Care- Botswana, 2004 (11/30/04)
PDF
To assess the early impact of routine testing on HIV-test acceptance
and rates of return for care, the CDC Global AIDS Program and the prevention
of mother-to-child transmission of HIV program in Botswana evaluated
routine prenatal HIV testing at four clinics in Francistown, the second
largest city in Botswana, where HIV prevalence has been >40% since
1995. This report describes the results of that assessment, which indicated
that, during February-April 2004, the first 3 months of routine testing,
314 (90.5%) of 347 pregnant women were tested for HIV, compared with
381 (75.3%) of 506 women during October 2003-January 2004, the last 4
months of the opt-in testing period. However, many women who were tested
never learned their HIV status because of logistical problems or not
returning to the clinic.
STD Surveillance
2003 (11/30/04)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2003 presents statistics and
trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States
through 2003. This annual publication is intended as a reference document
for policy makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and
others who are concerned with the public health implications of these
diseases. The report consists of four parts: National Profile - contains
figures and major findings and trends that provide an overview of STD
morbidity in the United States; Special Focus Profiles - contain figures
and text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations; Detailed
Tables - provide statistical information about STDs at the state, county,
city, and national levels; and the Appendix.
Trends in Reportable
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2003: National
Data on Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis (11/30/04)
This document summarizes the most recent national data on reportable
STDs — chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis — which are
published in CDC’s 2003 STD Surveillance Report.
2003 STD Surveillance
Slides (11/30/04)
The 2003 Surveillance Slides are in Microsoft PowerPoint format and cover
the following topics: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, other STDs, women
and infants, adolescents & young adults, racial & ethnic minorities,
men who have sex with men, persons entering corrections facilities, and
all slides.
HIV/AIDS among
Hispanics (11/30/04)
This updated fact sheet includes statistics (cumulative effects of HIV/AIDS,
AIDS in 2002, HIV/AIDS in 2002) risk factors and barriers to prevention
(poverty, denial, heterosexual risk, substance abuse, sexually transmitted
diseases), prevention, and more.
Easy Read HIV/AIDS and
the Flu (11/30/04)
This fact sheet provides questions & answers to guide both the administration
of flu shots and antiviral medications in people with HIV/AIDS.
Assessment
of Increase in Perinatal Exposure to HIV among Hispanics- 20 Counties,
Georgia, 1994-2002 (10/30/04)
PDF (p. 944)
This report summarizes the results of an assessment of perinatally HIV-exposed
Hispanic infants in the Atlanta metropolitan area, which suggest that
the increase in the number of perinatally HIV-exposed Hispanic infants
was associated with multiple factors, including the growth of the Hispanic
population, increasing HIV prevalence and fertility among Hispanics,
and lower preconception awareness of HIV serostatus among those with
HIV. The findings suggest a need for improved access to voluntary HIV
counseling and testing and increased opportunities for reducing the risk
for unintended pregnancy among Hispanics in these counties.
HIV/AIDS among
Hispanics Fact Sheet (10/30/04)
PDF
In 2000, HIV/AIDS was the second leading cause of death among Hispanic
men aged 35 to 44 and the fourth leading cause of death among Hispanic
women in the same age group. Most Hispanic men are exposed to HIV through
sexual contact with other men, followed by injection drug use and heterosexual
contact. Most Hispanic women are exposed to HIV through heterosexual
contact, followed by injection drug use.
Enhanced
Perinatal Surveillance- United States, 1999-2001 (10/30/04)
This report describes the population of HIV-infected women who gave birth
during the years 1999, 2000, and 2001. These data provide essential information
for further focusing perinatal prevention efforts in the United States.
An estimated 6000 to 7000 HIV-infected women gave birth in the United
States during the year 2000; an estimated 280–370 infants were
infected.
Chlamydia
Screening Among Sexually Active Young Female Enrollees of Health Plans-
United States, 1999-2001 (10/30/04)
PDF
To evaluate rates of chlamydia screening among sexually active young
females, CDC analyzed 1999-2001 data from the Health Plan Employer Data
and Information Set (HEDIS®) reported by commercial and Medicaid
health insurance plans. This report summarizes the results of that analysis,
which determined that screening rates were low despite slight increases
in screening covered both by commercial and Medicaid plans during 1999-2001.
Increased screening by health-care providers and coverage of screening
by health plans will be necessary to reduce substantially the burden
of chlamydial infection in the United States.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
in Adolescents Slide Set (9/30/04)
This slide set includes: AIDS in 13-19 year olds by sex and year of report,
AIDS in 20-24 year olds by sex and year of report, proportion of AIDS
cases/HIV infection among adults and adolescents by sex and age, estimated
AIDS cases among male/female adolescents and young adults by exposure
category, proportion of AIDS cases/HIV infection in 13-19 year olds by
race/ethnicity, and adolescents 13-19 years of age living with HIV infection
or with AIDS.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women Slide Set, 2002 (9/30/04)
This set includes slides on estimated number and proportion of AIDS cases
among female adults and adolescents, reported AIDS cases and rates among
female adults and adolescents by race/ethnicity, proportion of AIDS cases
among female adults and adolescents by exposure category, proportion
of AIDS cases among female adults and adolescents by exposure category
and age at diagnosis, AIDS rates for female adults and adolescents, estimated
number of AIDS cases among female adults and adolescents attributed to
injection drug use and heterosexual contact by region, reported AIDS
cases among female adults and adolescents by region and race/ethnicity,
and female adults and adolescents aged 15-44 years living with HIV infection
(not AIDS) or with AIDS.
HIV
Transmission Among Black College Student and Non-Student Men Who Have
Sex With Men- North Carolina, 2003 (8/30/04)
PDF
This report summarizes the results of an investigation, which indicated
that black men who have sex with men college students and non-students
in North Carolina had high rates of HIV risk behaviors, underscoring
the need for enhanced HIV-prevention programs in these populations. Nearly
one third of both HIV-positive and HIV-negative college students met
sex partners on college campuses, but the majority of both of these groups
met their sex partners at gay nightclubs or over the Internet. Fewer
college students than non-students identified as gay or disclosed their
sexual identity to everyone or to most people. Approximately 20% of study
participants had a female sex partner during the preceding 12 months.
HIV Prevention in the
Third Decade (8/30/04)
The primary focus of this report is the epidemic in the United States
and the work of CDC's Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention. It begins in
the past, with a brief history of accomplishments since 1981. Then it
focuses on the present: the current status of the epidemic in the United
States and CDC’s responses.
Congenital
Syphilis- United States, 2002 (8/30/04)
PDF (p. 716)
This report summarizes 2002 congenital syphilis (CS) surveillance data,
which indicated that CS rates have decreased among all racial/ethnic
minority populations and in all regions of the United States except the
Northeast. During 2000-2002, the rate of CS decreased 21.1%, from 14.2
to 11.2 cases per 100,000 live births. Among the 451 cases of CS reported
in 2002, a total of 333 (73.8%) occurred because the mother had no documented
treatment or received inadequate treatment of syphilis before or during
pregnancy; many of these cases occurred among infants born to women who
had no prenatal care or no documented prenatal care.
Easy Read Printable
STD Fact Sheets (7/30/04)
Print version of STD fact sheets on bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia, genital
herpes, gonorrhea, antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea, human papillomavirus,
pelvic inflammatory disease, STDs and HIV, STDs and pregnancy, syphilis,
syphilis and men who have sex with men, and trichomoniasis.
Easy Read Enfermedades de transmisión
sexual (7/30/04)
STD Information (fact sheets, hotlines, and links) in Spanish.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance– General
Epidemiology (L178 Slide Series) – Through 2002 (7/30/04)
This set includes slides on estimated incidence and deaths, cases and
deaths, by age and sex, adults and adolescents/persons living with AIDS
(by sex, race/ethnicity, region), proportion of AIDS cases (by race/ethnicity,
exposure category, sex, region, size of residence, and year of diagnosis),
AIDS rates, cases and population, cases and rates for male and female
adults and adolescents, AIDS cases in children, confidential HIV case
surveillance, cases of HIV infection, adolescents living with HIV infection,
age at diagnosis of HIV infection or AIDS, rates for children/adults
and adolescents living with HIV infection or with AIDS, and proportion
of persons surviving (by year, race, age group).
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
by Race/Ethnicity (L238 Slide Series) – Through 2002 (7/30/04)
This set includes slides on AIDS cases, proportion of AIDS cases/population,
AIDS in Blacks and Hispanics, AIDS cases among adults and adolescents,
percent distribution of AIDS cases in male and female adults and adolescents,
and by sex/race/ethnicity.
2004 National STD Prevention
Conference Abstracts and Slides (6/30/04)
Several of the sessions featured include Bacterial STDs, Their Sequelae,
and Their Impact on Women; Integrating STD Services into Medical Care;
Abused and Nonabused Minority Women with STD; Enhancing Condom Use by
Female Family Planning Clients; HPV in a Cohort of Female Adolescents;
Strategies to Treat Partners of Women with Trichomonas vaginalis; and
Integrating STD Prevention with Family Planning and HIV Services.
Public Health Service Task
Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected
Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV-1
Transmission in the United States (6/30/04)
These recommendations update the November 26, 2003 guidelines developed
by the Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce
the risk for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission*.
This report provides health care providers with information for discussion
with HIV-1 infected pregnant women to enable such women to make an informed
decision regarding the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and
use of elective cesarean delivery to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission.
Various circumstances that commonly occur in clinical practice are presented,
and the factors influencing treatment considerations are highlighted
in this report.
Notice
to Readers: Innovative STD Prevention Programs (4/30/04)
In 2000, despite an estimated 18.9 million persons infected with sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), of which half were persons aged <25 years,
innovative STD prevention efforts are having a positive impact on infection
rates in several U.S. cities, including Chlamydia in females and reaching
sex partners.
OraQuick
Rapid HIV Test for Oral Fluid: Frequently Asked Questions (3/30/04)
The Food and Drug Administration has approved the OraQuick test for use
with oral fluid and for use on plasma specimens. Until now, the test
was approved only for whole blood specimens. This is the first and only
rapid HIV test to be approved in the U.S. by the FDA for use with oral
fluid.
CDC's
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer Prevention Activities (3/30/04)
This page provides the March 11 testimony of Ed Thompson, M.D., Deputy
Director, CDC, before the Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee
on Criminal Justice, U.S. House of Representatives. Dr. Thompson discusses
what we know about HPV, CDC activities, and individual and public health
strategies.
Maternal
Malaria and Perinatal HIV Transmission, Western Kenya (3/30/04)
This evaluation of perinatal HIV transmission in a malarious area of
western Kenya demonstrated that approximately 20% of infants born to
HIV-infected mothers acquired HIV by 4 months of age, similar to rates
reported in other sub-Saharan African settings. Consistent with other
studies, maternal viral load in peripheral blood at the time of delivery
and having an episiotomy or perineal tear were risk factors for perinatal
mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT). Women with placental malaria
had lower rates of perinatal MTCT than women without placental malaria.
However, women with high-density malaria had significantly higher rates
of perinatal MTCT than parasitemic women with low-density malaria. Malaria
during pregnancy is a serious problem in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting
an estimated 24 million pregnant women; malaria prevalence may exceed
50% among primigravid and secundigravid women in malaria-endemic areas.
Syphilis Surveillance
Report, 2002 (3/30/04)
This report presents syphilis statistics and trends in the United States
through 2002 and consists of two parts. The National Profile contains
figures that provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in the United
States. The State Profile contains figures of syphilis case report trends
at the state and county level. The number of cases of primary and secondary
(P&S) syphilis increased 2.1% between 2000 and 2001 and increased
12.4% between 2001 and 2002. Increases in cases during 2000-2002 were
observed only among men. The number of P&S syphilis cases among women
and among African-Americans has decreased every year since 1990. During
2001-2002, the number of P&S syphilis cases declined 19.0% among
women and 10.3% among African-Americans. In 2002, the rate of P&S
syphilis was highest among women in the 20-24 year age group and among
men in the 35-39 year age group.
Promising
Practices in Perinatal HIV Prevention (3/30/04)
Selected summaries of plenary session presentations are provided from
the 2003 grantees meeting. Summaries focus on communication, linkage,
outreach, integration, system changes, correctional health, counseling
and testing, training, social marketing, rural programs, reproductive
health, surveillance, and international activities.
Heterosexual
Transmission of HIV- 29 States, 1999-2002 (2/20/04)
PDF (p. 125)
To characterize heterosexual transmission of HIV infections in the United
States, CDC analyzed data for 1999-2002 from the 29 states that have
met CDC standards for name-based HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
reporting for >4 years. This report summarizes the results of that
analysis, which indicated that heterosexually acquired HIV infections
represented 35% of all new HIV cases; 64% of heterosexually acquired
HIV infections occurred in females, and 74% occurred in non-Hispanic
blacks. The proportion of females was greater among persons with heterosexually
acquired HIV infections (64%; 23,205 of 36,084) than the proportion of
females among persons exposed through injection-drug use, blood products,
transfusions, and undetermined modes of exposure (36%; 6,661 of 18,732).
The proportion of infected females was highest among persons aged 13-19
years, consistent with a previous finding. Survey data suggest that females
in this age group engage in behaviors that place them at increased risk
for acquiring HIV infections; the high proportion of infected females
might be associated with sexual contact with older males, who are more
likely to be infected. In addition, young females might have more opportunities
for HIV testing and diagnosis (e.g., routine family planning and gynecological
services) than young males.
Rapid
HIV Testing (2/6/04)
Rapid HIV tests can play an important role in HIV prevention activities.
These pages include descriptions of the rapid HIV tests approved by the
FDA, how the tests can be implemented in different settings, and research
on the effectiveness and possible uses of the tests. For women, treatment,
even at the time of labor and delivery, can substantially reduce the
transmission of HIV from mother to child. Rapid tests can help implement
this prevention strategy. When the recommended antiretroviral and obstetric
interventions are used, a woman who knows of her HIV infection early
in pregnancy now has a less than 2% chance of delivering an HIV-infected
infant. Without intervention, this risk is approximately 25% in the United
States.
Easy Read Sexually
Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Pregnancy– Updated Fact Sheet (1/22/04)
This fact sheet answers the following questions: can pregnant women become
infected with STDs; how common are STDs in pregnant women in the United
States; how do STDs affect a pregnant woman and her baby; should pregnant
women be tested for STDs; can STDs be treated during pregnancy; how can
pregnant women protect themselves against infection; and where can I
get more information.
Easy Read Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease– Updated Fact Sheet (1/22/04)
This fact sheet answers the following questions: what is PID; how common
is PID; how do women get PID; what are the signs and symptoms of PID;
what are the complications of PID; how is PID diagnosed; what is the
treatment for PID; how can PID be prevented; and where can I get more
information.
Prenatal
HIV Testing and Antiretroviral Prophylaxis at an Urban Hospital- Atlanta,
Georgia, 1997-2000 (1/20/04)
PDF
To identify missed prevention opportunities, CDC analyzed the incidence
of perinatal HIV infection among a cohort of HIV-exposed infants born
during 1997-2000 at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. This
report describes the results of that analysis and underscores the challenges
to universal prevention of infant HIV infections. Efforts to reduce perinatal
HIV transmission should focus on increasing prenatal care rates, promoting
adherence to recommended treatment regimens during pregnancy, and increasing
prenatal HIV testing, particularly in areas where missed opportunities
for prevention of perinatal HIV transmission persist.
Implementation
of Named HIV Reporting- New York City, 2001 (1/20/04)
PDF (p. 1248)
This report describes epidemiologic data from the first full calendar
year of named HIV reporting in NYC. The findings indicate that, compared
with persons living with AIDS (PLWA), persons who had HIV diagnosed during
2001 were more likely to be female, non-Hispanic black, younger (i.e.,
aged <45 years), and residents of the Bronx or Brooklyn. These newly
available data describe the NYC population with HIV infection more accurately
than data on PLWA and can be used to redirect HIV-prevention efforts
to better target persons at highest risk for acquiring HIV infection.
Incidence
of Acute Hepatitis B- United States, 1990-2002 (1/20/04)
PDF (p. 1252)
To characterize the epidemiology of acute hepatitis B in the United States,
CDC analyzed national notifiable disease surveillance data for 1990-2002.
This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated
that, during 1990-2002, the incidence of reported acute hepatitis B declined
67%. To reduce HBV transmission further in the United States, hepatitis
B vaccination programs are needed that target men who have sex with men,
injection-drug users, and other adults at high risk. The incidence of
acute hepatitis B among men has been consistently higher than among women.
In 1990, the incidence among men and women was 9.8 and 6.3, respectively;
in 2002, the incidence was 3.7 and 2.2, respectively. Overall, incidence
among women has declined more than among men; the male-to-female acute
hepatitis B rate ratio was 1.5 in 1990, compared with 1.7 in 2002.
2003 Publications and Materials
Chlamydia Surveillance
Supplement 2002 (12/17/03)
This report consists of three parts. The National Profile contains text
and figures that provide an overview of chlamydia surveillance in sexually
active women in the United States. It also includes the sources and limitations
of the data used to produce this report. The State Profiles provide statistical
information about chlamydia in women in all 50 states, the District of
Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The City Profiles provide
statistical information about chlamydia in women for selected cities
with >200,000 population.
STD Surveillance Slides 2002 (12/17/03)
The page provides PowerPoint and 35mm slides for Chlamydia, gonorrhea,
syphilis, other sexually transmitted diseases, STDs in women and infants,
STDs in adults and young adults, STDs in racial and ethnic minorities,
STDs among men who have sex with men, and STDs in persons entering corrections
facilities.
Public Health Service Task Force
Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected
Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission
in the United States - November 26, 2003 (12/17/03)
(Non-CDC site)
These recommendations update the September 22, 2003 guidelines developed
by the Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce
the risk for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission.
This report reviews the special considerations regarding use of antiretroviral
drugs for pregnant women; updates the results of PACTG 076 and related
clinical trials and epidemiologic studies; discusses the use of HIV-1
RNA and antiretroviral drug resistance assays during pregnancy; provides
updated recommendations on antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis for reducing
perinatal transmission; and provides recommendations related to use of
elective cesarean delivery as an intervention to reduce perinatal transmission.
Increases in
HIV Diagnosis – 29 States, 1999-2002 (11/27/03)
PDF
Press Release
CDC analyzed trends in HIV diagnoses in 29 states that conducted name-based
HIV/AIDS surveillance during 1999-2002. This report summarizes the results
of that study, which indicated that HIV diagnoses increased among men,
particularly men who have sex with men (MSM), and also among non-Hispanic
whites and Hispanics. During 1999-2002, HIV infection was diagnosed in
102,590 persons in the 29 HIV-reporting states. Of these persons, 72,323
(70.5%) were male, and 30,264 (29.5%) were female. Among racial/ethnic
populations, the majority (56,872 [55.4%]) of HIV diagnoses were among
non-Hispanic blacks, accounting for 71.8% of all diagnoses in female
and 48.6% of all diagnoses in males. Among females, the most prevalent
exposure category was heterosexual contact, followed by injection-drug
use. The number of new HIV diagnoses did not change significantly during
1999-2002 among females, persons exposed through heterosexual contact,
injection-drug users, or MSM who inject drugs.
Chlamydophila
abortus Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (11/26/03)
PDF
This article reports the first documented case of an extragestational
infection with Chlamydophila abortus in humans. The pathogen was identified
in a patient with severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) by sequence
analysis of the ompA gene. The findings raise the possibility that Chlamydiaceae
other than Chlamydia trachomatis are involved in PID.
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral
Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents- November 10, 2003 (11/26/03)
(Non-CDC site)
The goal of these recommendations is to provide evidence-based guidance
for clinicians and other health-care providers who use antiretroviral
agents in treating adults and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV). The report includes a section on women of reproductive age
and pregnant women. Guidance for antiretroviral therapy for pediatric
HIV infection is not contained in this report.
STD Surveillance 2002 (11/24/03)
The report consists of four parts. The National Profile identifies major
findings and trends, and contains figures that provide an overview of
STD morbidity in the United States. The Special Focus Profiles contain
figures and text for selected subgroups and populations (including women
and infants). The Detailed Tables provide statistical information at
the state, county, city, and national levels. The Appendix includes the
sources and limitations of the data used to produce this report.
Primary & Secondary
Syphilis – United States, 2002 (Press Release) (11/21/03)
PDF
Erratum
Telebriefing
To characterize the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, CDC
analyzed national surveillance data for 2002. This report summarizes
the results of that analysis, which indicate that the number of reported
cases of P&S syphilis increased 12.4% in 2002. As in 2001, this increase
occurred only among men, suggesting that this increase occurred particularly
among men who have sex with men. For the 12th consecutive year, the number
of P&S syphilis cases declined among women and non-Hispanic blacks.
During 2001-2002, the rate of P&S syphilis decreased 10.9% among
non-Hispanic blacks (2.2% among men and 22.6% among women) and 42.9%
among AI/ANs (44.7% among men and 42.1% among women). Rates increased
71.4% among non-Hispanic whites (83.3% among men) and 28.6% among Hispanics
(36.4% among men); rates were unchanged among women of both populations.
The rate increased 80.0% among Asians/Pacific Islanders (60.0% among
men and 100% among women).
STD 101 in a Box (11/20/03)
This site provides materials that users may download and customize for
conferences, group discussions, and presentations. Topics include STD
clinical and behavioral information, HIV/STD inter-relationship, STD
epidemiology, and STD Prevention program information. The materials that
are available include PowerPoint presentations, Adobe Acrobat and MS
Word documents, and a short demonstration video. Must register.
Addendum: Cases of HIV
Infection and AIDS in the United States, 2002 (11/18/03)
This report provides additional information about the epidemiology of
HIV/AIDS at the national level to complement the information contained
in the 2002 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. This report presents the number
of AIDS and HIV infection (not AIDS) cases reported in 2002 and cumulatively
through 2002. The accompanying tables also present cases of HIV infection
(not AIDS) and AIDS, by sex, for adults and adolescents cross-tabulated
by race/ethnicity, and exposure category.
STD Communications Database (11/6/03)
The purpose of the Database is to provide easy access to a comprehensive
reference of evidence-based communication interventions, peer-reviewed
journal articles, and target audience profiles. The Database houses information
specific to a variety of sexually transmitted diseases and target audiences
that can be used to guide future health communication interventions or
message development in a cost-effective, timely, and efficient manner.
Cases of HIV infection
and AIDS in the United States, 2002 (10/03)
This report is organized in five sections: (1) diagnoses of HIV/AIDS
and AIDS, (2) deaths of persons with AIDS, (3) persons living with HIV/AIDS,
AIDS, or HIV infection (not AIDS), (4) length of survival after AIDS
diagnosis, and (5) reports of cases of AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS),
and HIV/AIDS. From 1998 through 2002, the number of AIDS diagnoses increased
7% among women and decreased 5% among men. In 2002, men accounted for
74% of all new AIDS diagnoses among adults in the United States. Rates
of AIDS diagnoses in 2002 were 26.4 per 100,000 among men and 8.8 per
100,000 among women.
The
Prevention Connection (HIV, STD, TB newsletter)
This Spring 2003 issue of the newsletter provides updates on HIV, STD,
and TB programs and activities.
HIV
Diagnoses Among Injection-Drug Users in States with HIV Surveillance
- 25 States, 1994-2000
PDF (p. 634)
This report presents data on initial HIV diagnoses among IDUs aged >13
years, with and without AIDS at the time of HIV diagnosis, by year, during
1994-2000. The findings indicate that HIV diagnoses among IDUs have leveled
in the majority of demographic groups during this period in the 25 states
for which HIV surveillance data are available. During 1994-2000, a total
of 21,687 HIV diagnoses reported in the 25 states were among IDUs; males
accounted for 14,252 (66%) cases. Among women, diagnoses declined 41%,
from 1,407 in 1994 to 835 in 1999, and leveled to 886 in 2000. Among
men, HIV diagnoses reported among IDUs declined 44%, from 2,819 in 1994
to 1,568 in 1999, and leveled to 1,628 in 2000. Because IDUs and their
sex partners represent approximately one third of persons infected in
the HIV epidemic and continue to be at risk for transmitting HIV, prevention
efforts targeting IDUs and their sex partners should be enhanced.
Characteristics
of Persons Living with AIDS and HIV, 2001
PDF
This report presents the demographic characteristics of persons living
with AIDS and HIV at the end of 2001, by state and metropolitan area
of residence. The tables on AIDS are updates of previous similar reports
published in 1998 and 2000; the HIV tables are new additions. The report
features several tables by sex and metropolitan area or state of residence.
The number of persons living with AIDS has increased in every state and
nearly every metropolitan area over 500,000 population. Most of the persons
living with AIDS were male (78%). Over 100,000 persons are estimated
to be living with HIV in 25 states. The increased prevalence of persons
with HIV and AIDS reflects the success of medical therapies and treatments.
Rapid
Increase in HIV Rates - Orel Oblast, Russian Federation, 1999-2001
PDF
This report summarizes the results of an assessment of recent HIV trends
and the prevalence of risk behaviors among injection-drug users (IDUs)
in Orel Oblast. During 1998-2001, the annual rate of new positive HIV
test results increased from five per 100,000 tests performed to 202.
During January 1999-September 2001, a total of 380 Orel Oblast residents
were identified as HIV-positive; 312 (82%) were male, 341 (90%) were
aged <30 years, and 313 (82%) were IDUs. During January 1999-September
2001, the number of new cases among women increased from 15 (12%) of
125 cases in January 1999 to 42 (22%) of 190 cases in September 2001.
During January 1987-September 2001, a total of 33 (47%) of 70 women and
30 (9%) of 318 men probably were infected through having heterosexual
sex. Of the 63 persons probably infected through heterosexual sex, 31
(49%) had sexual contact with persons known by the AIDS Center to be
IDUs. Continued increases in HIV rates underscore the need for interventions
directed at IDUs and their sex partners to limit further spread of HIV.
Incorporating
HIV Prevention into the Medical Care of Persons Living with HIV
PDF
The recommendations apply to incorporating HIV prevention into the medical
care of all HIV-infected adolescents and adults, regardless of age, sex,
or race/ethnicity. They are intended for all persons who provide medical
care to HIV-infected persons (e.g., physicians, nurse practitioners,
nurses, physician assistants); they might also be useful to those who
deliver prevention messages (e.g., case managers, social workers, health
educators). The recommendations were developed by using an evidence-based
approach.
Public Health Service
Task Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant
HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce
Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United States - June 16, 2003
These recommendations update the November 22, 2002 guidelines developed
by the Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce
the risk for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission.
This report provides health care providers with information for discussion
with HIV-1 infected pregnant women to enable such women to make an informed
decision regarding the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and
use of elective cesarean delivery to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission.
Various circumstances that commonly occur in clinical practice are presented,
and the factors influencing treatment considerations are highlighted
in this report. On the NIH web site.
Implementing
HHS' New HIV Prevention Initiative (Press Release)
The Department of Health and Human Services’ new HIV initiative
emphasizes HIV testing as a routine part of care, greater access to HIV
testing, increased attention to prevention among HIV-positive persons,
and reduced mother-to-child transmission. CDC research with women of
childbearing age shows that reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission
in part depends on increasing awareness of the need to be tested and
that treatment is available if results are positive. In two separate
surveys of recently pregnant women, 20 percent or more reported that
they had never been tested for HIV, despite a 1995 CDC recommendation
that all pregnant women be tested. Another CDC study found that more
than 40 percent of women of childbearing age were not aware that treatments
to prevent transmission of HIV from mother to child are available. Knowing
that effective treatments are available could motivate more women to
be tested during pregnancy.
HIV
Testing - United States, 2001
PDF (p. 540)
A goal of the new CDC initiative, Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies
for a Changing Epidemic, is to ensure that every HIV-infected person
has the opportunity to be tested and has access to state-of-the-art medical
care and prevention services needed to prevent HIV transmission. To characterize
the prevalence of HIV-antibody testing among U.S. adults, CDC analyzed
data from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The findings
document variability in HIV testing prevalence by area and by sex within
areas, underscoring the ongoing need to promote voluntary HIV counseling
and testing that will provide persons with early knowledge of their HIV
status and offer them access to appropriate counseling and treatment.
Among those ever tested, few statistically significant differences between
men and women were found except for the reason they were tested. Women
were more likely than men ever to have been tested in nine states (California,
Kentucky, Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Tennessee, Texas,
and Washington) and in Puerto Rico.
Late
Versus Early Testing of HIV-16 Sites, United States, 2000-2003
PDF
This report summarizes the results from a multisite interview project
where persons at 16 U.S. sites were tested early in the course of HIV
disease (early testers) and compared with persons who were tested late
in the course of HIV disease (late testers). Results indicate that late
testers were more likely than early testers to be black or Hispanic,
less educated, and exposed to HIV through heterosexual contact. Reducing
the incidence of both new infections and HIV-associated morbidity and
mortality will require earlier testing and improved access to prevention
and care services for persons infected with HIV. A new CDC initiative, "Advancing
HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic," is aimed
at reducing barriers to early diagnosis of HIV infection and increasing
access to quality medical care, treatment, and ongoing prevention services.
Recommendations for
Public Health Surveillance of Syphilis in the United States
The recommendations were developed for state and local public health
programs. The intention of this report is to make the collection and
reporting of syphilis surveillance data more uniform so that data from
a variety of sources are comparable.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Supplement Report, 1994-2000
This report characterizes the following three AIDS events in adolescents
and adults in the United States from 1994 to 2000 by years of age: AIDS
diagnoses, deaths in persons with AIDS, and persons living with AIDS.
2001 Syphilis Surveillance
Report
The Syphilis Surveillance Report, 2001, presents syphilis statistics
and trends in the United States through 2001. Between 2000 and 2001,
the number of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis cases among women
declined 19.5%. In 2001, the rate of P&S syphilis among women was
highest in the 20-24 year age group. The Syphilis Surveillance Report
consists of two parts. The National Profile contains figures that provide
an overview of syphilis morbidity in the United States. The State Profile
contains figures of syphilis case report trends at the state and county
level.
Advancing
HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic-United States,
2003
PDF
Press Release
Telebriefing
A new initiative will be launched in 2003 to reduce barriers to early
diagnosis of HIV infection and increase access to quality medical care,
treatment, and ongoing prevention services. The initiative consists of
four key strategies: make HIV testing a routine part of medical care;
implement new models for diagnosing HIV infections outside medical settings;
prevent new infections by working with persons diagnosed with HIV and
their partners; and further decrease perinatal HIV transmission. CDC
will promote recommendations for routine HIV testing of all pregnant
women, and, as a safety net, for the routine screening of any infant
whose mother was not screened. This initiative emphasizes the use of
proven public health approaches to reducing the incidence and spread
of disease.
AIDS Surveillance
- Trends
This series has 17 slides, including incidence of perinatally acquired
AIDS, incidence of AIDS among adults and adolescents, incidence among
women with AIDS attributed to heterosexual contact, number of deaths
among women with AIDS attributed to heterosexual contact, and prevalence
among female adults and adolescents.
Pediatric HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Slide Set
This set includes 12 slides, including information on the following:
mother's exposure category, reported AIDS in children, perinatally acquired
AIDS cases, Zivoduvine use for HIV-infected pregnant women or perinatally
exposed or infected children, AIDS cases in children, perinatally acquired
AIDS cases, children living with HIV infection or AIDS, AIDS-defining
conditions, and AIDS rates for children by race/ethnicity.
2001 Syphilis Surveillance
Report
The Syphilis Surveillance Report, 2001, presents syphilis statistics
and trends in the United States through 2001. Between 2000 and 2001,
the number of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis cases among women
declined 19.5%. In 2001, the rate of P&S syphilis among women was
highest in the 20-24 year age group. The Syphilis Surveillance Report
consists of two parts. The National Profile contains figures that provide
an overview of syphilis morbidity in the United States. The State Profile
contains figures of syphilis case report trends at the state and county
level.
Pregnancy
in Perinatally HIV-Infected Adolescents and Young Adults, Puerto Rico,
2002
PDF
The number of perinatally HIV-infected females in the United States who
are becoming both sexually active and pregnant is increasing. During
August 1998-May 2002, a total of 10 pregnancies were identified among
eight perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults in Puerto
Rico; in April 2002, the Puerto Rico Department of Health asked CDC to
assist in assessing such pregnancies. This report describes these pregnancies
and discusses factors associated with sexual activity and pregnancy.
The findings suggest that increasing numbers of pregnancies will occur
among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults and that
appropriately tailored reproductive health interventions should be developed.
Slide Set -
HIV/AIDS Surveillance, General Epidemiology
Includes 23 slides: Estimated incidence of AIDS and deaths of adults
and adolescents, AIDS cases and deaths, Persons diagnosed with AIDS by
age and sex, Estimated number of adults and adolescents living with AIDS
by sex, Estimated number of persons living with AIDS by race/ethnicity,
Estimated number of Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska
Native persons living with AIDS, Estimated number of persons living with
AIDS by region, Proportions of AIDS cases by race/ethnicity and year
of report, Proportions of AIDS cases among adults and adolescents by
exposure category and year of diagnosis, Estimated AIDS incidence among
adults and adolescents by sex and exposure category, AIDS rates, Reported
AIDS cases and estimated population by race/ethnicity, AIDS cases and
rates for male/female adults and adolescents by race/ethnicity, AIDS
cases by region and size of place of residence, Estimated AIDS cases
by exposure category, Estimated AIDS cases and rates associated with
injection drug use by exposure category, AIDS cases in children, Year
of initiation of confidential HIV case surveillance, Cases of HIV infection,
Adolescents 13-19 years of age living with HIV infection and adolescents
living with AIDS, and Age at diagnosis of HIV infection or AIDS.
Slide Set -
HIV/AIDS Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity
Slides are available for: AIDS cases in racial/ethnic minorities, proportion
of AIDS cases, AIDS in blacks and Hispanics, Estimated AIDS cases in
adults and adolescents by exposure category, AIDS cases reported in 2001
and estimated 2001 population, estimated percent distribution of AIDS
cases in male/female adults and adolescents by exposure category, and
AIDS cases in adults and adolescents by sex.
PDA Download of
STD Treatment Guidelines 2002
The CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002 are available
as a PDA file for viewing on a Palm OS device, with bookmarks and hyperlinks
to facilitate browsing. This page contains instructions for downloading
the guidelines, the guideline files, and tips for viewing the guidelines.
HIV/STD
Risks in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Do Not Disclose Their
Sexual Orientation - Six U.S. Cities, 1994-2000
PDF
The number of perinatally HIV-infected females in the United States who
are becoming both sexually active and pregnant is increasing. During
August 1998-May 2002, a total of 10 pregnancies were identified among
eight perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults in Puerto
Rico; in April 2002, the Puerto Rico Department of Health asked CDC to
assist in assessing such pregnancies. This report describes these pregnancies
and discusses factors associated with sexual activity and pregnancy.
The findings suggest that increasing numbers of pregnancies will occur
among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults and that
appropriately tailored reproductive health interventions should be developed.
Fact Sheet
for Public Health Personnel: Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
This fact sheet is based on the July 2001 National Institutes of Health
workshop report and additional studies that were not reviewed in that
report or were published subsequent to the workshop. Recommendations
concerning the male latex condom and the prevention of sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are based
on information about how different STDs are transmitted, the physical
properties of condoms, the anatomic coverage or protection that condoms
provide, and epidemiologic studies of condom use and STD risk.
Slide Set - HIV/AIDS
Surveillance in Women, through 2001
The slide sets includes AIDS incidence among women and adolescents by
region and race/ethnicity; AIDS cases and rates among women and adolescent
girls; Estimates of AIDS incidence in women and adolescent Girls by exposure
category; Estimated AIDS incidence in women and adolescent girls by exposure
category and age at diagnosis; AIDS rates in women and adolescent girls;
Estimated AIDS incidence among women and adolescent girls attributed
to injection drug use and heterosexual contact; AIDS incidence among
women and adolescent girls; and women and adolescent girls 15-44 years
living with HIV infection or AIDS.
2002 Publications and Materials
2001 Chlamydia
Surveillance Supplement
The purpose of the project is to monitor the prevalence of genital Chlamydia
trachomatis infections among women screened for this infection in the
United States through publicly-funded programs. The data presented on
chlamydial infection in this report complement and supplement data presented
in CDC's 2001 STD Surveillance Report. State profiles are provided.
STD Surveillance Report -
2001
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2001 presents statistics and
trends for STDs in the United States through 2001. This annual publication
is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers,
health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public
health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this
edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data.
Slide
Show - Summary of the 2002 STD Treatment Guidelines
View online or download the PowerPoint format.
HIV
Testing Among Pregnant Women - United States and Canada, 1998-2001
PDF
To assess the effectiveness of three different prenatal HIV-testing approaches,
CDC reviewed prenatal HIV-antibody testing rates associated with these
approaches. Medical record data suggest that the "opt-in" voluntary
testing approach is associated with lower testing rates than either the "opt-out" voluntary
testing approach or the mandatory newborn HIV testing approach. Prenatal
HIV testing affords the best opportunity for the prevention of perinatal
HIV transmission. On the basis of clinical trial data, perinatal HIV-transmission
rates among HIV-infected women who begin antiretroviral treatment during
pregnancy are as low as <2%, compared with 12%-13% early transmission
rates among women who do not begin preventive treatment until labor and
delivery or after birth and 25% among women who receive no preventive
treatment.
FDA
Approves New Rapid HIV Test Kit (Press Release)
(Non-CDC site)
Using less than a drop of blood collected, this new test can quickly
and reliably detect antibodies to HIV-1, the HIV virus that causes infection
in most cases in the U.S. Unlike other antibody tests for HIV, this test
can be stored at room temperature, requires no specialized equipment,
and may be considered for use outside of traditional laboratory or clinical
settings.
Primary
and Secondary Syphilis - United States, 2000-2001
PDF (p. 971)
Press Release
Telebriefing
To characterize the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, CDC
analyzed national notifiable disease surveillance data for 2000-2001.
This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate that
the number of reported cases of P&S syphilis increased slightly in
2001. This increase occurred only among men; the number of P&S syphilis
cases continued to decline among women and among non-Hispanic blacks.
The available data indicate that syphilis cases occurring among men who
have sex with men (MSM) contributed to the increase in cases. The data
suggest that, although efforts to reduce syphilis among women and non-Hispanic
blacks appear effective and should continue, efforts to prevent and treat
syphilis among MSM need to be improved. In 2001, rates of P&S syphilis
were 114.3% higher for men than for women. During 2000-2001, the rate
increased 15.4% among men and decreased 17.6% among women; the male-to-female
P&S syphilis case ratio increased 50% (from 1.4:1 to 2.1:1). Increases
in male-to-female case ratios occurred among all racial/ethnic groups.
Screening Tests
To Detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections
- 2002
This report updates the 1993 guidelines for selecting laboratory tests
for C. trachomatis with an emphasis on screening men and women in the
United States. In this report, screening refers to testing persons in
the absence of symptoms or signs indicating C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae
infection. In addition, these guidelines consider tests from an economic
perspective and expand the previous guidelines to address detection of
N. gonorrhoeae as well as C. trachomatis infections. This report also
addresses the need for additional testing after a positive screening
test to improve the specificity of a final diagnosis. These guidelines
are intended for laboratorians, clinicians, and managers who must choose
among the multiple available tests, establish standard operating procedures
for collecting and processing specimens, interpret test results for laboratory
reporting, and counsel and treat patients. Both infections are often
asymptomatic among females; and, if untreated, both can lead to pelvic
inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic
pain.
Text documents:
Screening Tests
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Deaths among
Persons with AIDS through December 2000
PDF
This report describes deaths among persons with AIDS, by year of death,
age group, geographic area, exposure category, and race/ethnicity. Deaths
among persons with AIDS can be attributable to any cause of death, not
necessarily HIV-related disease. This report also includes death certificate
data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics on the leading
causes of death, including HIV disease in the general population. Decreases
over the past several years in the number of deaths among persons with
HIV and AIDS are evident in all geographic and demographic groups in
the United States. Sex specific data available in Tables 4, 5, 6, and
7, and in Figures 6, 7, and 8.
AIDS Cases by
State and Metropolitan Area of Residence, 2000
PDF
This report describes AIDS cases reported in 2000, cumulative AIDS cases
reported through 2000, AIDS rates (cases reported per 100,000 population)
in 2000, and estimated AIDS prevalence at the end of 2000, by sex, race/ethnicity,
and exposure category for states and metropolitan areas over 500,000
population. States and metropolitan areas are ranked in descending order
of morbidity. All data in this report are provisional. New York, California,
Florida, New Jersey and Texas ranked the highest in total AIDS cases
reported in 2000 in most of the states tables. New York ranked first
in cumulative AIDS cases, AIDS cases reported in 2000, in persons living
with AIDS, among non-Hispanic black men and women. Puerto Rico ranked
third in number of AIDS cases reported in Hispanic men and second in
Hispanic women. Hawaii ranked high in number of cases in Asian/Pacific
Islander men and women. Arizona, Oklahoma and Washington ranked high
in American Indian/Alaska Native men and women.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
in Adolescents Slide Set
This slide set includes: AIDS in 13- to 19-Year-Olds, by Sex and Year
of Report; AIDS in 20- to 24-Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report; AIDS
in Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at Diagnosis; Reported HIV
in Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at Diagnosis; AIDS Cases in
Male Adolescents and Young Adults, by Exposure Category; AIDS Cases in
Female Adolescents and Young Adults, by Exposure Category; AIDS Cases
in 13- to 19-Year-Olds, by Race/Ethnicity; HIV Infection and AIDS in
13- to 19-Year-Olds; and Adolescents 13-19 Years of Age Living with HIV
Infection and AIDS.
Trends
in Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students - United States,
1991-2001
PDF (p. 856)
Press Release
This report summarizes the results of the analysis of six national Youth
Risk Behavior surveys (YRBS), which indicate that, during 1991-2001,
the percentage of U.S. high school students who ever had sexual intercourse
and the percentage who had multiple sex partners decreased. Among students
who are currently sexually active, the prevalence of condom use increased,
although it has leveled off since 1999. However, the percentage of these
students who used alcohol or drugs before last sexual intercourse increased.
During 1991-2001, the prevalence of sexual experience decreased 16% among
high school students. Logistic regression analysis indicated a significant
linear decrease overall and among female, male, 10th-grade, 11th-grade,
12th-grade, black, and white students. During 1991-2001, the prevalence
of multiple sex partners decreased 24%. Prevalence of multiple sex partners
did not show a significant linear decrease among female, 9th-grade, 10th-grade,
or Hispanic students. YRBS, a component of CDC's Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System, measures the self-reported prevalence of health
risk behaviors among adolescents through representative national, state,
and local surveys.
U.S. HIV and AIDS
Cases Reported Through December 2001. Year-end edition Vol.13, No.2
Includes data on HIV infection and AIDS cases, AIDS incidence, prevalence,
and deaths, adjusted for unreported risk and delays in reporting.
Update:
AIDS - United States, 2000
PDF (p. 592)
This report describes changes in AIDS incidence, prevalence, and deaths
among persons with AIDS during January 1996-December 2000. Surveillance
data indicate a slowing of declines in new AIDS diagnoses, continued
declines in deaths among persons with AIDS, and increases in the number
of persons living with AIDS. Of the estimated 69,775 adult and adolescent
women living with AIDS, 40,051 (57 percent) were exposed through heterosexual
contact, and 27,475 (39 percent) were injection drug users.
HIV Infections
in U.S. Newborns Decline 80 Percent Since 1991
CDC researchers report an estimated 80 percent decline in the number
of infants born with HIV infection in the United States during the last
decade. This decline, presented at the XIV International AIDS Conference
represents a tremendous success in reducing the toll of HIV infection
in the United States. However, study authors stress that, despite this
progress, eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission will prove increasingly
difficult as the number of women living with HIV infection in the U.S.
continues to grow.
AIDS Cases
Remain Stable After Recent Declines
U.S. AIDS cases and HIV infections appear roughly stable overall; however,
the overall stability may be masking increases in HIV infections among
some populations of heterosexuals as well as gay and bisexual men. During
the seven-year period examined, the majority of HIV diagnoses occurred
among gay and bisexual men (43 percent), followed by individuals infected
heterosexually (27 percent) and injecting drug users (23 percent). Among
the heterosexual HIV diagnoses, African-American women accounted for
almost 50 percent of cases. Among gay and bisexual men, white men (52
percent) and African-American men (40 percent) represented the vast majority
of reported HIV diagnoses.
Preventing
Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission: Thailand
In the first year of Thailand's national program to prevent mother-to-child
(perinatal) HIV transmission, more than two-thirds of HIV-infected expectant
mothers who had prenatal care also received short-course zidovudine (ZDV)
to prevent HIV transmission to their newborns, and nearly nine in 10
infants at risk of infection received prophylactic ZDV treatment after
birth. The program is the first to be implemented nationwide in a developing
country, and has reached more than 500,000 pregnant women to date.
Guidelines
for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Persons – 2002
PDF
This fourth edition of the guidelines, made available on the Internet
in 2001, is intended for clinicians and other health-care providers who
care for HIV-infected persons. The goal of these guidelines is to provide
evidence-based guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections (OIs)
among HIV-infected adults and adolescents, including pregnant women,
and HIV-exposed or infected children. Nineteen OIs, or groups of OIs,
are addressed, and recommendations are included for preventing exposure
to opportunistic pathogens, preventing first episodes of disease by chemoprophylaxis
or vaccination (primary prophylaxis), and preventing disease recurrence
(secondary prophylaxis). Major changes since the last edition of the
guidelines include 1) updated recommendations for discontinuing primary
and secondary OI prophylaxis among persons whose CD4+ T lymphocyte counts
have increased in response to antiretroviral therapy; 2) emphasis on
screening all HIV-infected persons for infection with hepatitis C virus;
3) new information regarding transmission of human herpesvirus 8 infection;
4) new information regarding drug interactions, chiefly related to rifamycins
and antiretroviral drugs; and 5) revised recommendations for immunizing
HIV-infected adults and adolescents and HIV-exposed or infected children.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
- General Epidemiology Slide Series
Slides include estimated incidence of AIDS and deaths of adults with
AIDS; cases and deaths; cases by age and sex; estimated number of persons
living with AIDS; estimated number of Asian/Pacific Islanders and American
Indian/Alaska Natives living with AIDS; cases in adult/adolescent women
by race/ethnicity per 100,000 population; cases in children; age at diagnosis;
and others.
Guidelines
for Using Antiretroviral Agents Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents:
Recommendations of the Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV
PDF
This report, which updates the 1998 guidelines, addresses 1) using testing
for plasma HIV ribonucleic acid levels (i.e., viral load) and CD4+ T
cell count; 2) using testing for antiretroviral drug resistance; 3) considerations
for when to initiate therapy; 4) adherence to antiretroviral therapy;
5) considerations for therapy among patients with advanced disease; 6)
therapy-related adverse events; 7) interruption of therapy; 8) considerations
for changing therapy and available therapeutic options; 9) treatment
for acute HIV infection; 10) considerations for antiretroviral therapy
among adolescents; 11) considerations for antiretroviral therapy among
pregnant women; and 12) concerns related to transmission of HIV to others.
HIV/AIDS Mortality Slide
Set, 1987-2000
This 36-slide set includes trends in age-adjusted death rates, survival
after months of diagnosis, leading causes of death by 5-year age group,
potential life lost, trends in annual rates of death among women, and
others.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment
Guidelines – 2002
Telebriefing
These guidelines are for the treatment of patients who have sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) and were developed by CDC after consultation
with a group of professionals. The information in this report updates
the 1998 Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Included
in these updated guidelines are new alternative regimens for scabies,
bacterial vaginosis, early syphilis, and granuloma inguinale; an expanded
section on the diagnosis of genital herpes (including type-specific serologic
tests); new recommendations for treatment of recurrent genital herpes
among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); a revised
approach to the management of victims of sexual assault; expanded regimens
for the treatment of urethral meatal warts; and inclusion of hepatitis
C as a sexually transmitted infection. In addition, these guidelines
emphasize education and counseling for persons infected with human papillomavirus,
clarify the diagnostic evaluation of congenital syphilis, and present
information regarding the emergence of quinolone-resistant Neisseria
gonorrhoeae and implications for treatment. Recommendations also are
provided for vaccine-preventable STDs, including hepatitis A and hepatitis
B.
Updated Fact Sheet: HIV/AIDS
Among US Women: Minority and Young Women at Continuing Risk
Between 1992 and 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS increased,
as a result of the 1993 expanded AIDS case definition and, more recently,
improved survival among those who have benefited from the new combination
drug therapies. During that 7-year period, a growing proportion of persons
living with AIDS were women, reflecting the ongoing shift in populations
affected by the epidemic. In 1992, women accounted for 14% of adults/adolescents
living with AIDS - by 1999, the proportion had grown to 20%.
Updated Fact Sheet:
HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics in the United States
The United States has a large and growing Hispanic population that is
heavily affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2000, Hispanics represented
13% of the U.S. population (including residents of Puerto Rico), but
accounted for 19% of the total number of new U.S. AIDS cases reported
that year (8,173 of 42,156 cases). Cumulatively, males account for the
largest proportion (81%) of AIDS cases reported among Hispanics in the
United States, although the proportion of cases among females is rising.
Females represent 19% of cumulative AIDS cases among Hispanics, but account
for 23% of cases reported in 2000 alone.
Changes in STD Rates
in U.S. Cities (Press Release)
Summary data, is provided for gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and human
papillomavirus (HPV-16), and the increases and decreases in disease rates
seen in various U.S. cities.
U.S. HIV and AIDS Cases
Reported Through June 2001: Midyear Edition
This report includes new tables which present trends in estimated annual
AIDS incidence from 1996 through 2000, by U.S. region, race/ethnicity,
and exposure category. The number of AIDS cases diagnosed in 2000 was
1.4% lower than that in 1999. From 1999 to 2000, the estimated number
of persons living with AIDS increased 7.9%. CDC estimates that about
339,000 persons were living with AIDS as of December 2000: 41% were black,
38% were white, 20% were Hispanic, 1% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and <1%
were American Indian/Alaska Native. Included are figures for: female
adult/adolescent annual AIDS rates; female adult/adolescent HIV infection
and AIDS cases; AIDS cases by age group, exposure category, and sex;
female adult/adolescent AIDS cases by exposure category and race/ethnicity;
female adult/adolescent HIV infection cases by exposure category and
race/ethnicity; trends of persons living with AIDS, trends of deaths
of persons with AIDS; and other information.
Substance Abuse Treatment (HIV
Prevention Among IDUs)
These fact sheets focus on HIV prevention issues related to substance
abuse treatment. They include: Substance Abuse Treatment for Injection
Drug Users (IDUs): A Strategy with Many Benefits, What Can We Expect
From Substance Abuse Treatment?, Linking HIV Prevention Services and
Substance Abuse Treatment Programs, Methadone Maintenance Treatment,
Policy Issues and Challenges in Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance
Abuse Treatment and Public Health: Working Together to Benefit Injection
Drug Users.
Progress Toward
Elimination of Perinatal HIV Infection-Michigan, 1993-2000
PDF
This report summarizes surveillance data collected through December 31,
2001, on children born to HIV-infected women in Michigan during 1993-2000.
The report highlights rapid adoption of PHS guidelines that resulted
in the reduction of perinatally acquired HIV infection to historically
low levels in Michigan. Improving levels of prenatal care (PNC) for HIV-infected
pregnant women, especially substance users, and routine HIV counseling
and voluntary testing for all pregnant women are needed to further reduce
perinatal HIV infection.
2000 Chlamydia Surveillance
Supplement
This report compares data on chlamydia prevalence in selected populations
with data reported to CDC through the case reporting system. In 2000,
702,093 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and
the District of Columbia. The reported number of cases of chlamydial
infection was about two times greater than the reported cases of gonorrhea
(358,995 gonorrhea cases were reported in 2000). From 1987 through 2000
the reported rate of chlamydial infection among women increased from
78.5 cases per 100,000 population to 404. State profiles are also provided.
2001 Publications and Materials
Sexually Transmitted Disease
Surveillance 2000
This report presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) in the United States through 2000. This annual publication is
intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers,
health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public
health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this
edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data. It includes
chapter on STDS in women and infants, with rates by state for chlaymdia,
gonorrhea, and primary and secondary syphilis. It also includes information
on hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease.
U.S. Syphilis Rate Declines to All-Time
Low in 2000
The overall syphilis rate in the United States fell to an all-time low
in 2000, continuing a decade-long decline that places elimination of
this sexually transmitted disease within closer reach. In 2000, only
5,979 cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis were reported
in the United States, a decline of 9.6 percent since 1999. The reported
rate of syphilis for 2000 was 2.2 cases per 100,000 people, slightly
less than the 1999 syphilis rate, which was 2.4 cases per 100,000 people.
In 2000, half of all P&S syphilis cases in the United States were
concentrated in only 21 counties and one independent city.
Trichomonas vaginalis,
HIV, and African-Americans
PDF
Trichomonas vaginalis may be emerging as one of the most important cofactors
in amplifying HIV transmission, particularly in African-American communities
of the United States. In a person co-infected with HIV, the pathology
induced by T. vaginalis infection can increase HIV shedding. Trichomonas
infection may also act to expand the portal of entry for HIV in an HIV-negative
person. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite transmitted principally
through vaginal intercourse. Infection with the organism, while frequently
asymptomatic, can cause vaginitis in women and urethritis in men.
HIV Prevalence
Trends in Selected Populations in the United States: Results from National
Serosurveillance, 1993-1997
PDF
Prevalence data from the serosurveillance system continue to reflect
the widespread, yet extremely varied, distribution of HIV infection across
demographic and geographic subgroups. This report presents data from
23 sexually transmitted disease clinics in 13 cities, 22 drug treatment
centers in 14 cities, and 5 adolescent medicine clinics in 3 cities.
Revised Guidelines for
HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral (CTR) and Revised Recommendations for
HIV Screening of Pregnant Women
The new Guidelines and Recommendations replace guidelines previously
issued by CDC and the Public Health Service. The new Counseling, Testing
and Referral guidelines include the following significant revisions:
providing guidance to all providers of voluntary HIV counseling, testing
and referral (CTR), both in the public and private sectors; underscoring
the importance of early knowledge of HIV status by making testing more
accessible and available; acknowledging providers' need for flexibility
in implementing the guidelines, given their particular client base, setting,
HIV prevalence level, and available resources; recommending that CTR
be targeted efficiently through risk screening and other strategies;
and addressing ways to improve the quality and provision of HIV CTR.
Major revisions to the 1995 Screening of Pregnant Women recommendations
include: emphasizing HIV testing as a routine part of prenatal care;
strengthening the recommendation that all pregnant women be tested for
HIV; recommending simplification of the testing process and making the
consent process more flexible; recommending that providers explore and
address reasons for refusal of testing; and emphasizing HIV testing and
treatment at the time of delivery for women who have neither received
prenatal testing nor antiretroviral drugs, if HIV-positive.
- HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral (CTR)
- Revised Recommendations for HIV Screening of Pregnant Women
Learning from
the Community: What Community-Based Organizations (CBO) Say About Factors
that Affect HIV Prevention Programs
This summary reflects the experiences of many CBOs who work to develop,
implement, and evaluate effective approaches to decreasing HIV transmission
in their communities.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women [slide series] Through 2000
The nine slides include information on incidence, cases and rates, exposure
category, age of diagnosis, injection drug use and heterosexual contact,
region and race/ethnicity, and living with HIV infection.
U.S. HIV and AIDS Cases
Reported Through December 2000
As of December 31, 2000, CDC had received reports of 774,467 persons
with AIDS in the U.S.; 448,060 (58%) are known to have died. Through
December 2000 there were 450,151 persons reported to the CDC as living
with HIV infection or with AIDS. The predominant mode of exposure among
an estimated 10,092 adult/adolescent women with AIDS diagnosed in 1999,
was heterosexual contact. The estimated AIDS incidence among women fluctuated
slightly and the proportion of cases attributable to heterosexual contact
increased. The number and proportion of AIDS cases among women exposed
through injecting drug use declined. In 2000, 21,704 newly diagnosed
cases of HIV infection (not AIDS) were reported from 36 areas. Of the
HIV reports received in 2000, 68% were among adult men, 31% were among
adult women, and 1% among children <13 years of age.
AIDS Cases - Basic Statistics
Tables are provided of cumulative AIDS cases by age, race or ethnicity
and by exposure category, summarized from the CDC semiannual HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report. Numbers are based on AIDS cases reported to CDC
through December 2000.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Methods Slide Set
Eleven slides on: HIV/AIDS case surveillance, how HIV/AIDS surveillance
data are collected, core HIV/AIDS surveillance information flow, what
HIV/AIDS surveillance data are collected, core surveillance: reporting
the spectrum of HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality, confidentiality of
HIV/AIDS surveillance data, evaluation of surveillance systems, representativeness
of HIV/AIDS surveillance data, limitations of HIV/AIDS surveillance data,
uses of HIV/AIDS surveillance data, and dissemination of HIV/AIDS surveillance
data.
Evaluation
of a Regional Pilot Program to Prevent Mother-Infant HIV Transmission - Thailand,
1998-2000
PDF
In 1998, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health initiated a pilot program
to prevent mother-infant HIV transmission in region 7, a rural area in
northeastern Thailand with an antenatal HIV prevalence of approximately
1%, to assess program feasibility, effectiveness, and acceptability.
This report summarizes an evaluation of the 2-year pilot program, which
indicated that acceptance of HIV testing and adherence to zidovudine
were high and HIV transmission was reduced. The findings demonstrate
the feasibility of implementing programs to prevent mother-infant HIV
transmission on a large scale in a developing country.
Congenital
Syphilis - United States, 2000
PDF
Press Release
This report summarizes 1997-2000 congenital syphilis (CS) surveillance
data, which indicate that CS rates have decreased substantially among
most racial/ethnic minority populations and that the elimination of CS
in the United States is feasible because of the limited number of cases
and highly focal distribution. To increase the percentage of women at
risk who receive screening for syphilis during pregnancy, collaborative
efforts are needed among health-care providers, health insurers, policymakers,
and the public.
HIV Counseling and
Testing in Publicly Funded Sites: Annual Report 1997 and 1998
This report represents the release of final HIV Counseling and Testing
System statistics for 1997 and 1998 and presents detailed data on publicly
funded HIV counseling, testing, and referral services by facility, and
client demographic and behavioral risk characteristics. The report also
provides data on completion of posttest counseling session, HIV test
result, region, and project area. Slightly more than half of all HIV
tests were requested by women (56.5% and 55.6% in 1997 and 1998, respectively).
However, slightly more than two-thirds of all HIV-positive test results
were for men (67.4% and 68.2% in 1997 and 1998, respectively). Both for
men and women, the largest proportion of all HIV tests was provided for
persons 20 to 29 years of age, but the largest proportion of HIV-positive
test results was for persons 30 to 39 years of age. Among adolescents
aged 13 to 19, a higher proportion of HIV-positive tests were reported
by females than by males.
Easy Read Fact Sheets on Genital HPV Infection, Pelvic Inflammatory Disease, and
Chlamydia
Learn more about these sexually transmitted diseases, including causes,
symptoms, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
A Method
for Classification of HIV Exposure Category for Women Without HIV Risk
Information
PDF
In this report, a classification model using discriminant function analysis
is described. The purpose of the classification model is to develop a
proportionate distribution of exposure risk category for cases among
women reported without risk information. The distribution was estimated
based on behavioral and demographic data obtained from interviews with
HIV-infected women; the interviews were conducted in 12 states during
1993-1996. Variables used in the analysis were alcohol abuse, noninjection-drug
use, and crack use; year of HIV/AIDS diagnosis; age; employment; and
region. As a result of the classification procedure, nearly all cases
among women with no reported risk were classified into an exposure risk
category: 81%, heterosexual contact; and 16%, injection-drug use. This
report provides one method that could be applied to HIV surveillance
data at the national level to estimate the proportion of cases in exposure
risk categories. However, because the study in this report is limited
in sample size and geographic representativeness, other models are also
needed for adjusting risk exposure data at the national, state, and local
levels.
Bright Ideas 2001: Innovative
or Promising Practices in HIV Prevention & Planning
Bright Ideas 2001 follows the huge success of Bright Ideas 2000, shared
for the first time one year ago at the Community Planning Leadership
Summit for HIV Prevention in Los Angeles. We are pleased to present another
set of practices identified as noteworthy or promising, to better share
and network about strategies to increase the effectiveness of community
planning and HIV prevention in the nation.
Primary and
Secondary Syphilis - United States, 1999
PDF
In 1999, 6657 cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis were
reported in the United States (2.5 per 100,000 population), a 5.4% decrease
from the 7035 cases (rate: 2.6) reported in 1998 and a 22% decrease from
the 8556 cases (rate: 3.2) reported in 1997. Rates for P&S syphilis
in 1999 were 45% higher for men (2.9) than for women (2.0). The male-to-female
rate ratio in 1999 was 1.5:1, and has been increasing since 1994, when
it was 1:1. The South continues to have the highest rate in the country
(4.5). Reported rates of P&S syphilis in 1999 were 30 times higher
for African Americans than for white Americans. Of the 265 counties (8.5%
of all counties) with P&S syphilis rates above the 2000 objective,
243 were in the South. Syphilis increases the likelihood of HIV transmission
and can compromise reproductive health; e.g., miscarriages, stillbirths.
Replicating Effective Programs
Plus
Welcome to REP+, Replicating Effective Programs plus other related resources.
This site is dedicated to helping you identify and implement HIV/AIDS
prevention programs that have been shown to work in the real world! The
programs in REP are tested, science-based behavioral interventions with
demonstrated evidence of effectiveness in reducing risky behaviors, such
as unprotected sex, or in encouraging safer ones, such as using condoms
and other methods of practicing safer sex. The interventions are translated
into everyday language and put into user-friendly packages of materials.
These packages are designed, developed, and field-tested by researchers
collaborating with community-based partners.
HIV Prevention Strategic
Plan Through 2005
To develop this five-year strategic plan, CDC involved more than 100
experts from inside and outside the government: experts in behavioral
science, epidemiology, medicine and the other disciplines required to
address the HIV epidemic, including community-based HIV prevention providers,
state and local health departments, members of infected and affected
groups. A new strategic plan for HIV prevention and control is timely
and essential in guiding our efforts to more effectively address HIV
infection and AIDS at home and abroad. CDC’s HIV Prevention Strategic
Plan Through 2005 lays out the blueprint for those actions.
Easy Read Nine Fact Sheets on
HIV/AIDS Now Available in Spanish
Titles include: Condoms and Their Use in Preventing HIV Infection and
Other STDs, HIV/AIDS Among U.S. Women: Minority and Young Women at Continuing
Risk, Drug-Associated HIV Transmission Continues in the United States,
HIV/AIDS & U.S. Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW), HIV/AIDS Among
Hispanics in the United States, Need for Sustained HIV Prevention Among
Men who Have Sex with Men, Surveillance of Health Care Workers with HIV/AIDS,
HIV and Its Transmission, and Young People at Risk - HIV/AIDS Among America's
Youth.
Basic Statistics for HIV/AIDS
The data are from the CDC semiannual HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Numbers
are based on AIDS cases reported to CDC through June 2000. Data are provided
on cumulative AIDS cases, exposure categories, international statistics,
and ten states/territories and cities reporting the highest number of
AIDS cases.
Easy Read Preventing the Sexual Transmission
of HIV, the Virus that Causes AIDS-What You Should Know about Oral Sex (Non-CDC
site)
Like all sexual activity, oral sex carries some risk, particularly when
one partner or the other is known to be infected with HIV, when either
partner’s HIV status is not known, and/or when one or the other
partner is not monogamous or injects drugs. Numerous studies have demonstrated
that oral sex can result in the transmission of HIV and other sexually
transmitted diseases. Abstaining from oral, anal, and vaginal sex all
together or having sex only with a mutually monogamous, uninfected partner
are the only ways that individuals can be completely protected from the
sexual transmission of HIV.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Supplement Report - HIV/AIDS in Urban & Non-Urban Areas of the U.S.
This report includes data on the distribution of AIDS among racial/ethnic
and risk exposure groups by the size of the place of residence for the
reported cases. Data are presented either by state or region of the United
States to highlight additional geographic similarities and differences.
Although the larger numbers of cases generally correspond to the large
metropolitan areas, the significance of the smaller numbers in the medium-size
metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas should be noted. In many states,
persons with HIV or AIDS who reside in non-metropolitan areas are geographically
dispersed throughout an entire state and the geographic distribution
may pose unique challenges to the delivery of HIV-related services.
Related Links
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Women’s Health Topics
A-Z
View women’s health resources related to STDs and HIV/AIDS.
Fact Sheets: HIV/AIDS
Learn more about HIV/AIDS.
Easy Read Fact Sheet: Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease (PID)
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about PID.
Easy Read Fact
Sheets: Personal Health Questions about HIV/AIDS and STDs
View fact sheets for a variety of sexually transmitted diseases, including
bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus, gonorrhea,
herpes, pelvic inflammatory diseases, syphilis, and trichomonas.
Fast Stats A-Z: AIDS/HIV
Statistics
View data and statistics on HIV/AIDS.
Fast Stats A-Z: STD Statistics
View data and statistics on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Easy Read Frequently Asked Questions:
HIV/AIDS
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about HIV/AIDS.
Easy Read Frequently Asked Questions:
HIV/AIDS Risk for Women Who Have Sex with Women
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about HIV/AIDS risk for women
who have sex with women.
HIV/AIDS Prevention
Learn more about HIV/AIDS prevention.
HIV/AIDS among Women
Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively
few women. Today, the HIV/AIDS epidemic represents a growing and persistent
health threat to women in the United States, especially young women and
women of color. Learn more.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women Slide Set
View a slide presentation of HIV/AIDS in women.
HIV/AIDS and U.S. Women
Who Have Sex with Women (WSW)
Learn more about HIV/AIDS and women who have sex with women.
HIV/AIDS and World AIDS
Day
View notices encouraging people to observe World AIDS Day.
Easy Read HIV and AIDS: Are
You at Risk?
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about HIV/AIDS risk.
HIV, STD, and TB Prevention
Learn more about HIV, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and tuberculosis
(TB).
National Prevention Information
Network
(Non-CDC site)
View information and resources on HIV/AIDS, STDs, and TB prevention.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Spanish Version
Learn the facts about a variety of sexually transmitted diseases, including
bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus, gonorrhea,
herpes, pelvic inflammatory diseases, syphilis, and trichomonas.
Easy Read STDs and Pregnancy
Learn answers to frequently asked questions related to sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) and pregnancy.
STDs in Women
and Infants
Learn more about sexually transmitted diseases in women and infants.
Easy Read Women
and HIV/AIDS
Find out about how HIV/AIDS impacts women, the latest surveillance findings,
and what women can do to protect themselves.
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Page last modified: November 18, 2009
Page last reviewed: November 18, 2009