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Surveillance for Pediatric Deaths Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection --- United States, April--August 2009

Children aged <5 years or with certain chronic medical conditions are at increased risk for complications and death from influenza (1--3). Because of this increased risk, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) has prioritized influenza prevention and treatment for children aged <5 years and for those with certain chronic medical and immunosuppressive conditions (4,5). CDC monitors child influenza deaths through its influenza-associated pediatric mortality reporting system. As of August 8, 2009, CDC had received reports of 477 deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States, including 36 deaths among children aged <18 years. To characterize these cases, CDC analyzed data from April to August 2009. The results of that analysis indicated that, of 36 children who died, seven (19%) were aged <5 years, and 24 (67%) had one or more of the high-risk medical conditions. Twenty-two (92%) of the 24 children with high-risk medical conditions had neurodevelopmental conditions. Among 23 children with culture or pathology results reported, laboratory-confirmed bacterial coinfections were identified in 10 (43%), including all six children who 1) were aged ≥5 years, 2) had no recognized high-risk condition, and 3) had culture or pathology results reported. Early diagnosis of influenza can enable prompt initiation of antiviral therapy for children who are at greater risk or severely ill. Clinicians also should be aware of the potential for severe bacterial coinfections among children diagnosed with influenza and treat accordingly. All children aged ≥6 months and caregivers of children aged <6 months should receive influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine when available (6).

Influenza-associated pediatric deaths have been nationally notifiable since October 2004. The CDC case reporting system defines an influenza-associated pediatric death as a death in a person aged <18 years with an illness clinically compatible with influenza and whose influenza is laboratory confirmed. State and local health departments report influenza-associated pediatric deaths using a standardized case report form that collects information on demographics, dates of illness onset and death, location of death, chronic medical conditions, influenza testing, bacteria or fungi cultured from sterile and nonsterile sites, and medical care received during the influenza illness. The case report form provides a list of chronic medical conditions that have been associated previously with an increased risk for complications from seasonal influenza and space to describe additional chronic medical conditions not listed on the form. Results of pathology testing conducted at CDC also are included. Medical records, medical examiner reports, and death certificates were not reviewed.

This case series included data reported to CDC on all deaths associated with laboratory-confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection occurring in persons aged <18 years through August 8, 2009. Laboratory confirmation was defined as a positive test for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus by reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CDC requested supplementary information from state and local health departments on antiviral treatment and chronic medical conditions for deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. For this case series, invasive bacterial coinfection was defined as laboratory detection of a bacterial pathogen in a specimen from a normally sterile site or a postmortem lung biopsy. Children were considered at high risk if they were aged <5 years or had one of the medical conditions recognized to increase the risk for influenza-related complications,* based on a review of the available medical data by a developmental pediatrician.

Thirty-six pediatric deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection were reported from 15 state and local health authorities through August 8 (Table 1).§ Illness onsets occurred during May 9--July 20, and deaths occurred during May 15--July 28. Six deaths occurred in May, 25 deaths in June, and five deaths in July. Median age of the patients was 9 years (range: 2 months--17 years); 50% were male, 42% were non-Hispanic white, and 33% were Hispanic (Table 2). Seven (19%) of the 36 children were aged <5 years (five were aged <2 years), and 24 (67%) had at least one high-risk medical condition, including three children aged <5 years. Among the 24 children with high-risk medical conditions, 22 (92%) had neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., developmental delay or cerebral palsy). Of these 22 children, 13 (59%) had more than one neurodevelopmental diagnosis, and nine (41%) had neurodevelopmental and chronic pulmonary conditions. Eight (22%) of the 36 children were aged ≥5 years with no reported high-risk conditions. Two of these eight children were reported as obese; however, height and weight measurements were not reported.

Duration of illness before death in the 36 cases ranged from 1 day to 28 days (median: 6 days). Among 31 children for whom antiviral treatment data were available, 19 (61%) received antiviral treatment, and four of those received treatment within 2 days of illness onset. Of 25 children for whom information was available, 13 (52%) had received at least 1 dose of the 2008--09 seasonal influenza vaccine, including 11 children with high-risk medical conditions. Of the 23 children with culture or pathology results reported, 10 (43%) had a laboratory-confirmed bacterial coinfection, including Staphylococcus aureus (five, including three methicillin-resistant S. aureus), Streptococcus pneumoniae (three), Streptococcus pyogenes (one), and Streptococcus constellatus (one). Among the eight children aged ≥5 years who did not have a high-risk medical condition, six had a laboratory-confirmed invasive bacterial coinfection, including four with S. aureus; the other two children either had no specimens collected or information regarding bacterial coinfection was unavailable. Among the seven children aged <5 years who died, two had a laboratory-confirmed bacterial coinfection; neither child had a high-risk medical condition.

Reported by: S Shannon, MPH, Arizona Dept of Health Svcs. J Louie, MD, California Dept of Public Health. A Siniscalchi, MPH, Connecticut Dept of Public Health. E Rico, MPH, Miami-Dade County Health Dept, Florida. D Richter, Illinois Dept of Public Health. R Hernandez, MPH, Massachusetts Dept of Public Health. R Lynfield, MD, Minnesota Dept of Health. L McHugh, MPH, New Jersey Dept of Health and Senior Svcs. C Waters, New York State Dept of Health. E Lee, MD, A Stoute, MPH, New York City Dept of Health and Mental Hygiene. K Landers, MD, Marion County Health Dept, Oregon. U Bandy, MD, Rhode Island Dept of Health. N Pascoe, Texas Dept of State Health Svcs. V Vernon, MPH, Utah Dept of Health. T Haupt, MS, Wisconsin Dept of Health Svcs. C Moore, MD, L Schieve, PhD, G Peacock, MD, C Boyle, PhD, M Honein, PhD, M Yeargin-Allsopp, MD, E Trevathan, MD, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities; L Finelli, DrPH, T Uyeki, MD, R Dhara, MPH, A Fowlkes, MPH, Influenza Div, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases; D Christensen, PhD, V Jarquin, PhD, EIS officers, CDC.

Editorial Note:

Twenty-eight (78%) of the 36 children whose deaths were associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection were in at least one of two groups previously found to be at increased risk for complications from seasonal influenza: children aged <5 years and those with a high-risk chronic medical condition (1--3). The percentage of children with high-risk medical conditions (67%) in this series is higher than the percentage reported in recent influenza seasons. During the 2003--04, 2004--05, 2005--06, and 2006--07 seasons, a total of 153, 47, 46, and 73 pediatric deaths were reported through the influenza-associated pediatric mortality reporting system, respectively. During those seasons, the percentages of children with high-risk medical conditions were 47%, 55%, 48%, and 35%, respectively (1,7). During the same seasons, among children who died, the percentages of children aged <5 years and aged <2 years among pediatric deaths was generally higher (<5 years, 42%--63%, <2 years, 26%--46%) than the 19% and 14%, respectively, reported for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1). Continued surveillance is needed to determine whether these and other differences between pediatric deaths from seasonal influenza and deaths from 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) are important.

Notably, among children with high-risk medical conditions, 92% had neurodevelopmental conditions (e.g., developmental delay or cerebral palsy), a finding consistent with the results from a study of influenza-associated mortality during the 2003--04 influenza season (1). In 2005, that finding helped lead to the addition of neurodevelopmental conditions to ACIP's list of conditions that should prompt seasonal influenza prevention and treatment (8). The findings from this report indicate that most of the children with neurodevelopmental conditions who died had multiple neurodevelopmental diagnoses and/or comorbid pulmonary conditions. Health-care providers should be aware of the potential for severe influenza illness, including death, in these children.

This report also highlights the prominence of laboratory-confirmed bacterial coinfections, which were identified in 10 (43%) of the 23 children who had culture or pathology results reported. All six children who were aged ≥5 years, did not have a high-risk medical condition, and had culture or pathology results reported had an invasive bacterial coinfection, suggesting that bacterial infection, in combination with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, can result in severe disease in children who might be otherwise healthy. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for severe bacterial coinfections among children diagnosed with influenza and treat accordingly. As always, diagnostic testing and susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates are important to guide antibiotic therapy. Empiric antibacterial therapy, when indicated, should be directed at likely pathogens associated with influenza, such as S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and S. pyogenes (1,7). In addition, all children should be current on recommended vaccinations, including 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Children aged ≥2 years with certain high-risk medical conditions are recommended to receive the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in accordance with guidance.

Although the majority of children in this case series received antiviral treatment, few received treatment within 2 days of illness onset. Influenza antiviral treatment is recommended for persons with suspected or laboratory-confirmed influenza who are hospitalized or who are at greater risk for influenza-related complications.** If a child is not in a high-risk group or is not hospitalized, health-care providers should use clinical judgment to guide treatment decisions. When evaluating children, clinicians should be aware that the risk for severe complications from seasonal influenza among children aged <5 years is highest among children aged <2 years. Antiviral treatment should be started as soon as possible after illness onset; evidence for benefits from antiviral treatment in studies of seasonal influenza is strongest when treatment is started within 48 hours of illness onset (5). However, treatment of any person with influenza who requires hospitalization is recommended, even if treatment is started >48 hours after illness onset. Health-care providers should be aware that although specificity is high, sensitivity of rapid influenza tests to detect 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection is low (9); therefore, a negative test result does not exclude 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection.

The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, influenza-associated pediatric deaths might be underascertained because of a low level of influenza testing among children or underreporting of diagnosed cases. Second, differences in case ascertainment limit the direct comparability of the findings in this report with findings from reports for seasonal influenza. All patients in this series were identified as having 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection using RT-PCR, but surveillance for pediatric deaths associated with seasonal influenza includes cases ascertained by various diagnostic tests, some of which are less sensitive than RT-PCR. Third, some chronic medical conditions might be underreported in the case reporting system because they are not specifically listed on the case report form; however, the collection of supplementary data on chronic medical conditions from state and local health authorities might have helped to minimize this potential bias. Fourth, incomplete data on antiviral treatment and testing for invasive bacterial coinfections might have led to some children being misclassified. Finally, because medical records were not reviewed, the severity of neurodevelopmental conditions, including the degree of associated respiratory impairment, could not be characterized.

Vaccination is the primary strategy to prevent influenza and related complications. Persons aged 6 months--24 years and persons who live with or provide care for infants aged <6 months are recommended for vaccination against 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection (6). Initial doses of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine are expected to become available in mid-October. Guidance from CDC regarding administration of vaccine, antiviral treatment, management of influenza-associated bacterial complications, and other prevention and control measures for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) will be updated as needed. Health-care providers can find current recommendations online at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu.

Acknowledgments

The findings in this report are based, in part, on contributions by A Spacone, MPH, Pima County Health Dept; V Berisha, MD, Maricopa County Dept of Public Health; J Meyer, MPH, Arizona Dept of Health Svcs; V Conte, MD, F Leguen, MD, Miami-Dade County Health Dept; K McConnell, MPH, Florida Dept of Health; P Linchangco, MPH and M Vernon, DrPH, Cook County Dept of Health, Illinois; M Crockett, MPH, N Cocoros, MPH, S Lett, MD, Massachusetts State Dept of Public Health; K Martin, C Lees, C Morin, Minnesota Dept of Health; New Jersey H1N1 Investigation Team; B Copple, Marion County Health Dept; M Vandermeer, R Leman, Oregon Public Health Div; C Browning, T Cooper, MPH, Rhode Island Dept of Health; T Koy, MPH, Texas Children's Hospital; L Bullion, Texas Dept of State Health Svcs; J Davis, Wisconsin Dept of Health Svcs; and R Olney, MD, and D Anderson-Carr, MPH, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, CDC.

References

  1. Bhat N, Wright JG, Broder KR, et al. Influenza-associated deaths among children in the United States, 2003-2004. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2559--67.
  2. Keren R, Zaoutis TE, Bridges CB, et al. Neurological and neuromuscular disease as a risk factor for respiratory failure in children hospitalized with influenza infection. JAMA 2005;294:2188--94.
  3. Coffin SE, Zaoutis TE, Rosenquist AB, et al. Incidence, complications, and risk factors for prolonged stay in children hospitalized with community-acquired influenza. Pediatrics 2007;119:740--8.
  4. CDC. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR 2009;58(No. RR-8).
  5. CDC. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008. MMWR 2008;57(No. RR-7).
  6. CDC. Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine. MMWR 2009;58(No. RR-10).
  7. Finelli L, Fiore A, Dhara R, et al. Influenza-associated pediatric mortality in the United States: increase of Staphylococcus aureus coinfection. Pediatrics 2009;122:805--11.
  8. CDC. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2005. MMWR 2005;54(No. RR-8).
  9. CDC. Evaluation of rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detection of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus---United States, 2009. MMWR 2009;58:826--9.

* Additional information available at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/identifyingpatients.htm.

Arizona (six cases), California (three), Connecticut (one), Florida (one) , Illinois (two), Massachusetts (one), Minnesota (two), New Jersey (three), New York (four), New York City (four), Oregon (one), Rhode Island (one), Texas (two), Utah (three), and Wisconsin (two).

§ A total of 33 cases were reported to CDC through August 8, 2009, and published online in FluView (http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/fluactivity.htm). However, an additional three cases that were subject to reporting delays were added, bringing the total to 36.

Additional information at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance/ppsv_h1n1.htm.

** Additional information available at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm.

TABLE 1. Selected characteristics of children whose deaths were associated with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection --- influenza-associated pediatric mortality case reporting, United States, April--August 2009*

Case no.

Age (yrs)

Sex

Race/Ethnicity

Time from illness onset to influenza testing (days)

Duration of illness

(days)

Cardiac/ respiratory arrest occurred outside hospital

Location of death

Invasive bacterial coinfection (specimen)

Antiviral treatment (days from illness onset to treatment)

Chronic medical condition§

1

13

M

Hispanic

4

6

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Oseltamivir, amantadine (4)

Cognitive dysfunction (global developmental delay); seizure disorder; cerebral palsy; spastic quadriplegia; scoliosis; left hip arthroplasty

2

10

F

Hispanic

5

5

Yes

ICU

Negative (blood)

None

Chronic lung disease; neurologic disease; cerebral palsy; developmental delay; heart disease, cardiac surgery

3

1

M

Black, non-Hispanic

21

28

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Oseltamivir (23)

24 weeks premature; chronic lung disease; retinopathy of prematurity; gastrostomy tube; status/postpatent ductus arteriosus ligation; tracheal cyst; moderate to severe developmental delay

4

1

F

Asian

9

10

No

ICU

Negative (blood, bronchial wash)

Oseltamivir (9)

Developmental delay; Goldenhar syndrome; hydrocephalus, seizure disorder; prematurity; intraventricular hemorrhage grade 3; bronchospasm

5

12

F

Hispanic

4

8

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

None

Muscular dystrophy; severe scoliosis; restrictive lung disease

6

9

F

Hispanic

Postmortem

5

Yes

Outside hospital

Streptococcus pyogenes (blood,

intracardiac blood)

None

None reported

7

2 mos

M

Hispanic

Postmortem

1

Yes

ED**

Streptococcus pneumoniae (lung tissue)

None

None reported

8

9

F

Hispanic

3

4

Yes

ICU

No specimens collected

Oseltamivir (Unknown)

Moderate to severe developmental delay; muscular dystrophy; chronic pulmonary disease; seizures

9

14

F

Black, non-Hispanic

5

19

No

ICU

MRSA†† (lung tissue)

Oseltamivir (5)

Obese§§

10

9

M

Hispanic

5

4

Unknown

ICU

Streptococcus constellatus (blood)

None

None reported

11

6

M

Asian

1

12

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Oseltamivir (Unknown)

Pulmonary hypertension; chronic lung disease; idiopathic bronchiectasis of unknown etiology; on home bi-level positive airway pressure machine

12

13

M

White, non-Hispanic

2

5

No

ICU

Staphylococcus aureus (lung tissue), MRSA (endotracheal tube)

Oseltamivir (2)

None reported

13

8

M

Hispanic

Unknown

27

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Oseltamivir, rimantadine (6)

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

14

11

F

Black, non-Hispanic

6

6

Yes

ED

No specimens collected

None

Obese

15

4 mos

F

White, non-Hispanic

Postmortem

4

Yes

Outside hospital

No specimens collected

None

None reported

Table 1 footnotes appear on page 945.


TABLE 1. (Continued) Selected characteristics of children whose deaths were associated with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection --- influenza-associated pediatric mortality case reporting, United States, April--August 2009*

Case no.

Age (yrs)

Sex

Race/Ethnicity

Time from illness onset to influenza testing (days)

Duration of illness

(days)

Cardiac/ respiratory arrest occurred outside hospital

Location of death

Invasive bacterial coinfection (specimen)

Antiviral treatment (days from illness onset to treatment)

Chronic medical condition§

16

5

F

White, non-Hispanic

5

6

No

ICU

Unknown

Oseltamivir (6)

Moderate to severe developmental delay; CHARGE/DiGeorge syndrome; prior tracheostomy; history of choanal atresia and repair; ventricular septal defect; fistula and esophageal atresia; hypoparathyroidism; immunodeficiency; seizure disorder; gastrostomy tube dependence

17

15

M

White, non-Hispanic

Postmortem

2

Yes

Home

Staphylococcus aureus (lung tissue)

None

Down syndrome; status/post atrioventricular canal repair

18

16

F

White, non-Hispanic

7

8

No

Inpatient ward

Negative (blood)

None

Moderate to severe developmental delay; hydrocephalus; seizure disorder; gastrostomy tube

19

9

M

Hispanic

Postmortem

1

Yes

ED

No specimens collected

None

Speech problems; reactive airway disease; bronchiolitis; moderate to severe developmental delay

20

9

M

White, non-Hispanic

6

11

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Oseltamivir (6)

Constant care since near drowning at age 21 mos; spastic quadriplegia; static encephalopathy; seizure disorder; restrictive lung disease; scoliosis; moderate to severe developmental delay

21

12

F

White, non-Hispanic

2

6

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Oseltamivir (2)

Chronic thickening of respiratory secretions; difficulty swallowing; mild autism; history of encephalitis; history of aspiration pneumonia

22

8

M

Black, non-Hispanic

5

2

No

ICU

Unknown

Unknown

None reported

23

10

M

White, non-Hispanic

2

5

No

ICU

No specimens collected

Oseltamivir (2)

Cerebral palsy; seizure disorder; developmental delay; scoliosis; reflux

24

9

F

Black, non-Hispanic

<1

15

No

ICU

MRSA (blood, endotracheal tube)

Oseltamivir (4)

None reported

25

1

F

Hispanic

Postmortem

2

Yes

Outside hospital

Negative (blood, cerebrospinal fluid)

None

None reported

26

15

M

Black, non-Hispanic

9

7

No

ICU

MRSA (blood, endotracheal tube)

Oseltamivir (5)

None reported

27

16

M

White, non-Hispanic

9

10

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Type unknown (Unknown)

Cerebral palsy; spina bifida; paraplegia; hydrocephalus

28

14

F

Hispanic

Unknown

10

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Oseltamivir (3)

Chronic lung disease; asthma; mental retardation; Krabbe disease; seizure disorder

29

7

F

Hispanic

5

11

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Oseltamivir (5)

Moderate to severe developmental delay; hydrocephalus status/post ventriculoperitoneal shunt; cerebral palsy; seizure disorder

30

17

M

White, non-Hispanic

5

9

Yes

ICU

Streptococcus pneumoniae (blood)

Unknown

Fragile X syndrome; autism; moderate to severe developmental delay

31

6

M

White, non-Hispanic

1

3

No

ICU

No specimens collected

Unknown

Cognitive delay; seizure disorder

32

13

F

White, non-Hispanic

5

11

No

ICU

No specimens collected

Oseltamivir (7)

Spina bifida; reactive airway disease

Table 1 footnotes appear on page 945


TABLE 1. (Continued) Selected characteristics of children whose deaths were associated with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection --- influenza-associated pediatric mortality case reporting, United States, April--August 2009*

Case no.

Age (yrs)

Sex

Race/Ethnicity

Time from illness onset to influenza testing (days)

Duration of illness

(days)

Cardiac/ respiratory arrest occurred outside hospital

Location of death

Invasive bacterial coinfection (specimen)

Antiviral treatment (days from illness onset to treatment)

Chronic medical condition§

33

2

F

Asian

Postmortem

4

No

ED

Streptococcus pneumoniae (blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, spleen)

None

None reported

34

4

M

White, non-Hispanic

9

12

No

ICU

No specimens collected

Unknown

Cerebral palsy

35

13

M

White, non-Hispanic

1

4

No

ICU

Negative (blood)

Oseltamivir (1)

Severe developmental delay; cerebral palsy; seizure disorder

36

10

F

White, non-Hispanic

7

8

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Moderate-severe developmental delay; chronic lung disease; cerebral palsy; scoliosis

* As of August 8, 2009, listed in order of illness onset.

All testing was by reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction.

§ Collected from responses to a checklist of associated medical conditions and additional comments on CDC's influenza-associated pediatric mortality case report forms.

Intensive care unit.

** Emergency department.

†† Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

§§ Height and weight not reported.


TABLE 2. Selected demographic characteristics and high-risk medical condition, antiviral treatment, and invasive bacterial coinfection status of children whose deaths were associated with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection --- influenza-associated pediatric mortality case reporting, United States, April--August 2009*

Characteristic/Status

No. of patients

(N = 36)

(%)

Age group

0--6 mos

2

(6)

6--23 mos

3

(8)

24--59 mos

2

(6)

5--8 yrs

5

(14)

9--12 yrs

13

(36)

13--17 yrs

11

(30)

Sex

Male

18

(50)

Female

18

(50)

Race/Ethnicity

White, non-Hispanic

15

(42)

Black, non-Hispanic

6

(17)

Hispanic

12

(33)

Asian

3

(8)

High-risk medical conditions

Neurodevelopmental condition§

22

(61)

Chronic pulmonary condition

10

(28)

Congenital heart disease

3

(8)

Metabolic or endocrine condition

2

(6)

Immuno suppression

2

(6)

Any high-risk condition

24

(67)

Multiple neurodevelopmental conditions

13

(36)

Neurodevelopmental condition with chronic pulmonary condition

9

(25)

Antiviral treatment

None

12

(39)

≤2 days after illness onset

4

(13)

>2 days after illness onset

12

(39)

Timing of treatment initiation unknown

3

(10)

Unknown

5

(14)

Invasive bacterial coinfection

Yes

10

(28)

No

13

(36)

No specimens collected

8

(22)

Unknown

5

(14)

* As of August 8, 2009.

As defined by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Conditions were not mutually exclusive; the majority of children had multiple conditions.

§ Neurodevelopmental conditions included cerebral palsy, developmental delay, autism, congenital neurologic disorders, and other chronic central nervous system disorders.

Defined as laboratory detection of a bacterial pathogen in a specimen from a normally sterile site or a postmortem lung biopsy.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.


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Date last reviewed: 9/3/2009

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