Update: Influenza Activity --- United States, 2001--02 Season

Although influenza activity in the United States remained low from October through mid-January, the number and percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza viruses have increased in recent weeks. Laboratory-confirmed influenza infections have been reported from 45 states. The predominant influenza viruses isolated this season have been type A (H3N2) viruses that are well matched by this season's influenza vaccine. This report summarizes U.S. influenza activity from September 30, 2001 through January 19, 2002 and updates the previous summary* (1).

During September 30--January 19, World Health Organization collaborating laboratories and National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System laboratories in the United States tested 25,779 respiratory specimens for influenza viruses; 1,299 (5%) were positive. The weekly percentage of specimens testing positive for influenza increased from 3.9% during the week ending December 1 to 13.9% during the week ending January 19 (week 3) (Figure 1). The percentage of positive influenza infections identified each week is a key indicator of influenza activity and has peaked at 24%--33% during recent seasons. Since September 30, 1,299 influenza isolates have been reported; 1,278 (98%) were influenza A viruses, and 21 (2%) were influenza B viruses. Of the 477 influenza A viruses that have been subtyped, 469 (98%) were A (H3N2) viruses and eight (2%) were A (H1N1) viruses.

CDC has characterized antigenically 94 influenza isolates collected in the United States since September: 89 influenza A (H3N2) viruses, four influenza A (H1N1) viruses, and one influenza B virus. All were similar to the vaccine strains A/Panama/2007/99 (H3N2), A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1), and B/Sichuan/379/99.

During November 25--January 19, the weekly percentage of patient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI)^† reported by U.S. sentinel physicians in 47 states ranged from 1.3% to 2.2%. During week 3, the percentage of visits for ILI was 2.2%, slightly above the national baseline^§ of 1.9%. During the same week, influenza activity^¶ was reported by state epidemiologists as widespread in Colorado, New York, Utah, and Virginia and regional in 11 states.

During week 3, 7.7% of recorded deaths in the 122 Cities Mortality Reporting System were attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I), which is below the epidemic threshold** of 8.1% for that week. The percentage of P&I deaths has remained below the epidemic threshold for each week during September 30--January 19.

Reported by: WHO collaborating laboratories. National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System laboratories. Sentinel Physicians Influenza Surveillance System. Div of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics, Epidemiology Program Office; Div of Vital Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics; WHO Collaborating Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Control of Influenza, T Uyeki, MD, A Postema, MPH, L Brammer, MPH, H Hall, A Klimov, PhD, K Fukuda, MD, N Cox, PhD, Div of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC.

Editorial Note: 

During November 25--January 19, all four influenza surveillance system components indicated low levels of influenza activity nationally. However, influenza activity recently began to increase nationally and is expected to increase further in the coming weeks. During 15 of the past 25 seasons, influenza activity in the United States peaked during February or later. The predominant viruses isolated so far this season have been influenza A (H3N2) viruses, and all of the U.S. isolates characterized antigenically at CDC this season have been well matched by the vaccine strains.

The best protection against influenza is vaccination, and approximately 10 million doses of 2001--02 influenza vaccine remain available. Health-care providers should continue to offer influenza vaccine during February because influenza activity is expected to increase, and unvaccinated persons can benefit from vaccination even after influenza has been detected in their communities. Influenza vaccine is strongly recommended for those at increased risk for serious complications from influenza (e.g., persons aged 6 months--64 years with certain chronic medical conditions and persons aged >65 years) and health-care providers (2). In addition, household contacts of high-risk persons, healthy persons aged 50--64 years, and any person who wants to reduce their risk for becoming ill with influenza should be vaccinated.

Prompt laboratory diagnosis of influenza can guide clinical decision-making and confirm influenza as the cause of respiratory outbreaks in all settings (e.g., nursing homes and hospitals). Immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassay are available in some laboratories. Commercially available rapid influenza diagnostic tests differ by their ability to detect and distinguish between influenza A and B virus infections, methodologies, processing time, acceptable respiratory specimens, and cost. Some rapid tests are approved for use in a physician's office, and others are considered moderately complex and must be performed at a clinical laboratory. One test detects only influenza A viruses, another test detects and distinguishes between influenza A and B viruses, and three tests detect but do not distinguish between infection with influenza A or B viruses. Respiratory specimens for rapid testing generally should be obtained within 3--4 days of illness onset. The sensitivities of the rapid tests are lower than viral culture of respiratory specimens and a negative result might not exclude influenza virus infection (3--5). When rapid tests are used to detect influenza outbreaks, respiratory specimens also should be obtained and sent for confirmatory viral culture. Information has been published about detection and control of influenza outbreaks in acute-care and long-term--care facilities (6--7).

Antiviral medications can be useful for early treatment of influenza and as an adjunct to influenza vaccination for influenza prevention and control. Influenza antiviral drugs differ in approved ages, recommended dosages, routes of administration, adverse effects, development of antiviral resistance, and cost. When administered within 48 hours of symptom onset, antiviral treatment of influenza can reduce the duration of illness by approximately 1 day in healthy adults (8). Four prescription antiviral medications (amantadine, rimantadine, oseltamivir, and zanamivir) are approved for treatment of influenza A virus infections. Oseltamivir and zanamivir also are approved for treatment of influenza B virus infections. Antiviral chemoprophylaxis is approximately 70%--90% effective in preventing illness in healthy adults (8). Amantadine, rimantadine, and oseltamivir are approved for chemoprophylaxis of influenza A virus infections; only oseltamivir is approved for chemoprophylaxis of influenza B virus infections. Physicians should consult the package inserts of the antiviral drugs for information on approved age groups, dosing, and adverse effects.

CDC collects and reports U.S. influenza surveillance data during October--May. This information is updated weekly and is available through CDC voice information, 888-232-3228, fax information, 888-232-3299 (request document number 361100), or at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/weekly.htm.

Acknowledgement

This report was based on data contributed by participating state and territorial epidemiologists and state health laboratories; WHO collaborating laboratories; National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System laboratories; Sentinel Physicians Influenza Surveillance System; Div of Public Health Surveillance and Informatics; Epidemiology Program Office; Div of Vital Statistics; and the National Center for Health Statistics, CDC.

References

1. CDC. Influenza activity---United States, 2001--02 season. MMWR 2001;50:1084--6.
2. CDC. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 2001;50(no. RR-1).
3. Boivin G, Hardy I, Kress A. Evaluation of a rapid optical immunoassay for influenza viruses (FLU OIA test) in comparison with cell culture and reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:730--2.
4. Leonardi GP, Leib Birkhead GS, Smith C, Costello P, Conron W. Comparison of rapid detection methods for influenza A virus and their value in health-care management of institutionalized geriatric patients. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:70--4.
5. Hulson TD, Mold JW, Scheid D, et al. Diagnosing influenza: the value of clinical clues and laboratory tests. J Fam Pract 2001;50:1051--6. Available at http://www.jfponline.com/content/2001/12/jfp_1201_ 10510.asp. Accessed January 2002.
6. Sneller V-P, Izurieta H, Bridges C, et al. Prevention and control of vaccine-preventable diseases in long-term care facilities. J Am Med Directors Assoc 2000;1(Suppl):S2-S37.
7. CDC. Detection and control of influenza outbreaks in acute care facilities 2001. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/INFECT/FluBook2001.pdf. Accessed January 2002.
8. Demicheli V, Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Deeks J. Prevention and early treatment of influenza in healthy adults. Vaccine 2000;18:957--1030.

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