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Acrolein

RTECS #
AS1050000
CAS #
107-02-8; 25314-61-8
See: NMAM or OSHA Methods
Updated
March 2019
Molecular Weight
56.07
Molecular Formula
C3H4O
Synonyms
2-Propenal
Acraldehyde
Acraldehydeacroleina (Italian)
Acrolein (ACGIH:OSHA)
Acroleina (Italian)
Acroleine (Dutch, French)
Acrylaldehyd (German)
Acrylaldehyde
Acrylic aldehyde
Akrolein (Czech)
Akroleina (Polish)
Aldehyde acrylique (French)
Aldeide acrilica (Italian)
Allyl aldehyde
Aqualin
Aqualine
Biocide
Crolean
Ethylene aldehyde
Magnacide
Magnacide B
Magnacide H
NSC 8819
Prop-2-en-1-al
RCRA waste number P003
Slimicide
trans-Acrolein

Skin and Eye Irritation and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
eye /human 500 ppb/12MIAPWAR 4,79,1961
eye /rabbit 1 mg severeUCDS** 6/18/1971
eye /rabbit 50 µg/24H severe85JCAE -,268,1986
skin /human 1%VCVGK* -,386,1994
skin /rabbit 5 mg open irritation test severeUCDS** 6/18/1971
skin /rabbit 2 mg/24H severe85JCAE -,268,1986

Mutation Data and Reference

System TestRoute/Organism/TissueDoseReference
DNA adduct/Escherichia coli286 nmol/LARTODN 46,277,1980
DNA adductfibroblast/human100 µmol/LCRNGDP 12,1483,1991
DNA adductlymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)58 gm/L/3HCNREA8 44,990,1984
DNA Damageother cell types/rat30 mmol/LARTODN 58,67,1985
DNA Damageother cell types/human30 µmol/LCNREA8 48,1717,1988
DNA Damagelung/human0.15 pmol/well/1HTOLED5 132,27,2002
DNA Damagelung/hamster20 nmol/L/18HTOLED5 148,65,2004
DNA inhibitionintraperitoneal/rat500 µg/kgBICMBE 53,243,1971
DNA inhibitionlymphocyte/mammal (species unspecified)80 µmol/LFEBLAL 30,286,1973
heritable translocation testoral/Drosophila melanogaster10 mmol/L/48HFCTOD7 53,221,2013
mutation in mammalian somatic cellsfibroblast/human200 nmol/LMUREAV 209,17,1988
mutation in mammalian somatic cellslung/hamster500 nmol/LCRNGDP 11,497,1990
mutation in microorganisms/Escherichia coli320 nmol/plateMUREAV 516,81,2002
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium50 µg/plate (+enzymatic activation step)ENMUDM 5(Suppl 1),3,1983
mutation in microorganisms/Salmonella typhimurium50 µg/plate (-enzymatic activation step)NTPTB* JAN1982
other mutation test systemsintraperitoneal/rat500 µg/kgBICMBE 53,243,1971
sex chromosome loss and nondisjunctionparenteral/Drosophila melanogaster3 mmol/LMUREAV 260,247,1991
sister chromatid exchangelymphocyte/human5 µmol/LCNREA8 46,203,1986
sister chromatid exchangeovary/hamster10 µmol/LCGCGBR 26,108,1980
sister chromatid exchangeunreported route/hamster1.5 mg/kgVCVGK* -,385,1994
specific locus testoral/Drosophila melanogaster5 mmol/LMUREAV 260,247,1991
specific locus testother cell types/mouse10 µmol/L/4H (-enzymatic activation step)MUREAV 726,98,2011

Reproductive Effects Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
intravenous/rabbit 6 mg/kg (9D pregnant)Reproductive: Effects on fertility: Post- implantation mortality (e.g., dead and/or resorbed implants per total number of implants)ARZNAD 30,2080,1980
oral/rat 840 mg/kg (multigeneration)Reproductive: Effects on newborn: Growth statistics (e.g., reduced weight gain)FAATDF 19,228,1992

Acute Toxicity Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
In Vitro/Human, kidney tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 2.19 mg/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.
TIVIEQ 25,1203,2011
In Vitro/Human, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro
TXAPA9 265,73,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 25 µmol/L/24HBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial functionTXAPA9 265,73,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 25 µmol/L/6HBiochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on mitochondrial functionTXAPA9 265,73,2012
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 113.9 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.FCTOD7 96,155,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 109.8 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity (prelabeled cells): release of radioactive isotopes ([51Cr], [3H]-thymidine, [3H]-proline, [35S]- or [75Se]-methionine, 5-[125I]-2-deoxy-uridine) or fluorescent dyes (bis-carboxyethyl-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) or calcein-AM)FCTOD7 96,155,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 95.2 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.FCTOD7 96,155,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 5.3 µg/mL/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.FCTOD7 96,155,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 25 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 35,66,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 12.5 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 35,66,2016
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 4.66 mg/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, liver tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 19.7 mg/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/8HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTXCYAC 287,105,2011
In Vitro/Human, lung Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 0.04 mmol/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 30,274,2015
In Vitro/Human, lung Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.5 µg/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 46,219,2018
In Vitro/Human, lung fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration Low: 7 µmol/L/6HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 28,209,2014
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.15 µg/well/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 40,223,2017
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 2 mmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell metabolic activity: Alamar Blue assay etc.

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TXCYAC 319,44,2014
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 40,223,2017
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 50 µmol/L/1HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 44 µmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 25 µmol/L/4HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration (20 percent kill): 45 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 25.2 µmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 27,1072,2013
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 0.01 nmol/L/4HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 49,2157,2011
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 30 nmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysFCTOD7 49,2157,2011
In Vitro/Human, lung tumor Inhibitor Concentration Low: 30 nmol/L/10MBiochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: PhosphokinaseFCTOD7 49,2157,2011
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 440 µmol/L/4MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Membrane currentsTXAPA9 245,191,2010
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 3.95 mg/LIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 20 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TOLED5 238,32,2015
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 40 µmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTOLED5 238,32,2015
In Vitro/Human, neuroblastoma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 40 µmol/L/2HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell membrane integrity: Cytoplasmic enzymes leakage (lactate dehydrogenase, ATP enzymes etc.)TOLED5 238,32,2015
In Vitro/Human, skin Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/1HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 28,485,2014
In Vitro/Human, skin Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 1.85 mg/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/jaaInhibitor Concentration Low: 20 µmol/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TOLED5 238,32,2015
In Vitro/jpfInhibitor Concentration Low: 30 µmol/L/30MIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TOLED5 240,43,2016
In Vitro/maxInhibitor Concentration Low: 25 µmol/L/3HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TOLED5 217,184,2013
In Vitro/maxInhibitor Concentration Low: 25 µmol/L/12HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTOLED5 217,184,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, bone marrow Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 4.7 µmol/L/36HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TOLED5 262,17,2016
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 20.6 mg/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (lysosomal damage): neutral red assay etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, fibroblast Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 0.613 mg/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
In Vitro/Mouse, macrophage Inhibitor Concentration Low: 1 µmol/L/24HBiochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Peptidases
TXAPA9 245,76,2010
In Vitro/Mouse, macrophage Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/30MBiochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Phosphokinase
TXAPA9 245,76,2010
In Vitro/Mouse, macrophage Inhibitor Concentration Low: 10 µmol/L/4HBiochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other oxidoreductases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Peptidases
TXAPA9 245,76,2010
In Vitro/paaInhibitor Concentration Low: 15.4 µmol/L/44HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assaysTIVIEQ 27,1416,2013
In Vitro/Rat, glioma Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 75.9 µmol/L/4HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TXCYAC 314,1,2013
In Vitro/Rat, glioma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 50 µmol/L/4HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TXCYAC 314,1,2013
In Vitro/Rat, glioma Inhibitor Concentration Low: 100 µmol/L/4HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (dye exclusion): trypan blue assay etc.TXCYAC 314,1,2013
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 25 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 35,66,2016
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration Low: 12.5 µmol/L/48HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Apoptosis in vitro

In Vitro Toxicity Studies: Other assays
TIVIEQ 35,66,2016
In Vitro/Rat, liver Inhibitor Concentration (50 percent kill): 31.7 mg/L/24HIn Vitro Toxicity Studies: Cell viability (mitochondrial reductase assays): MTT, XTT, MTS, WSTs assays etc.TIVIEQ 27,1347,2013
inhalation/cat Lowest published lethal concentration: 1570 mg/m3/2HAPTOA6 6,299,1950
inhalation/cat lowest published toxic concentration: 250 mg/m3Eye: Lacrimation

Behavioral: General anesthetic

Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of salivary glands
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/cat lowest published toxic concentration: 200 mg/m3Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changesVCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/cat Lowest published lethal concentration: 1500 mg/m3/2HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema

Liver: Multiple effects

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/child lowest published toxic concentration: 300 ppb/2HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory obstruction

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes
NPMDAD 8,2469,1979
inhalation/guinea pig Lowest published lethal concentration: 24 mg/m3/6HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Emphysema

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema
BMJOAE 2,913,1956
inhalation/guinea pig lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10.5 ppm/6HBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/hamster Lowest published lethal concentration: 1000 ppm/10MEye: Lacrimation

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema

Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of salivary glands
SAIGBL 19,367,1977
inhalation/hamster lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 25.4 ppm/4HVCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/human Lowest published lethal concentration: 350 mg/m3/10MVCVGK* -,384,1984
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 7 mg/m3Eye: Lacrimation

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
VCVGK* -,384,1984
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 2 mg/m3/2MEye: Conjunctiva irritation

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough
VCVGK* -,384,1984
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 0.6 mg/m3/5MEye: Conjunctiva irritation

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough
VCVGK* -,384,1984
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 0.8 ppmLung, Thorax, or Respiration: DyspneaVCVGK* -,384,1984
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 0.3 ppmLung, Thorax, or Respiration: CoughVCVGK* -,384,1984
inhalation/human lowest published toxic concentration: 0.14 ppm/2MEye: Conjunctiva irritationVCVGK* -,384,1984
inhalation/human Lowest published lethal concentration: 5500 ppb34ZIAG -,73,1969
inhalation/human Lowest published lethal concentration: 153 ppm/10MNTIS** PB214-270
inhalation/man lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppmEye: LacrimationBMJOAE 2,913,1956
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 66 ppm/6HIAANBS 26,281,1970
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 875 ppm/1MBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 175 ppm/10MBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/mouse lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 152 mg/m3/6HBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/mouse Lowest published lethal concentration: 200 mg/m3VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/mouse Lowest published lethal concentration: 650 mg/m3Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changesVCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1.7 ppm/10MLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depressionVCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1.1 ppmOlfaction: Other olfaction effectsTOXID9 66,98,2002
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 5 ppm/6HBlood: Change in clotting factors

Blood: Other changes
TXAPA9 248,100,2010
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 3 ppm/3HCardiac: Arrythmias (indlucing changes in conduction)

Cardiac: Other changes
TXAPA9 324,51,2017
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 275 ppm/10MBiochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: PhosphokinaseTXAPA9 324,61,2017
inhalation/rabbit lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 10.5 ppm/6HVCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/rabbit Lowest published lethal concentration: 24 mg/m3/6HLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Emphysema

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Acute pulmonary edema
BMJOAE 2,913,1956
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 18 mg/m3/4HCUTOEX 1,47,1993
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 131 ppm/30MBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/rat lethal concentration (50 percent kill): 8 ppm/4HBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Peripheral Nerve and Sensation: Flaccid paralysis without anesthesia (usually neuromuscular blockage)

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depression
VCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 23 ppmLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Respiratory depressionVCVGK* -,383,1984
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 2.5 ppm/4HVascular: Other changesVCVGK* -,383,1984
intraperitoneal/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 9008 µg/kgNCISP* JAN1986
intraperitoneal/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kgCardiac: Change in rate

Vascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic section
TXAPA9 285,136,2015
intraperitoneal/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 4 mg/kgTXAPA9 71,84,1983
intravenous/cat lowest published lethal dose: 15 mg/kgBlood: Other changesAPTOA6 8,275,1952
intravenous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 3 mg/kgGastrointestinal: Other changes

Blood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified)
VCVGK* -,384,1984
intravenous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 0.5 mg/kgVascular: BP lowering not characterized in autonomic sectionVCVGK* -,384,1984
intravenous/rat lowest published toxic dose: 0.05 mg/kgVascular: BP elevation not characterized in autonomic sectionVCVGK* -,384,1984
oral/human lowest published lethal dose: 140 mg/kgVCVGK* -,384,1984
oral/mammal (species unspecified) lowest published lethal dose: 10 mg/kgAJHYA2 29,32,1939
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 28 mg/kgVCVGK* -,383,1984
oral/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 13900 µg/kgBehavioral: Somnolence (general depressed activity)

Skin and Appendages: Other: Hair

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
NTIS** OTS0533812
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kgLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport
TOXID9 -,169,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kgBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Lipids including transport

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Plasma proteins not involving coagulation
TXAPA9 243,1,2010
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of salivary glands
TOXID9 90,105,2006
oral/mouse lowest published lethal dose: 8 mg/kgBehavioral: Tremor

Gastrointestinal: Changes in structure or function of salivary glands
TOXID9 90,105,2006
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kgBlood: Change in clotting factors

Blood: Other changes
TXAPA9 248,100,2010
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 5 mg/kgBlood: Changes in serum composition (e.g. TP, bilirubin, cholesterol)TXAPA9 285,136,2015
oral/mouse lethal dose (20 percent kill): 10 mg/kgTXAPA9 285,136,2015
oral/mouse lethal dose (75 percent kill): 20 mg/kgTXAPA9 285,136,2015
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 1 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TOLED5 212,241,2012
oral/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 7 mg/kgENTOX* -,40,2005
oral/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 26 mg/kgGISAAA 58(10),4,1993
skin/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 160 mg/kgENTOX* -,40,2005
subcutaneous/guinea pig lowest published lethal dose: 178 µg/kgBehavioral: Convulsions or effect on seizure threshold

Cardiac: Other changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Dyspnea
AEXPBL 43,351,1900
subcutaneous/mouse lethal dose (50 percent kill): 30 mg/kgBehavioral: General anesthetic

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration
APTOA6 6,299,1950
subcutaneous/mouse lowest published lethal dose: 400 mg/kgBehavioral: Excitement

Vascular: Shock
VCVGK* -,383,1984
subcutaneous/rabbit lethal dose (50 percent kill): 164 mg/kgVCVGK* -,383,1984
subcutaneous/rabbit lowest published lethal dose: 250 mg/kgLung, Thorax, or Respiration: DyspneaAEXPBL 43,351,1900
subcutaneous/rat lethal dose (50 percent kill): 50 mg/kgBehavioral: General anesthetic

Liver: Fatty liver degeneration
APTOA6 6,299,1950
unreported route/mammal (species unspecified) lethal dose (50 percent kill): 45 mg/kg30ZDA9 -,111,1971

Other Multiple Dose Data and References

Route/OrganismDoseEffectReference
inhalation/Dog lowest published toxic concentration: 3700 ppb/8H/6W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchiTXAPA9 17,726,1970
inhalation/hamster lowest published toxic concentration: 4900 ppb/6H/13W- intermittentOlfaction: Other olfaction effects

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight
TXCYAC 9,47,1978
inhalation/hamster lowest published toxic concentration: 4 ppm/7H/52W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Changes in brain weight

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight

Liver: Changes in liver weight
JTEHD6 3,379,1977
inhalation/hamster lowest published toxic concentration: 4.9 ppm/13W- intermittentBlood: Changes in other cell count (unspecified)

Blood: Changes in erythrocyte (RBC) count
VCVGK* -,385,1994
inhalation/monkey lowest published toxic concentration: 3700 ppb/8H/6W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXAPA9 17,726,1970
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/3D- intermittentCardiac: Changes in coronary arteriesTOXID9 -,137,2009
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 1 ppm/6H/4D- intermittentBlood: Change in clotting factors

Blood: Other changes
TXAPA9 248,100,2010
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 6 ppm/6H/2W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Chronic pulmonary edema or congestion

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
VCVGK* -,384,1994
inhalation/mouse lowest published toxic concentration: 25 ppm/6H/2W- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldVCVGK* -,384,1994
inhalation/rabbit lowest published toxic concentration: 4900 ppb/6H/13W- intermittentOlfaction: Other olfaction effects

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Changes in lung weight
TXCYAC 9,47,1978
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 3 ppm/2W- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changesTXCYAC 260,112,2009
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1.52 ppm/61D- continuousLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changesVCVGK* -,384,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 0.51 ppm/61D- continuousLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchiVCVGK* -,384,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 0.55 ppm/10D- continuousLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Cough

Immunological Including Allergic: Decreased immune response
VCVGK* -,384,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4 ppm/6H/62D- intermittentRelated to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type fieldVCVGK* -,385,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1.4 ppm/6H/62D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchi

Lung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes
VCVGK* -,385,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 1.52 mg/m3/60D- continuousNutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
VCVGK* -,385,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 0.51 mg/m3/60D- continuousBehavioral: Alteration of classical conditioning

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: True cholinesterase

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Porphyrin including bile pigments
VCVGK* -,385,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 0.15 mg/m3/60D- continuousBlood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) countVCVGK* -,385,1994
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4 ppm/6H/62D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXCYAC 34,139,1985
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 4900 ppb/6H/13W- intermittentOlfaction: Other olfaction effects

Endocrine: Changes in adrenal weight

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXCYAC 9,47,1978
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 510 µg/m3/24H/9W- continuousKidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes in urine composition

Blood: Changes in leukocyte (WBC) count

Nutritional and Gross Metabolic: Weight loss or decreased weight gain
GISAAA 31(1),9,1966
inhalation/rat lowest published toxic concentration: 3 ppm/6H/3W- intermittentOlfaction: Other olfaction effects

Endocrine: Changes in spleen weight
TOLED5 39,189,1987
intratracheal/chicken lowest published toxic dose: 200 ppm/5M/3D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Structural or functional change in trachea or bronchiVCVGK* -,385,1994
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 162.5 mg/kg/90D- intermittentGastrointestinal: GastritisTXCYAC 253,79,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 650 mg/kg/90D- intermittentGastrointestinal: Gastritis

Liver: Changes in liver weight
TXCYAC 253,79,2008
oral/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 100 mg/kg/7D- intermittentGastrointestinal: Gastritis

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXCYAC 253,79,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 140 mg/kg/8W- intermittentBrain and Coverings: Other degenerative changes

Behavioral: Change in psychophysiological tests

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Other proteins
TOLED5 217,184,2013
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 113 mg/kg/45D- intermittentLiver: Other changes

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Catalases

Biochemical: Enzyme inhibition, induction, or change in blood or tissue levels: Other enzymes
IJEBA6 35,1373,1997
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 210 mg/kg/12W- intermittentBehavioral: Change in psychophysiological testsNRTXDN 65,44,2018
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 91 mg/kg/26W- intermittentLiver: Liver function tests impaired

Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder: Other changes
VCVGK* -,385,1994
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 325 mg/kg/90D- intermittentLiver: Changes in liver weightTXCYAC 253,79,2008
oral/rat lowest published toxic dose: 450 mg/kg/63D- intermittentGastrointestinal: Gastritis

Related to Chronic Data: Death in the "MULTIPLE DOSE" data type field
TXCYAC 253,79,2008
unreported route/mouse lowest published toxic dose: 56.06 µg/kg/7D- intermittentLung, Thorax, or Respiration: Other changes

Blood: Hemorrhage

Biochemical: Metabolism (intermediary): Effect on inflammation or mediation of inflammation
TOLED5 229,384,2014

Reviews

OrganizationStandardReference
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-ceiling concentration 0.1 ppm (skin)DTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)Threshold Limit Value-Not classifiable as a human carcinogenDTLVS* TLV/BEI,2013
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 19,479,1979
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Animal Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 36,133,1985
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 36,133,1985
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Human Inadequate EvidenceIMEMDT 63,337,1995
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 3IMSUDL 7,78,1987
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)Cancer Review:Group 3IMEMDT 63,339,1995
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEVHPAZ 11,163,1975
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWCMTVAS 10(3),49,1973
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 47,115,1978
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 544,115,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 567,347,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWENTOX* -,40,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWDIMON* 46,551,2000
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 584,1,2005
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 531,1,2003
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 19,169,2004
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWREPTED 23,428,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 659,56,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWHUTOX* -,649,1996
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 674,62,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 674,85,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 636,144,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWBPRCR* 23,391,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 22,161,2007
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 690,3,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWPRESR* 7,123,2006
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 711,13,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTIHEEC 24,447,2008
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 722,147,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 49,2921,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWEMMUEG 53,645,2012
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 199,203,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 203,20,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 204,148,2011
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 55,596,2013
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 776,54,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 776,84,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 776,118,2015
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWFCTOD7 94,93,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 802,1,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUTAEX 32,203,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTIVIEQ 36,105,2016
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTXAPA9 324,45,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWTOLED5 265,106,2017
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWMUREAV 777,64,2018
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 54,247,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 54,294,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 55,43,2009
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 56,67,2010
TOXICOLOGY REVIEWRTOPDW 58,395,2010

Standards and Regulations

OrganizationStandardReference
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1988 PESTICIDE SUBJECT TO REGISTRATION OR RE-REGISTRATIONFEREAC 54,7740,1989
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) 1998 STATUS OF PESTICIDESSupportedRBREV* -,159,1998
Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) STANDARD-airtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3)DTLVS* 3,5,1971
Occupational Exposure Limit IN ARGENTINA, BULGARIA, COLOMBIA, JORDAN check ACGIH TLV;
Occupational Exposure Limit IN SINGAPORE, VIETNAM check ACGIH TLV
Occupational Exposure Limit-ARAB Republic of Egypttime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRALIAtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 0.3 ppm, (0.69 mg/m3), JUL2008
Occupational Exposure Limit-AUSTRIAMAK-TMW 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3);KZW 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), skin, 2007
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-BELGIUMshort term exposure limit 0.3 ppm (0.7 mg/m3), MAR2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-DENMARKtime-weighted average 0.05 ppm (0.12 mg/m3), MAY2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FINLANDceiling concentration 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-FRANCEVLE 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), FEB2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-HUNGARYtime-weighted average 0.23 mg/m3, short term exposure limit 0.23 mg/m3, SEP2000
Occupational Exposure Limit-ICELANDtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3), NOV2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-JAPANOccupational Exposure Limit 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3), MAY2012
Occupational Exposure Limit-KOREAtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), short term exposure limit 0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/m3), 2006
Occupational Exposure Limit-MEXICOtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 0.3 ppm (0.8 mg/m3), 2004
Occupational Exposure Limit-NEW ZEALANDtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3), JAN2002
Occupational Exposure Limit-NORWAYtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-PERUshort term exposure limit 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3), JUL2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-POLANDMAC(time-weighted average) 0.2 mg/m3, MAC(short term exposure limit) 0.5 mg/m3, JAN1999
Occupational Exposure Limit-RUSSIAshort term exposure limit 0.2 mg/m3, JUN2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWEDENtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 0.3 ppm (0.7 mg/m3), JUN2005
Occupational Exposure Limit-SWITZERLANDceiling concentration 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), JAN2011
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE NETHERLANDSMAC-TGG 0.05 mg/m3, 2003
Occupational Exposure Limit-THE PHILIPPINEStime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-TURKEYtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3), JAN1993
Occupational Exposure Limit-UNITED KINGDOMtime-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m3);short term exposure limit 0.3 ppm, OCT2007
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Construction)8H time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1926.55,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Federal Contractors)8H time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3)CFRGBR 41,50-204.50,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (General Industry)8H time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1910.1000,1994
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Permissible Exposure Limit (Shipyards)8H time-weighted average 0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m3)CFRGBR 29,1915.1000,1993

NIOSH Documentation and Surveillance

OrganizationStandardReference
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Level TO ACROLEIN-air10H time-weighted average 0.1 ppm;short term exposure limit 0.3 ppmNIOSH* DHHS #92-100,1992
National Occupational Exposure Survey 1983Hazard Code 03530; Number of Industries 4; Total Number of Facilities 37; Number of Occupations 18; Total Number of Employees Exposed 1298; Total Number of Female Employees Exposed 5
National Occupational Hazard Survey 1974Hazard Code 03530; Number of Industries 16; Total Number of Facilities 845; Number of Occupations 25; Total Number of Employees Exposed 7299

Status in Federal Agencies

OrganizationReference
ATSDR TOXICOLOGY PROFILE (NTIS** PB/91/180307/AS)
EPA TSCA Section 8(b) CHEMICAL INVENTORY
EPA TSCA Section 8(d) unpublished health/safety studies
EPA TSCA TEST SUBMISSION (TSCATS) DATA BASE, JANUARY 2001
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Acrolein, 2501
NIOSH Analytical Method, 1994: Aldehydes, screening, 2539
NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN #55, September 1991
NTP Carcinogenesis studies; test completed (peer review), October 2000
On EPA IRIS database
OSHA ANALYTICAL METHOD #52
Page last reviewed: November 16, 2018