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Acrylamide

RTECS #
AS3325000
CAS #
79-06-1
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
March 2019
Molecular Weight
71.09
Molecular Formula
C3H5NO
Synonyms
2-Propenamide
2-Propenamide (9CI)
Acrylamide (ACGIH:OSHA)
Acrylamide monomer
Acrylic amide
Akrylamid (Czech)
Amid kyseliny akrylove (Czech)
Ethylenecarboxamide
Propenamide
Propenoic acid amide
RCRA waste number U007
Vinyl amide

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
eye /rabbit 10 mg/30S rinse mildTXAPA9 6,172,1964
eye /rabbit 100 mg/24H moderate28ZPAK -,54,1972
eye /rabbit 10% mildHPV308 -,-,2001
eye /rabbit 82 mgHPV308 -,-,2001
skin /rabbit 50 mg/3D mildTXAPA9 6,172,1964
skin /rabbit 500 mg/24H mild85JCAE -,337,1986

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
Cytogenetic Analysisoral/mouse500 ppm/2W- intermittentMUREAV 57,313,1978
Cytogenetic Analysislymphocyte/mouse750 mg/LENMUDM 9,261,1987
Cytogenetic Analysisintraperitoneal/mouse100 mg/kgMUREAV 209,91,1988
Cytogenetic Analysislung/hamster150 mg/LESKHA5 (103),64,1985
Cytogenetic Analysisfibroblast/hamster500 mg/LMUREAV 245,191,1990
Cytogenetic Analysislung/hamster2 mmol/LMUREAV 577S,1,2005
Cytogenetic Analysislung/mouse50 mg/kgTOVEFN (4),25,1998
Cytogenetic Analysisovary/hamster284000 µg/L/24H (-enzymatic activation step)HPV308 -,-,2001
Cytogenetic Analysislung/hamster2 mmol/L/16HMUREAV 678,87,2009
DNA adductoral/rat0.1 mg/kgTXAPA9 208,199,2005
DNA adductlung/human320 µmol/L/4HJNCIEQ 96,1023,2004
DNA adductfibroblast/mouse3.2 mmol/L/4HJNCIEQ 95,889,2003
DNA adductunreported route/mouse100 µg/kgMUTAEX 19,499,2004
DNA adductoral/mouse28 mg/kg/28D- intermittentTOXID9 -,144,2009
DNA adductoral/mouse12.5 mg/kg/1DTOXID9 -,395,2009
DNA adductintraperitoneal/mouse1 mg/kgCRTOEC 16,1328,2003
DNA adductoral/mouse3 mg/kg/3D- intermittentMUREAV 580,131,2005
DNA adductoral/rat3 mg/kg/3D- intermittentMUREAV 580,131,2005
DNA adductoral/mouse50 mg/kgMUREAV 580,131,2005
DNA adductintraperitoneal/rat50 mg/kgMUREAV 580,131,2005
DNA Damagelung/hamster6 mmol/L/24HMUREAV 580,71,2005
DNA Damageother cell types/human10 mmol/L/4H (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 577S,1,2005
DNA Damageoral/rat36 mg/kgMUREAV 580,119,2005
DNA Damageunreported route/mouse5 mg/kgMUREAV 577S,1,2005
DNA Damageintraperitoneal/mouse125 mg/kg/5DMUREAV 577S,1,2005
DNA Damageintraperitoneal/mouse50 mg/kgMUREAV 603,145,2006
DNA Damagemammary gland/human2.1 mg/L/24H (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 588,47,2005
DNA Damageoral/mouse50 mg/kg/4DMUREAV 577S,1,2005
DNA Damageoral/rat50 mg/kg/4DMUREAV 577S,1,2005
DNA Damagefibroblast/mouse3.2 µmol/L/4HJNCIEQ 95,889,2003
DNA Damageliver/human10 mmol/LNSAPCC 372(Suppl 1),115,2006
DNA Damageother cell types/mouse12 mmol/L/4HFCTOD7 46,628,2008
DNA Damagelymphocyte/human1 mmol/L (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 743,25,2012
DNA Damagesperm/human3 mmol/L (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 743,25,2012
DNA Damagelymphocyte/human0.5 mmol/L (+enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 743,25,2012
DNA Damagesperm/human0.5 mmol/L (+enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 743,25,2012
DNA Damageoral/rat60 mg/kg/3D- intermittentMUREAV 702,40,2010
DNA Damageoral/rat145 mg/kg/29D- intermittentMUREAV 702,40,2010
DNA Damageother cell types/human5000 µmol/L/24HMUTAEX 25,555,2010
DNA Damageoral/rat100 mg/kg/21H- intermittentMUREAV 786-788,3,2015
DNA Damageother cell types/hamster150000 µg/L/24H (-enzymatic activation step)HPV308 -,-,2001
DNA Damageother cell types/human600 µmol/L/90MFCTOD7 95,96,2016
DNA inhibitionother cell types/rat1 mmol/LTIVIEQ 2,69,1988
DNA repairoral/rat3 mg/kg/50DTOXRE* 3,414,2016
Dominant Lethal Testoral/rat150 mg/kg/5D-continuousMUTAEX 2,215,1987
Dominant Lethal Testintraperitoneal/mouse125 mg/kgMUREAV 173,35,1986
Dominant Lethal Testoral/mouse840 mg/kg/20W-continuousEMMUEG 17(Suppl 19),11,1991
heritable translocation testintraperitoneal/mouse50 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
host-mediated assayunreported route/mouse500 mg/kgMUREAV 577S,1,2005
micronucleus testoral/mouse75 mg/kg/3D- intermittentMUREAV 649,101,2008
micronucleus testoral/rat75 mg/kg/3D- intermittentMUREAV 649,101,2008
micronucleus testoral/mouse125 mg/kg/3W-continuousEMMUEG 47,6,2006
micronucleus testoral/rat280 mg/kg/28D-continuousTOXID9 -,395,2009
micronucleus testintraperitoneal/mouse6 mg/kgMUREAV 535,215,2003
micronucleus testintraperitoneal/mouse125 mg/kg/5DMUREAV 577S,1,2005
micronucleus testoral/mouse50 mg/kg/4DMUREAV 577S,1,2005
micronucleus testsubcutaneous/mouse50 mg/kgMUREAV 580,111,2005
micronucleus testother cell types/human10 mmol/L/4H (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 577S,1,2005
micronucleus testintraperitoneal/rat100 mg/kgMUREAV 309,245,1994
micronucleus testoral/mouse84 mg/kg/28DEMMUEG 44,179,2004
micronucleus testfibroblast/mouse100 mg/LMUTAEX 16,145,2001
micronucleus testoral/rat420 mg/kg/2W- intermittentJAPTO* 28,484,2008
micronucleus testoral/mouse112 mg/kg/28D- intermittentTOXID9 -,144,2009
micronucleus testoral/rat125 mg/kgFCTOD7 47,2120,2009
micronucleus testmultiple/other fish10 mg/L/96H-continuousFCTOD7 62,318,2013
micronucleus testoral/mouse360 mg/kg/30D- intermittentMUTAEX 31,617,2016
morphological transformfibroblast/mouse12500 µg/LCALEDQ 32,293,1986
morphological transformembryo/mouse25 mg/LCALEDQ 32,293,1986
morphological transformembryo/hamster0.5 mmol/L/7DTOSCF2 65,177,2002
mutation in mammalian somatic cellslymphocyte/mouse500 mg/LENMUDM 9,261,1987
mutation in mammalian somatic cellsoral/rat560 mg/kg/28D- intermittentFCTOD7 87,120,2016
mutation in mammalian somatic cellsoral/rat840 mg/kg/30W-continuousJTSCDR 34,407,2009
mutation in mammalian somatic cellsintraperitoneal/mouse50 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
mutation in mammalian somatic cellsother cell types/mouse7500000 µg/L/2H (+/-enzymatic activation step)HPV308 -,-,2001
mutation in microorganismslymphocyte/mouse300 mg/L (+enzymatic activation step)MUTAEX 3,263,1988
mutation in microorganisms/Saccharomyes cerevisiae200 mg/l/10MMUREAV 673,53,2009
other mutation test systemsother cell types/human500 µmol/L/20H (+enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 746,124,2012
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionintraperitoneal/mouse120 mg/kgMUREAV 367,195,1996
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionlung/hamster500 mg/LMUREAV 245,191,1990
sister chromatid exchangelung/hamster300 mg/LMUTAEX 3,263,1988
sister chromatid exchangeoral/rat600 mg/kg/10D-continuousENMUDM 7(Suppl 3),79,1985
sister chromatid exchangeintraperitoneal/mouse125 µg/kgEMMUEG 13,218,1989
sister chromatid exchangelung/hamster2 mmol/LMUREAV 577S,1,2005
sister chromatid exchangelung/hamster200 µmol/L/32HMUREAV 580,41,2005
sister chromatid exchangelymphocyte/human2000 µmol/L/46HMUREAV 752,1,2013
specific locus testother cell types/human10 mmol/L/4H (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 577S,1,2005
specific locus testoral/mouse25 mg/kg/3W-continuousEMMUEG 47,6,2006
specific locus testoral/mouse125 mg/kg/4W-continuousEMMUEG 47,6,2006
specific locus testintraperitoneal/mouse50 mg/kgMUREAV 226,157,1989
specific locus testoral/Drosophila melanogaster1 mmol/LMUTAEX 3,263,1988
specific locus testintraperitoneal/mouse175 mg/kg/7DMUREAV 540,141,2003
specific locus testoral/mouse16.8 mg/kg/28DEMMUEG 44,179,2004
sperm morphologyintraperitoneal/mouse100 mg/kgMUREAV 57,313,1978
sperm morphologyoral/mouse96634 µg/kg/4W-continuousARTODN 59,201,1986
Unscheduled DNA Synthesismammary gland/human1 mmol/LEMMUEG 20,148,1992
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisoral/rat150 mg/kg/5D-continuousEMMUEG 20,148,1992
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisoral/rat14 mg/kg/7D-continuousTOXID9 66,182,2002
Unscheduled DNA Synthesisintraperitoneal/mouse62500 µg/kgEMMUEG 16,137,1990

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/rat 300 ppm/6H (6-20D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)TOSCF2 48,240,1999
inhalation/rat 225 mg/kg (5D male)Reproductive: Other effects on male

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
REPTED 14,147,2000
intraperitoneal/rat 350 mg/kg (7D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)NRTXDN 13,219,1992
intraperitoneal/rat 400 mg/kg (8D male)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral
NRTXDN 13,219,1992
intraperitoneal/mouse 125 mg/kg (1D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)REPTED 17,1,2003
intraperitoneal/mouse 225 mg/kg (10-12D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal system
MUREAV 226,157,1989
intraperitoneal/mouse 125 mg/kg (1D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)CGANE7 34,35,1994
intraperitoneal/mouse 250 mg/kg (5D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
CGANE7 34,35,1994
intraperitoneal/mouse 300 mg/kg (8-10D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)CGANE7 34,35,1994
intraperitoneal/mammal (species unspecified) 75 mg/kg (12D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemMUREAV 226,157,1989
intraperitoneal/mammal (species unspecified) 225 mg/kg (10-12D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death
MUREAV 226,157,1989
oral/mouse 840 mg/kg (20W male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)EMMUEG 17,11,1991
oral/rat 16 mg/kg (7-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)NETEEC 27,553,2005
oral/rat 160 mg/kg (7-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral
NETEEC 27,553,2005
oral/rat 32.1 mg/kg (6D preg-91D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: BehavioralNETEEC 29,407,2007
oral/rat 80 mg/kg (6D preg-22D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: BehavioralNETEEC 29,407,2007
oral/rat 150 mg/kg (7-21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)TERP2* -,312,2004
oral/rat 148.5 mg/kg (10-22D preg/2D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)JTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat 567.8 mg/kg (10-22D preg/21D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system
JTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat 567.8 mg/kg (10-22D preg/21D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)JTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat 754.8 mg/kg (10-22D preg/21D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Blood and lymphatic systems (including spleen and marrow)

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system
JTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat 754.8 mg/kg (10-22D preg/21D after birth)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system

Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalities

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
JTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat 188 mg/kg (6D preg-172D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: BehavioralNETEEC 30,254,2008
oral/mouse 125 mg/kg (5D prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death
TOXID9 -,14,2009
oral/mouse 571 mg/kg (16D male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm ductARTODN 47,179,1981
oral/mouse 95 gm/kg (4W male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
ARTODN 59,201,1986
oral/mouse 95 gm/kg (4W prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)ARTODN 59,201,1986
oral/mouse 71 gm/kg (4W male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)ARTODN 59,201,1986
oral/rat 200 mg/kg (7-16D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Biochemical and metabolicTOLED5 7,233,1981
oral/rat 560 mg/kg (6-21D preg/10D after birth)Reproductive: Maternal effects: Parturition

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Stillbirth

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)
NETEEC 17,189,1995
oral/rat 75 mg/kg (5D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)TJADAB 35,37A,1987
oral/rat 140 mg/kg (2W pre-3W after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)JTEHD6 17,457,1986
oral/rat 150 mg/kg (5D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
MUTAEX 2,215,1987
oral/rat 810 mg/kg (70D male/70D prior to copulation/22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)
REPTED 28,196,2009
oral/rat 810 mg/kg (70D male/70D prior to copulation/22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)REPTED 28,196,2009
oral/rat 5 mg/kg (multigeneration)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)REPTED 28,196,2009
oral/rat 285 mg/kg (14D pre-21D after birth)Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
HPV308 -,-,2001
oral/rat 565 mg/kg (multigeneration)Reproductive: Other effects on male

Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
HPV308 -,-,2001
oral/rat 160 mg/kg (6-21D pregnant)Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
ARTODN 83,785,2009
oral/rat 85 mg/kg (multigeneration)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: BehavioralNETEEC 32,220,2010
oral/rat 85 mg/kg (6-22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)NETEEC 32,373,2010
oral/rat 175 mg/kg (6-19D pregnant)Reproductive: Other effects on female

Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus
NETEEC 49,49,2015
oral/rat 500 mg/kg (1-20D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Central nervous systemNETEEC 67,37,2018
oral/rat 225 mg/kg (5D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetal death
REPTED 14,147,2000
oral/rat 945 mg/kg (70D male/70D pre-4W after birth)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)
REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat 945 mg/kg (70D male/70D pre-4W after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral
REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat 378 mg/kg (70D male/70D pre-4W after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects
REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat 945 mg/kg (multigeneration))Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)
REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat 945 mg/kg (multigeneration))Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Behavioral

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Delayed effects
REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat 35 mg/kg (70D male/70D prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/mouse 3462.48 mg/kg (189D male/189D prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)NTIS** PB93-158285
oral/mouse 1282.4 mg/kg (140D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
NTIS** PB93-158285
oral/mouse 2.39 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemNTIS** PB93-158285
oral/mouse 540 mg/kg (6-17D pregnant)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Musculoskeletal systemNTIS** #PB89-140008/AS
oral/mouse 180 mg/kg (6-17D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on embryo or fetus: Fetotoxicity (except death, e.g., stunted fetus)NTIS** #PB89-140008/AS
oral/rat 700 mg/kg (10W male/10W prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 810 mg/kg (10W male/10W prior to copulation/22D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 2 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 5 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Other developmental abnormalitiesREPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 5 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 2 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 350 mg/kg (10W male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Pre- implantation mortality (e.g., reduction in number of implants per female; total number of implants per corpora lutea)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/mouse 308 mg/kg (1W male/1W prior to copulation/21D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/mouse 8.8 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/mouse 8.8 mg/kg (multigenerations)Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Hepatobiliary system

Reproductive: Specific developmental abnormalities: Urogenital system
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/mouse 862.4 mg/kg (98D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Mating performance (e.g., # sperm positive females per # females mated; # copulations per # estrus cycles)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/mouse 862.4 mg/kg (98D prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Mating performance (e.g., # sperm positive females per # females mated; # copulations per # estrus cycles)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Other measures of fertility
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 700 mg/kg (56D male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 700 mg/kg (56D prior to copulation)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Female fertility index (e.g., # females pregnant per # sperm positive females; # females pregnant per # females mated)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 560 mg/kg (2W prior to copulation/21D preg/21D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Live birth index (Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured after birth)

Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 280 mg/kg (2W prior to copulation/21D preg/21D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Mating performance (e.g., # sperm positive females per # females mated; # copulations per # estrus cycles)REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 336 mg/kg (4W male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Male fertility index (e.g., # males impregnating females per # males exposed to fertile nonpregnant females)

Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Litter size (e.g., # fetuses per litter; measured before birth)
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 35 mg/kg (4W male)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat 70 mg/kg (4W male)Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)REPTED 17,1,2003
unreported route/rat 348 mg/kg (6D preg-13D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: BehavioralTOXID9 -,35,2009
unreported route/rat 320 mg/kg (6D preg-4D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Viability index (e.g., # alive at day 4 per # born alive)TOXID9 -,35,2009
unreported route/rat 432 mg/kg (6D preg-11D after birth)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: BehavioralTOXID9 -,35,2009

Tumorigenic Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 24 mg/kg/8W- intermittentTumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors
CNREA8 44,107,1984
intraperitoneal/mouse toxic dose: 72 mg/kg/8W- intermittentTumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors
CNREA8 44,107,1984
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/2W- intermittentTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors
CALEDQ 24,209,1984
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/8W- intermittentTumorigenic: Neoplastic by RTECS criteria

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Tumors

Tumorigenic: Increased incidence of tumors in susceptible strains
HPV308 -,-,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1456 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Testicular tumors
TXAPA9 85,154,1986
oral/rat toxic dose: 1456 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Reproductive: Tumorigenic effects: Uterine tumors
TXAPA9 85,154,1986
oral/rat toxic dose: 1460 mg/kg/2Y- continuousTumorigenic: Carcinogenic by RTECS criteria

Brain and Coverings: Tumors

Skin and Appendages: Tumors
NTIS** OTS0555720

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
In Vitro/Human, colon tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/16HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TXCYAC 288,43,2011
In Vitro/Human, colon tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell Viability (cell death), unspecified assayTXCYAC 288,43,2011
In Vitro/Human, colon tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/8HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases
TXCYAC 288,43,2011
In Vitro/Human, colon tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTXCYAC 288,43,2011
In Vitro/Human, colon tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/4HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphokinase
TXCYAC 288,43,2011
In Vitro/Human, endothelium Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/16HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.FCTOD7 83,140,2015
In Vitro/Human, endothelium Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 mmol/L/16HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitroFCTOD7 83,140,2015
In Vitro/Human, endothelium Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/130DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 83,140,2015
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTOLED5 217,111,2013
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 5.8 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell protein synthesisTIVIEQ 3,189,1989
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1000 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell countingTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 750 µmol/L/3DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro
TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 250 µmol/L/6DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/3DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/6DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc.TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 500 µmol/L/3DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell protein synthesisTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 nmol/L/3DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell differentiationTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.01 nmol/L/6DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell differentiationTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 mmol/L/8HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TXAPA9 310,68,2016
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 2.5 mmol/L/8HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitroTXAPA9 310,68,2016
In Vitro/jahInhibitor Concentration Low: 2 mmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.FCTOD7 51,446,2013
In Vitro/jahInhibitor Concentration Low: 2 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 51,446,2013
In Vitro/jahInhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 mmol/L/72HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 51,446,2013
In Vitro/jahInhibitor Concentration Low: 2 mmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 51,446,2013
In Vitro/jahInhibitor Concentration Low: 2 mmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitroFCTOD7 51,446,2013
In Vitro/jahInhibitor Concentration Low: 2 mmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 51,446,2013
In Vitro/jdaInhibitor Concentration Low: 0.7 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell Viability (cell death), unspecified assay

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
FCTOD7 108,543,2017
In Vitro/jrdInhibitor Concentration Low: 1 mmol/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)FCTOD7 58,306,2013
In Vitro/jrdInhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 58,306,2013
In Vitro/jrdInhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/4HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 58,306,2013
In Vitro/jrdInhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/12HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 58,306,2013
In Vitro/jzxInhibitor Concentration Low: 1.5 mmol/L/72HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell differentiation

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro
TIVIEQ 26,897,2012
In Vitro/maaInhibitor Concentration Low: 0.1 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 39,119,2017
In Vitro/maaInhibitor Concentration Low: 1 mmol/L/96HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
FCTOD7 106,25,2017
In Vitro/maaInhibitor Concentration Low: 1 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.FCTOD7 106,25,2017
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1.16 mmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1357,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 3.5 mmol/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases
FCTOD7 50,3306,2012
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 5.7 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.NRTXDN 43,117,2014
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1.6 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
NRTXDN 43,117,2014
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1000 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell countingTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/72HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell countingTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 750 µmol/L/3DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1000 µmol/L/3DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc.TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 500 µmol/L/3DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitroTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/6DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/10DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/10DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell differentiationTIVIEQ 35,100,2016
In Vitro/mtbInhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 7.6 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.NRTXDN 43,117,2014
In Vitro/mtbInhibitor Concentration Low: 1.6 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 43,117,2014
In Vitro/paaInhibitor Concentration Low: 1.06 mmol/L/44HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 27,1416,2013
In Vitro/Rat, cerebellum Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.52 mmol/L/8DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell proliferation: DNA incorporation, mitotic index etc.TIVIEQ 2,69,1988
In Vitro/Rat, endocrine tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 5 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.FCTOD7 102,93,2017
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 818 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 801 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 768 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell protein synthesisTIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 344 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 880 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1430 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 977 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell protein synthesisTIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 671 mg/L/20HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 5,543,1991
In Vitro/Rat, myocard Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/6DIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell morphology: overgrowth of cell appendixes etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
FCTOD7 71,68,2014
In Vitro/Rat, neurons Inhibitor Concentration Low: 40 µmol/L/1HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysNRTXDN 44,204,2014
In Vitro/Rat, testis Inhibitor Concentration (25 percent kill): 1.140 mmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.FCTOD7 119,268,2018
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): >5.7 ppm/6HHPV308 -,-,2001
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): >5.7 ppm/6HHPV308 -,-,2001
intraperitoneal/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 170 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
intraperitoneal/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 170 mg/kgTXAPA9 33,142,1975
intraperitoneal/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 90 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
intravenous/mammal (species unspecified) lowest published lethal dose: 190 mg/kgCOREAF 153,895,1911
oral/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 150 mg/kgTXAPA9 6,172,1964
oral/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 252 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
oral/mammal (species unspecified) lethal dose (50 percent kill): 100 mg/kgKASEAA 17,495,1979
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 107 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
oral/quail lethal dose (50 percent kill): 186 mg/kgPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Behavioral: Altered sleep time (including change in righting reflex)

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
JTEHD6 7,935,1981
oral/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 150 mg/kgTXAPA9 6,172,1964
oral/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 126 mg/kgBehavioral: TremorHPV308 -,-,2001
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 203 mg/kgBehavioral: TremorHPV308 -,-,2001
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 124 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 175 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold
HPV308 -,-,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kgBlood: Other changesTOXID9 72(Suppl 1),248,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 50 mg/kgBlood: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOSCF2 71,164,2003
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1150 mg/kgENTOX* -,42,2005
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1680 µL/kgBehavioral: Hallucinations, distorted perceptionsATDAEI 1,115,1990
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 1.68 mL/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
skin/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
skin/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 400 mg/kgBlood: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Peptidases
GISAAA 44(10),73,1979
subcutaneous/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 170 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Muscle contraction or spasticity

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
MELAAD 47,192,1956
subcutaneous/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 170 mg/kgHPV308 -,-,2001
Tank with water/Zebrafish lowest published toxic concentration: 0.91 mmol/L 144HEye: Other eye effects

Cardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)
REPTED 33,142,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish lowest published toxic concentration: 0.91 mmol/L 144HBlood: Other changes

Musculoskeletal: Other changes

Skin and Appendages: Other glands
REPTED 33,142,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish lowest published toxic concentration: 10.55 mmol/L 24HRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldREPTED 33,142,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish lowest published toxic concentration: 10.55 mmol/L 48HRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldREPTED 33,142,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish lowest published toxic concentration: 3.77 mmol/L 72HRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldREPTED 33,142,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish lowest published toxic concentration: 1.88 mmol/L 144HRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldREPTED 33,142,2012
Tank with water/Zebrafish lowest published toxic concentration: 2.5 mmol/L/6DBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Reproductive: Other effects to embryo or fetus
TXAPA9 310,68,2016
unreported route/guinea pig lethal dose (50 percent kill): 173 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
GISAAA 43(9),38,1978
unreported route/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 156 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
GISAAA 43(9),38,1978
unreported route/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 280 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
GISAAA 43(9),38,1978
unreported route/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 208 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Behavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
GISAAA 43(9),38,1978

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intramuscular/cat lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/10D- intermittentSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Muscle weakness
TXAPA9 88,175,1987
intraperitoneal/monkey lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg/2D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXAPA9 6,172,1964
intraperitoneal/monkey lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/3D- continuousBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in tubules (including acute renal failure, acute tubular necrosis)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
HPV308 -,,2001
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 350 mg/kg/7D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Liver: Changes in liver weight

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases
FCTOD7 50,3306,2012
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg/2W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesTOLED5 193,86,2010
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes
NRTXDN 28,252,2007
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1200 mg/kg/4W- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXAPA9 63,470,1982
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes
NEZAAQ 50,292,1995
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 108 mg/kg/3W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Multiple enzyme effects
NETEEC 14,273,1992
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 168 mg/kg/2W- continuousBehavioral: Muscle weaknessTXAPA9 40,589,1977
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 780 mg/kg/13W- intermittentSpinal Cord: Demyelination

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Behavioral: Ataxia
FAATDF 18,343,1992
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other transferases
ENVRAL 61,37,1993
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 120 mg/kg/12D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphatases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes
WDZAEK 6,71,1992
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 550 mg/kg/11D- intermittentBehavioral: Ataxia

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases
NRTXDN 22,341,2001
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/2W- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other
NETEEC 22,247,2000
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 550 mg/kg/11D- intermittentBehavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,397,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,95,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 550 mg/kg/11D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
TXAPA9 188,135,2003
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
NRTXDN 23,397,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 550 mg/kg/11D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,397,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg/5D- intermittentBehavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,95,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weaknessNRTXDN 23,95,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg/5D- intermittentSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changesNRTXDN 23,415,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
NRTXDN 23,415,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 550 mg/kg/11D- intermittentSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,415,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg/10D- intermittentMusculoskeletal: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOXID9 44,316,2005
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg/12D- intermittentMusculoskeletal: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase
TOXID9 44,317,2005
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 450 mg/kg/3W- intermittentBehavioral: AtaxiaFCTOD7 45,2126,2007
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 30 mg/kg/1W- intermittentBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)FCTOD7 45,2126,2007
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 60 mg/kg/2W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: ProteinuriaFCTOD7 45,2126,2007
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg/1W- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: ProteinuriaFCTOD7 45,2126,2007
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg/10D- intermittentSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOXID9 78,62,2004
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 450 mg/kg/9D- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Behavioral: Ataxia

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on Na-K pump
TOXID9 66,15,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg/5D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesTOXID9 66,17,2002
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg/5D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia
TOXID9 60,366,2001
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 480 mg/kg/8W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TXCYAC 217,46,2006
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia
NRTXDN 28,252,2007
intraperitoneal/rat lowest published toxic dose: 450 mg/kg/3W- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheathHPV308 -,,2001
intravenous/monkey lowest published toxic dose: 200 mg/kg/4D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldTXAPA9 6,172,1964
multiple/non-mammalian species lowest published toxic dose: 59 gm/m3/4D- continuousRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldREPTED 22,263,2006
oral/cat lowest published toxic dose: 260 mg/kg/1Y- continuousBehavioral: Muscle weaknessHPV308 -,,2001
oral/cat lowest published toxic dose: 771 mg/kg/1Y- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weaknessTXAPA9 6,172,1964
oral/chicken lowest published toxic dose: 450 mg/kg/3W- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia
BJIMAG 32,31,1975
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 330 mg/kg/22D- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia
ARZNAD 23,1566,1973
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 392 mg/kg/8W- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia

Gastrointestinal: Nausea or vomiting
JNNPAU 44,906,1981
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 330 mg/kg/22D- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from afferent nerveHPV308 -,,2001
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 392 mg/kg/8W- continuousBehavioral: AtaxiaHPV308 -,,2001
oral/Dog lowest published toxic dose: 239.4 mg/kg/6W- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/monkey lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/44D- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Behavioral: Tremor
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/monkey lowest published toxic dose: 650 mg/kg/13W- continuousEye: Optic nerve neuropathyHPV308 -,,2001
oral/monkey lowest published toxic dose: 671 mg/kg/75W- intermittentAutonomic Nervous System: Other (direct) parasympathomimetic

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXAPA9 6,172,1964
oral/monkey lowest published toxic dose: 450 mg/kg/61D- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving peripheral nerveTXAPA9 71,266,1983
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 568 mg/kg/8W- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weightARTODN 47,179,1981
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5.04 mg/kg/1W- continuousBehavioral: Fluid intakeNTIS** PB93-158285
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 451.71 mg/kg/27W- continuousReproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)NTIS** PB93-158285
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 105 mg/kg/3W- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
TOLED5 135,S52,2002
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 210 mg/kg/3W- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TOLED5 135,S52,2002
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 540 mg/kg/12D- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NTIS** #PB89-140008/AS
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 238 mg/kg/17W- continuousBehavioral: Muscle weaknessREPTED 17,1,2003
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 238 mg/kg/17W- continuousReproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm ductREPTED 17,1,2003
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 806 mg/kg/75D- continuousBehavioral: Food intake (animal)

Behavioral: Muscle weakness

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 568 mg/kg/8W- continuousReproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2100 mg/kg/3W- continuousLiver: Other changesEMMUEG 49,741,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2058 mg/kg/3W- continuousBehavioral: Fluid intakeEMMUEG 47,6,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 2100 mg/kg/3W- continuousLiver: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOXID9 -,78,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 111 mg/kg/5D- continuousBehavioral: Fluid intakeJTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 244.2 mg/kg/11D- continuousBehavioral: Fluid intake

Behavioral: Ataxia
JTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 344 mg/kg/20D- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainJTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 567.8 mg/kg/34D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath
JTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 450.9 mg/kg/27D- continuousBehavioral: AtaxiaJTSCDR 33,11,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 700 mg/kg/14D- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Behavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
TXAPA9 230,208,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 35 mg/kg/14D- continuousEndocrine: Other changesTXAPA9 230,208,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 210 mg/kg/1W- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainJTPAE7 17,37,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1050 mg/kg/5W- intermittentBehavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JTPAE7 17,37,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1890 mg/kg/9W- intermittentBehavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JTPAE7 17,37,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 630 mg/kg/3W- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory changeJTPAE7 17,37,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1050 mg/kg/5W- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory changeJTPAE7 17,37,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 560 mg/kg/4W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
ARTODN 79,531,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 980 mg/kg/49D- continuousSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis with appropriate anesthesia

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOXID9 78,62,2004
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1219 mg/kg/49D- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Behavioral: Ataxia

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on Na-K pump
TOXID9 66,15,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 550 mg/kg/11D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Evidence of thyroid hypofunction

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
JAPTO* 26,198,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 350 mg/kg/7D- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
JAPTO* 26,198,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 250 mg/kg/5D- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory changeJAPTO* 26,198,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 12250 µg/kg/7W- continuousBehavioral: Muscle weaknessTXCYAC 219,133,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1750 µg/kg/10W- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Plasma proteins not involving coagulation
TXCYAC 219,133,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 350 µg/kg/10W- continuousLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes
TXCYAC 219,133,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 35 µg/kg/10W- continuousLiver: Other changes

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Transaminases
TXCYAC 219,133,2006
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 5.1 mg/kg/17D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainNETEEC 32,373,2010
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 35 mg/kg/70D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainREPTED 28,196,2009
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 0.28 gm/kg/4W- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Behavioral: Ataxia
ETPAEK 61,406,2009
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 0.56 gm/kg/4W- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Behavioral: Ataxia

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct
ETPAEK 61,406,2009
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 140 mg/kg/14D- continuousEndocrine: Change in LH

Endocrine: Other changes
TOLED5 211,135,2012
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 700 mg/kg/14D- continuousReproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct

Related to Chronic Data: Changes in testicular weight
TOLED5 211,135,2012
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 560 mg/kg/28D- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)FCTOD7 87,120,2016
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 390 mg/kg/13D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainTOLED5 236,60,2015
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 240 mg/kg/6D- intermittentBehavioral: Alteration of classical conditioningTOLED5 236,60,2015
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 260 mg/kg/13D- intermittentBehavioral: Alteration of classical conditioningTOLED5 236,60,2015
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 800 mg/kg/20D- intermittentBehavioral: Ataxia

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Monoamine oxidase

Biochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatum
TOLED5 236,60,2015
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/20D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
TOLED5 236,60,2015
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 186 mg/kg/31D- continuousEndocrine: Changes in thyroid weightFCTOD7 107,186,2017
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 7.5 mg/kg/5D- continuousEndocrine: Other changesFCTOD7 107,186,2017
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 900 mg/kg/60D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Cardiac: Other changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes
FCTOD7 118,745,2018
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 900 mg/kg/60D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Changes in both tubules and glomeruli

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct
FCTOD7 118,745,2018
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 900 mg/kg/60D- intermittentBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes
FCTOD7 118,745,2018
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 900 mg/kg/60D- intermittentBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
FCTOD7 118,745,2018
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 500 mg/kg/10D- intermittentKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes

Endocrine: Hyperglycemia

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
BCLPT* 105(Suppl 1),120,2009
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 616 mg/kg/2W- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
TXAPA9 240,401,2009
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/3D- intermittentOlfaction: Deviated nasal septum

Skin and Appendages: Other: Hair

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
MUREAV 702,40,2010
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 580 mg/kg/29D- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Paresthesia

Musculoskeletal: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
MUREAV 702,40,2010
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1710 mg/kg/90D- continuousBehavioral: Muscle weaknessHPV308 -,,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 2700 mg/kg/90D- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Behavioral: Muscle weakness
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1460 mg/kg/2Y- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1860 mg/kg/93D- continuousSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 390 mg/kg/13W- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheathHPV308 -,,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 770 mg/kg/5W- continuousSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Food intake (animal)

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 532 mg/kg/28D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Endocrine: Other changes

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct
HPV308 -,,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 560 mg/kg/56D- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 280 mg/kg/56D- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainREPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 336 mg/kg/4W- continuousBehavioral: Muscle weaknessREPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 597.2 mg/kg/10D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JESEDU A22,639,1987
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 298.6 mg/kg/10D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightJESEDU A22,639,1987
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 21 mg/kg/4W- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainREPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 21 mg/kg/4W- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changesREPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 460 mg/kg/92D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
REPTED 17,1,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 294 mg/kg/14D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
NRTXDN 23,397,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 798 mg/kg/38D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,397,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 588 mg/kg/28D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Spinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
TXAPA9 188,135,2003
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 294 mg/kg/14D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
NRTXDN 23,397,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 798 mg/kg/38D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainNRTXDN 23,397,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 980 mg/kg/49D- continuousMusculoskeletal: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase
TOXID9 44,317,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 980 mg/kg/49D- continuousMusculoskeletal: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOXID9 44,316,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 588 mg/kg/28D- continuousSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia
NRTXDN 23,415,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 798 mg/kg/38D- continuousSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,415,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 231 mg/kg/11D- continuousBehavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,95,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 378 mg/kg/18D- continuousBehavioral: Muscle weaknessNRTXDN 23,95,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg/5D- intermittentReproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm duct
REPTED 19,527,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 25 mg/kg/5D- intermittentReproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)

Endocrine: Androgenic
REPTED 19,527,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/5D- intermittentReproductive: Paternal effects: Testes, epididymis, sperm ductREPTED 19,527,2005
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 112.5 mg/kg/15D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainNTIS** #PB89-164669/AS
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 546 mg/kg/26D- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NRTXDN 23,95,2002
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 56 mg/kg/28D- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainREPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 28 mg/kg/14D- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainREPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 84 mg/kg/42D- continuousBehavioral: Food intake (animal)REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3.5 mg/kg/70D- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Behavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)
REPTED 14,385,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 680 mg/kg/34D- continuousBehavioral: Ataxia

Liver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other hydrolases
NRTXDN 22,341,2001
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 75 mg/kg/5D- intermittentNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gainREPTED 14,147,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 225 mg/kg/5D- intermittentBehavioral: Alteration of classical conditioningREPTED 14,147,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 300 mg/kg/5D- intermittentBehavioral: Sleep

Reproductive: Paternal effects: Spermatogenesis (including genetic material, sperm morphology, motility, and count)
REPTED 14,147,2000
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1035 mg/kg/15W- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NTOTDY 5,91,1983
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 608 mg/kg/16D- continuousSpinal Cord: Other degenerative changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NTOTDY 3,487,1981
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1800 mg/kg/90D- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath

Behavioral: Fluid intake

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JEPTDQ 4(5/6),157,1980
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 600 mg/kg/6W- continuousBehavioral: Change in motor activity (specific assay)

Behavioral: Ataxia
NTOTDY 4,355,1982
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 286 mg/kg/28D- continuousBrain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight

Cardiac: Changes in heart weight

Blood: Pigmented or nucleated red blood cells
WATRAG 24,661,1990
subcutaneous/cat lowest published toxic dose: 150 mg/kg/10D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Dehydrogenases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes
TXAPA9 60,324,1981
subcutaneous/rabbit lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/4W- continuousPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Behavioral: Ataxia
HPV308 -,,2001
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1155 mg/kg/13W- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Sensory change involving peripheral nerve

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Recording from peripheral motor nerve

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
ENVRAL 63,229,1993
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 1 gm/kg/8W- intermittentPeripheral Nerve and Sensation: Spastic paralysis with/without sensory change

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Structural change in nerve or sheath
TXAPA9 139,15,1996
subcutaneous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/10D- intermittentBehavioral: Muscle weakness

Behavioral: Ataxia

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
JOCHFV 41,181,1999
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 42 mg/kg/3W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Changes in cerebral spinal fluid

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TXAPA9 197,318,2004
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 400 mg/kg/8D- intermittentBiochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatumTOXID9 44,315,2005
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 441 mg/kg/21D- intermittentBiochemical: Neurotransmitters or modulators (putative): Dopamine in striatumTOXID9 44,315,2005
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 714 mg/kg/34D- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOXID9 90,495,2006
unreported route/rat lowest published toxic dose: 252 mg/kg/21D- intermittentBehavioral: Food intake (animal)TOXID9 -,35,2009

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-time-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3 (inhal, vapor, skin)DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Confirmed animal carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient EvidenceIMEMDT 39,41,1986
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Sufficient EvidenceIMEMDT 60,389,1994
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human No Adequate DataIMEMDT 39,41,1986
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 60,389,1994
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 2AIMEMDT 60,389,1994
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNRTXDN 23,265,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNRTXDN 23,259,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNRTXDN 23,253,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNRTXDN 23,43,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNRTXDN 23,223,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTOTDY 3,445,1981
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOPADD 14,279,2001
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 140-141,43,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 543,201,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,227,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 580,21,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 580,143,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 580,167,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,42,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 44,1699,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 627,10,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWIJTOFN 24,21,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCRTXB2 36,481,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHETOEA 23,357,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBCLPT* 96,131,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 580,31,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 658,124,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 25,192,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBDERB* 74,17,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCRNGDP 28,519,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 654,114,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 659,68,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 46,1360,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHTOPA* 1,501,2002
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 180,110,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 681,51,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 47,760,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 590,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 678,113,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWJTEHD6 9,397,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 48,S2,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 48,S25,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNEUCL* 23,377,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXAPA9 243,180,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 22,83,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNETEEC 32,4,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,239,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,265,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,617,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,629,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNTAPM* -,737,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 678,76,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 26,43,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 26,199,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 723,101,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 53,166,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNETOX* 33,911,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 54,480,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 769,34,2014
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 54,468,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 763,181,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 783,36,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 55,596,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 777,91,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 802,1,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 771,85,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNETEEC 52,25,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWNETEEC 52,68,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 32,491,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 108,392,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 265,106,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 53,134,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 54,294,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 55,200,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 55,43,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 55,52,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 58,395,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWACAFD* 93,93,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 33,179,2018
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 61,105,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 61,251,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWVETOX* ,339,2018

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3 (skin)DTLVS* 3,5,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3, Carcinogen, JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIATRK-TMW 0.06 mg/m3;KZW 0.24 mg/m3, dust, inhal, skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIATRK-TMW 0.03 mg/m3;KZW 0.12 mg/m3, inhal, skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3, Skin, Carcinogen, MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3, skin, carc, MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDtime-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 0.9 mg/m3, skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCEVME 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m3), Skin, C2 Carcinogen, FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYceiling concentration 0.03 mg/m3, Carcinogen, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3, carc, skin, NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPANOccupational Exposure Limit 0.1 mg/m3, skin, 2A carc, s2 sen, MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3, skin, 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 0.06 mg/m3 (skin), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3, skin, JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAYtime-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3, JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDtime-weighted average 0.1 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIAtime-weighted average 0.05 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 0.2 mg/m3, Skin, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDENtime-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3;short term exposure limit 0.1 mg/m3, Carcinogen, Skin, JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDMAK-week 0.03 mg/m3, carc 2, inhal, skin, sen, JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3, Skin, JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3, carc, skin, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 0.3 mg/m3 (skin)CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO ACRYLAMIDE-air10H Carcinogen time-weighted average 0.03 mg/m3 (Sk)NIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 03540; Number of Industries 19; Total Number of Facilities 453; Number of Occupations 22; Total Number of Employees Exposed 10651; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 721
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 03540; Number of Industries 10; Total Number of Facilities 442; Number of Occupations 24; Total Number of Employees Exposed 7047

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Inconclusive: In vivo SCE-nonhuman
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Negative: In vivo cytogenetics-nonhuman bone marrow
EPA GENETOX PROGRAM 1988, Positive: Cytogenetics-male germ cell
EPA TSCA 8(a) PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT INFORMATION, FINAL RULEFEREAC 47,26992,82
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NTP 14th Report on Carcinogens,2016:Reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogen
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #21
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018